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Operating System Chapter 1
About Operating System
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About Operating System
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Chops 4 Opuatting) Svitina tus Sictrodeutioy Ft Sprrating Sysitewe fiw Mprreiking Qyeton 2s Software ghot wauages wd Aourclles pre tordevare ond aoflare ne mercer of ax compartir sy et Se provides fuctroction elven wets of concpatters 4 digrduranr- ' a 3 Ree Bey, gore aM adage & da ee deter 24 aeelesy eer ow dred oh ream weer, HY leer wa we RR sagT at aBTyT sh dona ae tear ae aor lee A Reha o> te gee at ear XY Linx OS, tatinctows Of, UMS, 05/40, ALE ge cbeBer adr Tiree EY Use -fipplication, agnor Coors i Lond, web Browsers, development Kits, ete i , e Op. Syetrwr : Ceonputer Hardware Cope 1 Memoay 1/0 clauicts, ete) HH Uy Ue} Te geek af Ake cpneting Myelin ie 3h : viewpoint fy fo marines ja werk tal gee wut. a performing - fu thee corn, te Speroting styiteur ja aleigicad wwoathy for tach of use, with geime attention paid to prrfonnee & vor paid do nereusrce wlidipation ‘eUe apendlug gyrten, con he ulewed atc yeegarree allocator alio. “Th O6 acts ws Bie manager af Amt pesourter , olecider betucen cone] (eeting aquest, Corleels tte LkeCouttou “f part, ate + th “WE computer systim cou be cactegoriedt watt + : compossty - Ww Harcluare dy Oprrating Dy pttoa GY Appl cation Pregaau (i he User sof Stag Syms - UW) Boteh os v) nike os (5) Maltiprocersing 0S Cr) Multi tesfes S) Te Shaded Of G) Dist butd Of GD Neturerfe of QB) Peal time O8 CL) Bateh oprating Systm 2 Gua bale 08, He yindlar Gols are qronpest Hogetton ticto heitebaes vith Aue Delp -e ef zou operator f thane” betclos are execectd our by Ones > HE og af aah AY Batches font aa & ste a pos wh exceute str Hue ath amar HY date a process ae & Be pel 2 BSS Aad ar Sas vera | Bample -— Pasrott systu, Bank statuenrk ete. x Csr > Jeb 4 i Batch 2 tun 2)-—>]Job 2] batch 2 Qecteh £ 7 T Hob 4} |dob 4 + ' > ! ' (ptr) Heb s| fabal > | (os feb2| [obs] oS @>-fa in) Lhultiproqamnéng 09 $ Sharing fue prctsion, ules two : OL more preprams Atsicle, tu memory at the Sane Hime , & Achbercd ae au ‘Mull programing’, dy kacreaser CPU utilization by org eniping fobs 90 Abek jue CPU always hod one to seeceat!,. 23 AER ar ger drucdre & ab gpegee ve a at amit an yaarsy Se Beurta a4 wear eter 2 fampts + Googe chrome, mt. Excel, Finefor browser ete. [eBay dystom] Job 2 ot ©) Mult procasing OS + Sth 9 4 peep CS th which more than Oue CPO & Used fe He execeutoun Sk bettins gue Aeepepat af the Syetans a S OR SEPT wes th seer Bo) fie ak hag & Teoh at eer 24 & Be os a Porm omer #4 . amples UA, LIMIUK ancl selarts. ah Mtgeerces « cPev ceu Pegi ston Regist. Cache Cheha@ Multiterfiug 0.6 # Multiteserg Woo type of syetinn Anftworr that ruables a conpriter cho treowt nuctti pte tanfes er — Process Siusltance > OS TH a aay ¥ xf ap plications tet ery ay agit ar Ey [Browsea, Excot vi’ | Ins = i Tad Eramples Macs, LiMux,, aitews © "Tine Shanty 08. OL § A tue hart tues CPU dehadaing. § slit gesh do provide gook wie with a amall portion of shared confoulin ot ences a me es tar os Sar ¥ fad user ee mm & os hoor tugs aror weor Et ae me tk a equnk time feerr ona BY Example : Multfa, UNI, LIMOK «9 Disa ted OS P = Dintibuted o9 fy one tn veld euuerae Computer ystems connect Ahrovgh wiling he Commenteattoy, cheunel wo te RET cate AP stay, ava # ait at Ba. Fecatlions me inte ae Fa ey Lromple 3 LOCUS ¢€ Micros. Asi Rati : 3 [ia