SYAMAPRASAD INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT

Continuous Assessment 2
Subject name – The Language of Graphics - Basic and Beyond
Subject Code - GE2B-06
Student Name – Sulagna Dutta
University Roll Number - 15342723045
University Registration Number – 23151010045 of 2023-24
Semester - 1st
Year - 1st
Session - 2023-24
Faculty name – Suchandra Roy
Topic - Various Multimedia Products and Multimedia Contents

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 Introduction of Multimedia Product
&Multimedia Content

Multimedia products combine different types of media into a single

product. These types of media include: Text, Audio, Images, Animation, Video.

Some examples of multimedia products include: PowerPoint presentations,

Museum experiences, Interactive touchscreens, Slideshows, eBooks.

Videos are a type of multimedia product that can contain a lot of

information. This information can include:
Images, Graphs, Animation, Text, Sounds, Music, Speech.

Multimedia products can also be developed in a hypertext environment, which

results in a product called hypermedia. All hypermedia products are multimedia

products, but not all multimedia products are hypermedia products.

Multimedia is an interactive media and provides multiple ways to represent

information to the user in a powerful manner. It provides an interaction between

users and digital information. It is a medium of communication. Some of the

sectors where multimedia is used extensively are education, training, reference

material, business presentations, advertising and documentaries.

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 Multimedia Images & Graphics

An image consists of a rectangular array of dots called pixels. The size

of the image is specified in terms of width X height, in numbers of the pixels.

The physical size of the image, in inches or centimeters, depends on the

resolution of the device on which the image is displayed. The resolution is

usually measured in DPI (Dots Per Inch). An image will appear smaller on a

device with a higher resolution than on one with a lower resolution. For color

images, one needs enough bits per pixel to represent all the colors in the

image. The number of the bits per pixel is called the depth of the image.

▪ Image data types:

The IMAGE data type is typically used for storing binary files, such as images, sounds,

and videos. It can store binary data of any size, making it ideal for storing large files.

The IMAGE data type is often used in conjunction with other data types, such as

VARCHAR or NVARCHAR, to provide additional metadata.

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Some important data types of images are following:

▪ 1-bit images- An image is a set of pixels. Note that a pixel is a picture

element in digital image. In 1-bit images, each pixel is stored as a single bit
(0 or 1). A bit has only two states either on or off, white or black, true or
false. Therefore, such an image is also referred to as a binary image, since
only two states are available. 1-bit image is also known as 1-bit monochrome
images because it contains one color that is black for off state and white for
on state.
A 1-bit image with resolution 640*480 needs a storage space of 640*480
bits.
640 x 480 bits. = (640 x 480) / 8 bytes = (640 x 480) / (8 x 1024) KB=
37.5KB.
The clarity or quality of 1-bit image is very low.

▪ 8-bit Gray level images- Each pixel of 8-bit gray level image is
represented by a single byte (8 bits). Therefore each pixel of such image can
hold 28=256 values between 0 and 255. Therefore each pixel has a
brightness value on a scale from black (0 for no brightness or intensity) to
white (255 for full brightness or intensity). For example, a dark pixel might
have a value of 15 and a bright one might be 240.
A grayscale digital image is an image in which the value of each pixel is a
single sample, which carries intensity information. Images are composed
exclusively of gray shades, which vary from black being at the weakest
intensity to white being at the strongest. Grayscale images carry many
shades of gray from black to white. Grayscale images are also called
monochromatic, denoting the presence of only one (mono) color (chrome).
An image is represented by bitmap. A bitmap is a simple matrix of the tiny
dots (pixels) that form an image and are displayed on a computer screen or
printed.
A 8-bit image with resolution 640 x 480 needs a storage space of 640 x 480
bytes=(640 x 480)/1024 KB= 300KB. Therefore an 8-bit image needs 8
times more storage space than 1-bit image.

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▪ 24-bit color images - In 24-bit color image, each pixel is represented by
three bytes, usually representing RGB (Red, Green and Blue). Usually true
color is defined to mean 256 shades of RGB (Red, Green and Blue) for a total
of 16777216 color variations. It provides a method of representing and
storing graphical image information an RGB color space such that a colors,
shades and hues in large number of variations can be displayed in an image
such as in high quality photo graphic images or complex graphics.

