DISASTER MANAGEMENT

(Disaster and disaster management)

Vulnerablity Source
Earthquake 58.6% landmass is prone to Earthquake VVAM
Floods 1. 12% or 40 Million Hectare [Total area = 328 1. VVAM
Mha] 2. VVAM
2. 7.5 Mha area is a ected every year 3. IE
3. Deaths due to Southwest oods every
yr- 1600
Cyclones and 5700 out of 7516 Km Long coastline VVAM
Tsunamis -10% of global tropical cyclones in India
Droughts 68% of net sown area; 12% total area VVAM
Forest Fires 1. 55% of Total forest area d8a.ai
2. 20k incidents of forest res every year
3. Reasons: 90% are internal or manmade
Landslides 1. 12.6% of total area falls in landslide prone 1. Geological survey of
zone india
2. 20% of landslides occur in india 2. Global fatal landslide
database

World Bank 2% of GDP loss due to disasters WB

Deaths due to 2500 per Year NCRB
Lightening
Fires - in 2019 330 died in commercial and 6300 in - NCRB
domes c and residen al res

DISASTER • A disaster is a serious disrup on of func oning of the community or a

society causing widespread material, economic , social and
environmental losses which exceed the ability of the society to cope
with its own resources
• 82 % of Indian popula on is vulnerable to natural disaster as compared
to 50% of china ad 65% of US
• It is a result of combina on of hazard, vulnerability and insu cient
capacity to reduce the poten al chances of risk
DISASTER • Is measured in total or par al destruc on of physical assets , disrup on
DAMAGE of basic services and damage of livelihood
DISASTER • Total nega ve and posi ve e ects of a disaster
IMPACT
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HAZARD • It is a dangerous condi on or event that threat or have the poten al for
causing injury to life or damage to property or environment
• Disaster occurs only when hazard and vulnerability meet
• With greater capacity of community to face the disaster its impact
reduces
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 VULNERABILITY • It is condi ons of physical, social economic and environmental factors or
processes which increase the suscep bility of a community to the
impact of a hazards
• Forms of vulnerability
o Economic – poorer families – live in slums and risky areas
o Physical – wooden homes less likely to collapse but easy to
catch re
o Social – women, children, elderly, disabled more vulnerable
o Geographic
RISK • Measure of expected losses due to hazard event occurring in a given
area over a speci c me period
• Risk of a func on of the probability of par cular hazardous event and
the losses each would cause
• RISK = HAZARX x VULNERABILITY
CAPACITY • Combina on of all the strengths, a ribute and resources available
within organisa on, community or society to manage and reduce
disaster risk and strengthen resilience
• Includes
o Infrastructure+ ins tu ons
o Human knowledge and skills
o Social rela onships and leadership skills
• Coping capacity – ability to manage adverse risks – requires awareness,
resources and good management both in normal and disaster strck
mes
CLASSIICATION
OF DISASTER
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 DISASTER • Sum total of all ac vi es, programs and measures which can be taken
MANAGEMENT before, during and a er disaster
CYCLE • Conitnuum consists of
o Pre-diaster risk management phase- Awareness campaigns,
Stregnthening weak structures , Household and community
level programmes prepara ons
▪ Preven on
▪ Mi ga on
▪ Preparedness
▪ Early warning
o During disaster phase
▪ Emergency response ac vi es – rst aid, evacua on etc
o Post- disaster management phase
▪ Recovery
▪ Rehabilita on and reconstruc on
▪ Build back be er and development

DISATER MANAGEMENT IN INDIA

• Changed from ac vity based reac ve setup !proac ve ins tu onalized
structure
• Relief based approach ! mul dimensional proac ve holis c approach
for reducing risk
• Evolu on of DM
o Post independence – relief commissioners
o 1990s – disaster mgt cell in Mo Agri
o JC Pant commi ee- disaster mgt cell shi ed to MoHA in 2002
o 10th FYP- chap on DM
o 12th FC- nancial arrangements for DM
o 2005- DM act
o 2009- DM policy
o 2016- DM plan
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 PARADIGM • 2 structures for DM
SHIFT IN DM o 4 level hierarchical structure – NDMA, SDMA, DDMA, local
o Mul -stakeholder approach – ministries, depts., community etc
• Relief! proac ve preparedness
• DM sustainable when mi ga on is built in development process
• Management via adequate planning and preparedness response
• Investment in mi ga on is much more cost e ec ve than on relief and
rehab

NATIONAL • Features –
DISASTER o Ins tu onal & Legal
MANAGEMENT o Financial
ACT 2005 o Coordina on mechanisms at Na onal+ state+ district+ local
levels
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 • State level ins tu onal framework
o SDMA
o State execu ve commi ees
• District level
o DDMA- headed by district collector + consists of elected
representa ves of local authority as co-chairperson
o CEO of DDMA- appointed by state govt not below the level fo
addic on collector
• Local
o PRI + municipali es+ cantonment boards+ etc