Faupeaigrad, < e) @ Netomk OS $ “thie type a OS abtort thorsd aceeys to fits, privctins , security 1 applic otions, Lath netiorting Auction: aun x guall private, netirerlg | a cri aa aT cluvices & compuitrry 47 PH vativense arr leh Be Ba ae ca ‘ } Comte MS windows souren 2003 , Linux, MACOl. rae a(8) Peat” Gime O8 5 eal Tine, 09 ow ated witen, ° 4 theres ane Hime Atquinament thef ons verg strict Blee ubsscle syste, Ad baf{ce couctiol systems | Aohets ete * > “crm “ay pint hae apptication ah Aanotte ath Bre Bar wat Sf sar aysiu © WT PH Ae time Far aC time & ter AE ge re Hor er Be Aart accep ue fale ab mr ( Conte: NTS, Ve werd, QNx ete’ [Apeléestion, a Ras — Raval] BSP custom Hordurast = Ups af Real time, 08.9 Ue eee! Coot time, lone -stiime, dy Hard Peal Eme > — Hard bat the O85 are masnt fo" | Cpp lication where’ thme constrainty ore vey abet 4 WEN hen shortest porn’ tote obeteyy ty wot areptrble. iy Soft Reel Lie > The Of aw or appl ectians whee fire contact ty tus chick 2 Han accept shett sccoud delay.fe Ib Opmations a 0} Opmating Myson €. ») Process Flonaguutect s me ee ahliy 2 eer aa sale ath Pores) ee nifer (Menage ) wer ere ar onear > Te 0s i Heesponsibee fr memagi die processes (6 anying Hu prowes processor do a process at a thee “Wi ia” kao ag Sehlill » Ue Of th peesporsibte te ke et activities af connection with process ragenent $ "Nat processes Go Hurtads an the CPUs. Crating 4 assing both user and copia processes Susi é atnunteg processes - ° thovicting meectarcsut on proeets dyselsonination. , © frovtding mectwurtatiet for process Conan? cotton + 6 Yrovtdieg wecclantgny fer deadlock fowl’ © Memory Moseagert 2 rear ete Sard ab control TAI ar & Be Bar war P| os aga Thr proces Arh B atte et eat ar Memory FIT TOT, MsHey Monge Managenset FT af er 4 > Memory Management ploy an dinportente part Jo OS. ak cleat Lm mainert ancl the neoving of prownees pow dliuk Jo en wanes lor execition & back The Of i suspenstble for the foltoutng pee su cous ction Yth Mommas pournentt 3 ‘pig Pack ef which parts of atone one cunventiin acing eseoh Sd “by whom « a “Atel which prewiser G date to move into & aut of aba *Aecating & Deattecstig- mein wpace 04 napus(Z) Yevies Monagemeut oraver Weay wet cid a aqaq fe oleutee ar mounge “BRAT “4 sre checks pawnguecict Bre frat are ook wer ee 2 0 are raft ctewiees A vreraré) err &Y © ar thfer det eh Par puoces wt ner aie Pym OO ay clit @attecate avtp ¥} THRE ae meu To cevices Ronelledd bp the Of aucle as mouse, Beybeard , aisle drive ete, Miu me atéfferent dertce aiken anat con be ceumected tp the OS to Aemcldes a mpcctfic olevice. The clerfer comtretter fr ce interface betes Ah olivice & fre device olatver. (4) _Ztorn9e Mavogenanit : “UE OS waps fits exto plryateat mectia ancl cecesses there fits vio the witernge obquices CO) “Eile Cysts Manogeuwent— meee 7b store Pork file ab aay aie ah Te Aes ae meraranh os met BE gehac me aeuyer a Nye ett Pls wr Maange saa OY ° Counting L deleting pity - © Catating 2 deleting clincctartes fo crganige fier ° Supporting prindiives for toad pabartig, ty B ainictort: @ Mening. fits tito Steenclary wtoinge X # Becki mp fu en stabte Ge vetatile ) wtovoge, modlias CO) Mo Wtosnge Honagenant ° Fue mpace Mouegtinont 9 Singer Attocation ° fuK Seheduting.,y a ° o © “ Cachug - Cactiing fs an hwpertant puneiple of oe Com pusticg yates Gucperm cits Ze nonmotl kept a acme wlorage wtytem ( puck a4 moka Mmory ), As th ts tel, it ds captedl into a fester wteaage Ayden she CAKE OL temmray baste, | a ate a