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Water Terms Notes

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26 views7 pages

Water Terms Notes

Uploaded by

yhalz mathy
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as XLSX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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TOPIC 1- Water Resources & Quality

No. Terms Description 1


1 Sources of water i) Surface water
2 supply ii) Ground water
3 Water Drinking water

4 Waste Water; i)grey


water

5 ii) black water


6 Physical Turbidity
7 characteristics Colour
8 Temperature

9 Taste, odour
10 Solid
11 Chemical pH
12 characteristics Chlorine
13 Hardness
14 alkalinity

15 Dissolved oxygen
16 Biological Bacteria
characteristics

17 Algae
18 Virus
19 DEGRADATION OF a. Human behaviour
WATER QUALITY

20 b. Municipal
21 c. Construction
22 d. Industrial
23 e. Agricultural
Description 2
rivers, lakes, reservoirs/ dam
aquifer, well, spring water
Drinking water or potable water is water that is safe for ingestion, either when drunk directly in liquid form or consumed
indirectly through food preparation.

It is wastewater produced by sinks, washing machines, baths, and showers. It has lower contamination levels, making it easier to
treat and process. As long as no dangerous substances are present, recycled greywater is routinely employed in irrigation and
created wetlands.

Blackwater is effluent from toilets and bathrooms that contains feces and urine. Water from kitchens and dishwashers is also
considered blackwater, due to bacteria and grease pollution. It is also known as sewage or brown water because it can include
cloudy water; measure the ability that light has to pass through water
Altered by materials that decay from organic matter, the primary of which include vegetation. Such inorganic matter as rocks,
soil, and stones may also affect the color of the water
temperature include odors, chemical reactions, solubility, palatability, and viscosity.

This matter can include organic materials, dissolved gases, and inorganic compounds.
Solids can be in suspension or solution; fiber filter, suspended solids, and dissolved solids remain in the water.
pH levels to range from 0-14. a reading of 7.0, the water is neutral. Any readings below 7.0 are acidic, while any readings above
7.0 are alkaline. Rainfall is somewhat more acidic and typically has a 5.6 pH. Water is considered to be safe to drink if it has a pH
a small amount of chlorine is found in water, this indicates that the water is clean and essentially free from contaminants.
Hardnessresidual
chlorine in watercan be measured
is mainly caused with a spectrophotometer
by the or color
presence of magnesium andcomparator test
calcium ions, kit. can enter water from rock and soil.
which
A pH that’s at least higher than 7.0. The presence of bicarbonate ions, carbonate ions, and hydroxide ions increases the alkalinity
of water.
Dissolved oxygen occurs because of the solubility of oxygen.
Bacteria are single-celled plants that can ingest food and reproduce at rapid rates if the water’s pH, food supply, and
temperature are ideal. Because bacteria can grow rapidly, it’s almost impossible to count the number of bacteria in a sample of
water. In most cases, bacteria will reproduce at a slow rate in colder water. There are many harmful waterborne diseases that
can be caused by high amounts of bacteria in water, which include cholera, tularemia, and typhoid.

Algae are tiny, microscopic plants that consist of photosynthetic pigments.


Viruses are tiny biological structures that can be harmful to a person’s health. All viruses require parasites to live. Certain
waterborne viruses can cause hepatitis and similar health problems and should be eliminate during the disinfection process.
TOPIC 2- Usage and Demand of Water

No. Terms Description/Answer 1


1 Water usage a. Domestic (165-200L/d/user]
2 b. Commercial [20-25% of city total
demand]
3 c. Industrial [45L/d/capita]
4 d. Agricultural [70%
~3000L/day/user]
5 e. Public [5%]
6 f. Fire [1-1.5kg/cm2]
7 Non-revenue water The water in the distribution pipe
(NRW) does notRate
reach the consumers; water
8 The factors affecting a. Birth
the population b. Mortality Rate
9 Method estimate a. Arithmetic Increase Method
future population
10 b. Geometric Increase Method

11 Water demand WDn = [Pn.q.F1.F2]+Dm….


forecasting
Description/Answer 2
Domestic water; daily activities inside and outside the house such as flushing the toilet, washing dishes, cooking, washing
clothes, bathing,warehouse,
Office building, watering plants,
stores,etc.
hotels, shopping centres, health centres, schools, temples, cinema houses, railway and
bus stations etc.
The water required by factories, paper mills, cloth mills, cotton mills, breweries, sugar refineries etc. comes under
industrial use.
Agricultural water;for use in the production of food and fibre and collecting for further resources.
Washing and sprinkling of roads cleaning of sewers, watering of public parks, gardens, public fountains etc.
In the cities fire-hydrants are provided on the water mains at 100 to 150 m apart.
Some portion of this is wasted in the pipelines due to defective pipe-joints, cracked and broken pipes, faulty valves and
fittings. Sometimes consumers keep open their taps and allow continuous wastage of water.

Pn = Po + nx̄,

Pn = projected population at the end of year ‘n’[Jumlah Populasi]


q = per capita consumption at the end of year ‘n’ [Permintaan per kapita]
TOPIC 3- Water Treatment

No. Terms Description/Answer 1


1 Water Treatment Water treatment removes contaminants and undesirable components, or reduces their concentration so that t
2 water treatment The process to improves the quality of water to make it appropriate for a specific end-us
system
3 a. Water intake Surfaces Water
4 b. Pre-Treatment i. Screening; course and fine screening
5 ii. Aeration
6 a) Cascade aerators
7 b) Multiple platform aerators(circular cascade aerator).
8 c) Spray aerator
9 d) Ventury aerator
10 e) Draft tube aerator
11 f) Rotating brush aerators
12 c. Treatment i. Coagulation
13 ii. Mixing and flocculation
14 iii. Sedimentation
15 iv. Filtration
16 a. Pressure filter system
17 b. Gravity Filter System
18 Slow Sand filter (SSF)
19 Rapid Sand Filter (RSF)
20 v. Softening
21 d. Post Treatment i. Disinfection and miscellaneous
22 ii. Fluoridation
23 e. Reservoir water body that is formed to store the water.
24 f. Distribution
Description/Answer 2
undesirable components, or reduces their concentration so that the water becomes fit for
es the qualityits
of desired
water toend-use.
make it appropriate for a specific end-use.

Water softening is the removal of calcium, magnesium, and certain other metal cations
in hard water.

Valley-dammed reservoir: It is created in valleys where mountainsides are used as the


walls of the reservoir, and a dam or artificial wall is built to hold the water.
TOPIC 4- Water Distribution

No. Terms Description/Answer 1 Description/Answer 2


1 distribution system i. gravity system,
2 ii. pumped system, and
3 iii. combined gravity and
LAYOUTS OF pumped system.
4 DISTRIBUTION Dead End System
5 NETWORK
Grid Iron System
6 Ring System
7 Radial System
The types of
8 reservoirs and Reinforced concrete
9 storage tanks
Pre stressed concrete
10 Galvanized pressed steel
11 Fiberglass reinforced
polyester
12 Steel fused with glass

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