• Drawbacks of DMA,2005
o Delayed, slow implementa on – na onal plan on DM released in
2016
o Hierarchical, top-down, command and bureaucra c approach
o Performance audit by CAG in 2013- none of major projects taken
by NDMA are complete
o Cri cal posts in NMDA are vacant
o PAC report on disaster preparedness in India in 2015-
▪ Na onal execu ve commi ee has to meet in 3 months
but failed to meet even during disasters
▪ Mi ga on funds not cons tuted
▪ NIDR not established
▪ 27% posts in NDRF are vacant
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 NATIONAL • Vision to build a safe and disaster resilient India via culture of preven on,
POLICY ON mi ga on, preparedness and response
DISASTER • Objec ves
MANAGEMENT o Culture of preven on, preparedness , mi ga on and resilience
2009 via technology, innova on and educa on
o Technology based mi ga on
o Mainstreaming DM in development planning process
o E cient risk assessment and monitoring
o Fail-safe communica on
o Early warning systems
o Reconstruc ng disaster resilient structure
o Pro-ac ve partnership promo on
• Mul pronged approach suggested –
o Integra ng risk reduc on measures in development projects
o Ini a ng mi ga on in high priority areas
o Paying a en on to indigenous knowledge
o Protec ng heritage structures
NATIONAL • Aligned broadly with
DISASTER o Sendai framework for disaster risk reduc on
MANAGEMENT o SDG 2015-2030
PLAN 2016 o Paris agreement on climate change at COP-21
• Highlights – 5 thema c areas for ac on
o Understanding risks
▪ Observa on networks
▪ Zoning and mapping
▪ Monitoring and warning systems
▪ Hazard and risk and vulnerability assessment
▪ Dissemina on of data and infor in adequate me
o Inter- agency coordina on
▪ Non structural measures
▪ Providing warning
o Inves ng in DRR- structural measures
▪ Physical infra required
o Inves ng in DRR- non-structural measures
▪ Laws, techno-legal regimes, building codes etc
o Capacity development
▪ Training programs, awareness, mock drills etc
• Plans for short-5yr, medium- 10yr and long term-15yr ways to deal with
disasters
• Horizontal and ver cal clarity among agencies and department in matrix
format
• Speci c roles to ministries- ex: MoEarth sciences for cyclones
• Regional development planning approach
• Major ac vi es like EWS, informa on dissemina on, medical care to be
dome
• Ethical guidelines for media
• Shortcomings
o Too generic
o No me frame to undertake work
o No mechanism to mobilize funds
o No framework for monitoring and evalua on
o Unlike sendai framework does not set goals and targets
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 DISASTER • Reducing risk and increasing resilience
MANAGEMENT o PM’s 10 point agenda for DRR
CYCLE IN INDIA o Mul -pronged approach of policy
o NDMP guided by sendai framework – 5 thema c areas
• Disaster preparedness and response
o Nodal central ministries with disaster speci c response
o NDRF, SDRF
o Na onal early warning system
o Integrate the fragmented relief measures using NMDA guidelines
▪ Pre-iden fy loca on to be used as relief shelters
▪ Special care for social weak groups
▪ Maintain hygiene
▪ Mobile medical teams
▪ Financial aid in 45 days
o Fire and emergency services to be standardized
• Disaster risk governance – way disasters are managed collec vely
o Same points again- integrate planning, assess regularly, de ned
func ons at all levels …….blah
• Recovery and build back be er
o Policy – highlights importance
o UNSIDR gives recovery stages
▪ Early : 3-18 months
▪ Mid-term: upto 5 yrs
▪ Long term: upto 10 yrs
o Steps in recovery include
▪ Qualita ve and quan ta ve assessment
▪ BBB
▪ Resilience in vision
▪ Priori zing sectors to be recovered rst
o Reconstruc on – infra, jobs, livelihood, economic base
o Rehabilita on –
▪ Physical
▪ Social
▪ Economic
▪ Psychological
• Capacity development
o Disaster management cells in administra ve training ins tutes
o NDRF academy Nagpur- premier ins tute for training of NDRF
and SDRF
o Capacity development of local bodies
o Training communi es

Interconnected - interconnected disaster risk report by UN university

ness between -interconnected event : arc c warming; heat waves in NA and Europe ; cold
global disaster wave in Texas
- -compounding e ect - COVID + cyclone amphan
- Rela on between individual and community behaviour :
- Same root cause - global warming; lack of preparedness; undermining e ects of
it
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 -CA - CDRI LAUNCHED BY INDIA
-MODEL BUILDing code 2016
-
- cyclones tauktae in Arabian Sea; yaas in bay of bengal

- NITI released a report on strategy for ood mngt

- EXAMPLES - uK 2013, Kashmir 2014, Chennai 2015, KR 2018/2019, patna 2019
-IFLOWS - Chennai and mumbai
- NDMA - na onal water policy 2013 for reservoir opera ng procedures
- global examples - tonguing river park in chain - designed to allow periodic
ooding (improvised city planning)
- buoyant houses in Netherlands

-GLOF : ex gya glacial lake in Ladakh

-sikkin has installed lake monitoring and informa on system
-ISRO monitoring in himalayan region

-urban ooding : MoES

Cloudburst : UK - chamomile, there etc ; 100mm in 1 hour over 20-30 km^2[IMD]

Drought - de ciency is more than 10% of long period average ; 20% area is
a ected
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