pectioutdh price of faforuation , we inst cbec sf ch. = + { wheter i dt in the coche. gh fk fi dn cache PatMwOn « We tude the jndanwation dinectly from 1 Ds : q cache , 4{ t Me vet, we we dhe information from the ferrce , putes 0 copy in 3he Cache. yo 5 ray ee trove Piitiet tee, 0 cache mancggient 2s a ‘t wavegewont siphon w)_2/o System — Ove of tue prrpews of an “pating pyattm & fo Aiole the. peculiarities ef apceifte frordware deers from de war he to fidget consist af dutral component | on “Monagentnt component Alia fecleecty — buffering , caching” 4 Spestiisp- 8 genmat otevice —eltver datesface- 2 Dale for Specifie Aarcovase devieel > # Op ystam Routes I © Program Erecrction 3 Tew ot vont of the activities weldiebe ont pesfonmed “y wae 08 3 * TL OS Leaoly peop puto weeny © 4t qlee enecutur fhe propane: Ost honoltes the program's exccution, 8 ok provides wate str ‘ie process aychuoulzatibu » at provties a ware ecnecigurr ter process Comuunnicotioy ,@_T/o_epysilion ¢ fo Tit commenicatiOn belicen he User aul cleric Arivers Orc managed by tne OF : . Io devices ane acquined fer any process - Su to a filo eo an to dewiee can be tnvedved © S/o eperation, ore the read ar write eperations which ae cone with the tulp ef To device. . / © OS zen am access to Ate Efe chevices atren Et Aaguined , @ Bite -s o A file- dytim & p cotlection of clinectovies cf for cab wrdrstend ant usages, Thtse ctrectonies conta, yen fils Tre at dnt wajor activities utllol are performed by an OS with pipect fo ae ge nourge wort * o Tht user cor create / delete o fie ley using en Juterface provided. te Of. o TR backep af the file veyron ou Lo ercated by tathg. an) inGfac provided by tte 6S. @® Comms Monogenent 2 he operating syste manages pormuviecotion between alt Aht process. » Gro procert may nequine lata to ‘thantfecd beter fire procers 7 © Rath tue proceteet con bt en one conputtirs or 0 iifpoont competes + but ore conneetid telah a compuctir metvor : @® Enor_Lettetion : nee ' : & ene of abe a that Couse molfenctionty el a b : ote nate vat fA complete ayn meeuahy cheeks” tery } o Tc OS trker Ko Pecmidole an ay : suey : PPAPPrinte act Ceristece Cenputinge p enon te cennecl sere andfa a Perec Mau ites Here ont multiple wares er multiple jobs Aunnen at the Adme Atm, seyocrcer mest be allocated to soc. of fms @ VTE OF manage; qe Hinds of wsoucces using sefcluteas. 1 CPU ee ol gonitfun Ce wud fer better, utiLiga Ken, oh CPU. D Nretectto b Mowngamant tlhe gerernl cliyponty processes areceete concurrently tf Bhoutd nol be possible fe omy process to tntinpers wth, auitther — process Evry process Jig dae compact sup seus mut be dened ound ee # Use Opuati Yys tary Srtudace (1) Command Pine Trtmfice 9 TE Commonc Line Grtuface fh an fnterface, whenevtr the ter rods £0 shave clifferent commends segencting. the input ard eutput id then ao tuk 4 prrfeamedt ae tht, 4 called the COnuvand- Lint argument aed ft fb ued £o oxceccte the | cutput 2 create, olclete, print, copy, priate ete. | Que systems lth muttipte command jntipaetug to chose peur, de Ctecpeieles ac Known as Shells. | For woenple , GU UANIX and LINUX Systems, & Hse cup cheese cuceng Alucral Lifeson shelly, iueltoling the Bourne Shel, C &hel , Bourne. again thelt , Korn shell ard other , > Advasdtages : 2 Contwls OF ar application © Faster mane genscets s P AbiLety to store seats uolviele Sa brolps ae cutewmating seguton _ thes : O Thoublestwot uctete — Lonnscttion suey.