Many 24-bit color images are stored as 32-bit images, and an extra byte for
each pixel used to store an alpha value representing special effect
information.
A 24-bit color image with resolution 640 x 480 needs a storage space of 640
x 480 x 3 bytes = (640 x 480 x 3) / 1024=900KB without any compression.
Also 32-bit color image with resolution 640 x 480 needs a storage space of
640 x 480 x 4 bytes= 1200KB without any compression.

▪ 8-bit color images - 8-bit color graphics is a method of storing image

information in a computer's memory or in an image file, where one byte (8
bits) represents each pixel. The maximum number of colors that can be
displayed at once is 256. 8-bit color graphics are of two forms. The first form
is where the image stores not color but an 8-bit index into the color map for
each pixel, instead of storing the full 24-bit color value. Therefore, 8-bit
image formats consists of two parts: a color map describing what colors are
present in the image and the array of index values for each pixel in the
image. In most color maps each color is usually chosen from a palette of
16,777,216 colors (24 bits: 8 red, 8green, 8 blue).

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Image file formats are:
i) GIF- Graphics Interchange Formats (It supports 256 colors)

ii) JPEG- Joint Photographic Experts Group (It store information as 24-bit

color)

iii) PNG- Portable Network Graphics (PNG supports 8 bit, 24 bits, 32 bits and 48 bits

data types)

iv) TIFF- Tagged Image File Format (TIFF can store many different types of image

ranging from 1 bit image, grayscale image, 8 bit color image, 24 bit RGB image)

v) BMP- Bitmap (BMP can store 1 bit image, grayscale image, 8 bit color image, 24 bit

RGB image)

vi) PDF- Portable Document Format

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 Multimedia Sound & Audio

Digitization of Sound

• Sampling - Sampling is a process of measuring air pressure amplitude at

equally spaced moments in time, where each measurement constitutes a
sample. A sampling rate is the number of times the analog sound is taken per
second. A higher sampling rate implies that more samples are taken during
the given time interval and ultimately, the quality of reconstruction is better.
The sampling rate is measured in terms of Hertz, Hz in short, which is the term
for Cycle per second. A sampling rate of 5000 Hz(or 5kHz,which is more
common usage) implies that mt uj vu8i 9ikuhree sampling rates most often
used in multimedia are 44.1kHz(CD-quality), 22.05kHz and 11.025kHz.

• Quantization - Quantization is a process of representing the amplitude of

each sample as integers or numbers. How many numbers are used to
represent the value of each sample known as sample size or bit depth or
resolution. Commonly used sample sizes are either 8 bits or 16 bits. The larger
the sample size, the more accurately the data will describe the recorded sound.
An 8-bit sample size provides 256 equal measurement units to describe the
level and frequency of the sound in that slice of time. A 16-bit sample size
provides 65,536 equal units to describe the sound in that sample slice of time.
The value of each sample is rounded off to the nearest integer (quantization)
and if the amplitude is greater than the intervals available, clipping of the top
and bottom of the wave occurs.

• Encoding - Encoding converts the integer base-10 number to a base-2 that

is a binary number. The output is a binary expression in which each bit is either
a 1(pulse) or a 0(no pulse).

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Quantization of Audio

• Quantization Error/Noise - The difference between sample and the value

assigned to it is known as quantization error or noise.

• Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) - Signal to Ratio refers to signal quality versus
quantization error. Higher the Signal to Noise ratio, the better the voice quality.
Working with very small levels often introduces more error. So instead of
uniform quantization, non-uniform quantization is used as companding.
Companding is a process of distorting the analog signal in controlled way by
compressing large values at the source and then expanding at receiving end
before quantization takes place.

Transmission of Audio

• PCM Demodulation - PCM Demodulator reads each sampled value then

apply the analog filters to suppress energy outside the expected frequency
range and outputs the analog signal as output which can be used to transmit
the digital signal over the network.

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 Bibliography

Website: Multimedia. tutorialspoint.com.

https://www.tutorialspoint.com/multimedia/multimedia_introduction.htm

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THANK YOU

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