> 8 thactveut wrth memoArtzic ; 3 2) “eo Te steepet Learning corre 5 assoccacteo’ arnands ond O complex sy lo » > Pifperent cemmancl av cued ty efferent => Coumard, Ue Sateen wr embT WT Os, ara Dant- (ccttlittes) ae agit (Appticactions) sh Aadiar 6 abe fn erat YY eek an Be ed By qE-G BE ent. gear “RT sexist Tat Bre a aw eed B+ eres » compater UT Serner ux eri ab are azar 24 © Goaphital ser Gucterdar Te Crapticad wer frtesface A used fee beapege gem, wetching vias, ete. “These aie clone with He telp ef GUI — beccms ate Ake applications Acq utae. : gpa plates : —> QUI * swear A emer Rott Graphics a rai dar Ye ge use. Be Tar APT sre aera a =RT | Hatt at commeuitacte — aear ¥, | BT inte AY AMAT cperaliog systun B — widens as, V8, eo, Me, XP, Vita » Weneeuss i/[8/re | Mactiterh , Ung , Audio), (Os, eto. = Baio Couponsrts of OUTs are — e Bloat mone with Pregaeun grerps 0 Tatfebos ali gourd Atunnting progicins hells » wer ° Resktop Sore, ° Pipe HOS f shortacty= oft Call ane bette tty au iucterface hetureen a procers p Ate operating. aipettmns Ard legac the only wey te sudlele from Use Mode to Kunal moole, > wa a user mode Fe mS Ahuny perfoun Beer Star & oth peer ERT cystem at BT program ayer att ah aequert a ocelt 2 RAK user trecte BE Memory actdaess GEA Rardware Pesouce & cincet mecess ae Boer or erway bot yore & gmp UE se puert ea cal Snrer a witty & fire system Call mee fy4 Figuae Acpauentiing baw pecorition af the Systentate is queen as folto.s : User Mode, User Retur Process Get Siem cys 4 Execuling Cole Exeeucte, Sy rte Cold Kernat Moclea Typ of Syren Cat: fie at manly § typ oF wystem eatls Huse are ex as follows 3 (3) Process: Maogerstt a A Procus ts a baie eoatity tb He syst Tar prncess yy Ue suystene nad do beantrial, detects) QF abertad Thue many epeiations ane sequined 6u the poces for AA managment. Thee are aitine example | Fou L)8—> Crrole a Process. kat ()3— "Terminate o process: Kity C) $—> Thuninate a process abnormally - Nitec J —> Jacrcoe & prigvity ef a preces - 2) Pte, Mousgemond 2 Creatiow, cletetioir, apentng + slong, Heecrolte writing Ge Sone geroral oprrations en pele ainilorty fe cagnapieg file Mow is lisee toy wy een be aysteay managucg Suan» Carcte) —> Te cacate a near fie Opa ) —> “To ape a file tle C) —> to close a fie bad () 3b Acad fete. wWatLC)— Te waite a file. ploredLeck (.) > Cleange the petition ef dle Acad unite pernter Bake C)—> Gir another name to a file: Untink C)—> Letete @ fete th a dbectory Mk di C )—? Grate a ne directory z (3) Devie Movagonsnl 5 Tie ayelim celle cure, Aesponstbte fer davies nrc’ putation, seccle cu Ataoling frome deer boaffint, woriting into clevice buffer , ee ~ Set Console Macte (-)—> This vets Un trpul mode er eu Mocle, congete's snput buffr er euctpok buffer seespactively . React Consete) 3 Tis seaclr the chosacters frome tes conserle apart buffer. > Thin writes the choroctere Urte the | 4 White: Courale C) @rnyate Hofer Gut aut buffers Requert dew, peleare ctewier, get clewee ccttilouter, act deutee attafbuts tu alse eptcdion of device Managemects @D ofowmstion Maintonnus 2 Moy oyun eat ewitt sting. { Mat. prpere of Bonifedeg Jistouwactionr : bet tne wer prom & dhe OS i ge the © ) set dotel ) get proeess C ) set tol ) Ht sytem dota. C) set proces () qt ) ot syiton det J ® (ommenications —: The ta nul ov Capanectreoc tier + Crerenat oprrot atvong He procertes fy dhe Systm & chosing the connection , ef commenication axe epené aoding p ateeavthg mensages , scaling € waiting messcupey Od go On, Ma snd y—> Suting & Massage Moy rev) 5 Receiving a Meysage,ide a conucnient g argnamt pre e System Proqaams yilom Pry p tee andl. : cauryonnen fe pro gaan oltwelap I fle faces to Systeme catty. foe of ayrtena Puegiews ace use User Uset Tirterfa ce $ a Ly [Syren Gt] Kerk, Systeue programs coun be cleudoted sixto Mews cecteqoaies 7 © File Managenent 7 +e foe th a calleotion of specific . In fe motion Atoud th Meco af computer dypste . ttle Monagiment 1 ctefirecl as prowess of roniputating fey b computer sycem, Us Management freluoles prseas ef cunting rig Se caatng Flin $e Kl te to fe Sepercite felclers bron as olircctaies ” Eile Monagunent generale, Neneh nunipulate fits & dineetorées, © Stour Th F Prforuotlion flee dete, time, aiuont of tm in pt peel ance ec tl ae 0 providing cataiced paforuoner, saggis g : gyn sr formation whe £6 more Cate plage « ALL AHA MYfeucetion formatted £ csptoyed eu Outbk levees fs Punt the etetput to de fend,; @ Fie Mod? fic ition © Several tel gelitort nery be 7. TS quadleb(e, to cacate Ff Medldy tte. centent ef fly stored oe dk Or ether, Storage dhuters - : © Vegroming fovgacye Suppast 2 Comyetteas , astiubter, clube 935 and dtr prctert & Cotmeon praganmntg longuages Copa a3, c, CH, Jap, vauat ‘brute ) ort after ‘peerricted to dhe “a with the tpeaating, aystom. : j © frsqiam teading | Epeeuttion & inlun a prrgram La Acoolt after curseenba lei ¢ cornpelation , il nue be foacleal jbeto werOry= few wececlin. fr loader £1 part of an OS hat ay : neiperstble for fwcroltr progres 4 Hbaates . bedi 4 leases, relocatable “leoderr, fintage soliters go vectors leader arc prordotd by system « : © Consuni Tie prognons protder dle mechandn Clee ee fe Catating ulital cermection, omong process» Wear} COmpucer Syilons « User cour gene meragy do cthe win Om ther screen , Vier Gur gerd E- marl, browsing en wth pages, jumete Lagi 1 hy, trdutbyranatte free Om myer to wea, + ; ree Be = Come Exams af yawn Propane og ane ¢ @ WGndews [o © MAC Os% © Ubuntu. . ProseAk Oprating _ Qi uotiae % qm Of con be fnpfemented with we Lelp of : rue Stouctuat ef OS clepencls modi a hor fe, Weed gandard compensetr of te BS ay sutecennected aid melded dito Ae ' eure’, O Sinpte /Monopi Movobithic c_Ohiuctiae Guelt OS do not have well olepined. ticeteleres 4 at amall, cteapte fi lendteel, Tt tattrfaces f tevels of fuvctienality are mot wrtl eeperocted). MS-DOS ts aur exawple Sf such cn Cptrating syrtoy, Tir MU DOS , cepp. ications programs Ore Abe to acees ate boric T/o rowlins. Bac Bp of 08 coun Ave witine ayptem ty Lath iL eve af a Hee programe fails. Application Program Resfelert System Erogaanm various etroctuns: yz M-DOS Device Drivers SF ROM BLOS cleutte, drivers. ° SE cathe hettin application pefaunace because of see foro irdeto betivesn fe oppltcrtion prepacem Me Aordware. eis & soy Kerrak cterelers to clevelep zuch am Sprratinn Systton=> Mooduariteges 3 o Ue structing fb vty hetst — betivern — meotules . : @ Tt dos not erforee, clota Rvcling dy Ha Gperating Sys tou, @ muyonect Structure 3 Dn OS can be bropen forte pees Qh activin mcd mere contre? aur the Sytun. Te this gtuuctire, the O8 G bof into a nuinber of Joyers (Lovells), Tk bottom Aouper Clay 0) ts the Dordwau 2 dhe topmost doyr (Loy) iy the we coterfacce . : the foyer oe 20 dusigred Hot poche Japs. erg Boe functions of tha Lower lewel fayrns. uty slmpli fies tie acbup ying pou , if Lower Level foyert tee rt debugged db an COL Occ durteg. debugging , tet Ate wWror must be on fot “bey ut oleate beow debugged) . UNIX ts on soccer af Mo, stuuectirre. conpticated , Os ho clear houncantey qa He lowe—level hopes dow,> fdueudages I, loyog mokes Gl saci, fo arbone she OS, 4 = Sreptermertation, of ao foyer cour be changed posit wetiouk offecting fue ether fayes, o Tt & vey say to prrpaue cahupelia £ syste ead ficcehtony 2 Disaduantage s o Tu thy gtiucluu , tue application 's peofoainonee 4A Aegractd Pw compared to simples utiveture, Po St acquices touefut ponntng fo dest gui Hee Mops a4 the highor Ropeas use the, fonet fon otitis of only te Jowe Jaye 1 Kier Kerncl Sbuctuwe Ths etuctine clergy the operating syste by ALO, ail neu- essential Coupe nests prom He lereal 2 inspleracntiing fem os Syplew ard User e Acs. Thty sttt ty a turalter femal colted the Micto- kernad Advantages ef thy sAbwclue are Auat att wow sewleer nod to be added to user space and oloti’ not Aaquise Hu eommak to be wodlified . Thus it fs wore secure and acliabte an 2 a sowie foclr , ther set af ane perating spin Aewatns wateuces. Mac O8 an example af ts type af Of. ? duauttages : : lousy to wetend Ae cprating Systn. © Tt mapa sue operating Syste pre perteble to varlous Plot fora. “fe Minoktrnals are sural go Ahtrt cau be ‘Aste efteethey :y Pkoclwvanteye * ar i ute commun catio o Tncacayed Level of katie mectule be dagaades sapstews pecpoauscn ct « ‘@ Maduler Pouctine TLt ts constelered as tle but approach Tt kwvatus designing of Mootitlar Keanals Te Kewl hos erty ao set of cor components E otter gervtert ane acteed as dyromt costly foadoble mocter fo fle fernal Rte deri durtine @. beet time. Le sasembla —fayeree) gtructune ur to the fact bat tech Renal hes cepted” cord protected tterfcces, but Te wore flertbte Hwy fayered whareline as 0 modide can call any ether edule Fer Exonple- Solaris OS, a crgoniged as ehewn tn the fegese - : [Sebeduti uf Teer & clasges Exceectabee Bur Drivers formats Pic celtoncous Modules fee an OS-Wr Alec Mactiues (VMs) : - a = ° g fu & _\iituat: Hackhu J a Mackie, which £1 uel peven plegwteatly.. Te f a ettgttag euteH b e prysical covputer * . — Wertuald Maodduce saftwace can sun Ceeceute) prograns é ope wating ayitent, ytvre deta , connect to netrorles, f) 2 ° do etter comp sting tae functions and Acquiscs Avou wtehan' AU OS aepelartes —gurcl ayjitewm mer itodng s -fldveutagss o Tht art 10 protection probtem beeauue, tue vlatual machina fs completely selected from att otter victmt machiAtt - : a Vislu mackiae. cour provide ah instruction sets arehisectire amet aif fit pram Atal computers. ° Easy morintenouicn, avaitob) lity & eouvcitont seacnue ey. 4 beg & cout’ gnvings « @ Eany backup © clo. o Le prowide fiber fbitity L Custond sovtion. = be aclu 4 o Rutt unstable Caelay er Ucree ) ® Fro ceasing sped slow - * Trty are mat as 5 peteect asa arta’ ane when accessing Aut, dranclwart. 6 LijpPeatt fh clvct access to harcluarg , ° No dauet sharing Gf Acgouuces betwetn UM s- a = [ups ef \lietuat @ Process Utketuat Machine © Gystey vital Mooltiees L Hachie 3 TE VMs OAM pontlowtar 5 Ppplical ah PS PRT platform provedte, acer & mer ae eveccite He ae | —— TH altews o wingle process Lo seus as ay appltestion ea herb Mocebutur 5 proiding (oa plectfern, tudependorte Progaming gewtronment by rwoutesg ae Bu fowmatinn ep wt underlying hadwae eo “Oo, Ge Gye betta Macht A suyten Virtual Movelitre £ fety utse Cutoctisect to cubstitutr ae tin wactehtiu, Ah System ploctfsain pat 2 a ning apa hose Comprctedy Plrysteot, Perourees betoeen murttiple ve, Lack futnniing ity bun copy “f et sprarting sy pt.
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