Microprocessor Architecture

Microprocessor
- Central Processing Unit (CPU) of a computer; also known as its heart

Intel 8085
- 8-bit, NMOS microprocessor designed by Intel in 1977
- Has the ff. config:
- 40 pin I.C. package on a single LSI chip
- Uses +5Vd.c. supply
- 3MHz clock speed; 320 ns clock cycle
- 8-bit data bus
- 16-bit address bus, which can address up to 64k
- 16-bit stack pointer AND program counter
- Six 8-bit registers arranged in BC, DE, HL

Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU)

- Performs the following arithmetic and logical operations:
- Addition and Subtraction
- Logical AND and OR
- Logical EXCLUSIVE OR
- Logical NOT (Complement)
- Increment and Decrement (+- 1)
- Left shift, Rotate left, Rotate right
- Clear, etc.

Timing and Control Unit

- Is a section of the CPU
- Used to generate timing and control signals; and provide status which are necessary
for execution of instructions and operation of memory and I/O devices.
- Used to control data flow between CPU and peripherals (including memory)
- Controls the entire operations of the microprocessor and peripherals connected to it

Registers
- Used for temporary storage and manipulation of data and instructions by the
processors
- Data remains in registers until they are sent to the I/O devices or memory
- An Intel 8085 microprocessor has the following registers
- One 8-bit accumulator (ACC) i.e. register A
- Six General Purpose registers of 8-bit (B,C, D, E, H and L)
- To hold data of 16-bit, a combination of two 8-bit registers can be
employed, which would then be called a register pair.
- D-E and B-C are valid register pairs; while H-L are used as memory
pointers
- One 16-bit stack pointers, SP
- One 16-bit Program Counter, PC
- Instruction register
- Temporary register
- Additional components; 5 flip-flops which serve as status flags
Accumulator (ACC)
- 8-bit register associated with the ALU
- The register ‘A’ is an accumulator in the 8085, used to hold one of the operands of an
arithmetic and logical operation
- The final result of arithmetic or logical operation is also placed in the accumulator

Program Counter (PC)

- 16-bit special purpose register
- Used to hold the address of memory of the next instruction
- Used to keep track of the instruction in a program while they are executed

Stack Pointer (SP)

- 16-bit special function register used as a memory pointer
- A stack is nothing but a portion of RAM
- Within stacks, the contents of only those registers are saved, which are needed in
the later part of the program
- Controls addressing of the stack; contains the address of top element of data in stack

Instruction register
- Holds the opcode of the instruction being decoded and executed

Temporary Register
- 8-bit register associated with the ALU
- Holds data during an arithmetic/logical operation
- Used by the microprocessor, but not accessible to the programmer

Flags
- A flag is a flip-flop indicating the condition which arises after arithmetic or logical
execution
- Flip-flops are reset or set according to the conditions during operation
- Intel 8085 microprocessor contains 5 flip-flops serving as status flags
- Carry Flag (CS)
- Parity Flag (P)
- Auxiliary Carry Flag (AC)
- Zero Flag (Z)
- Sign Flag (S)
Address Bus and Data Bus

- Output (A8-A15), These are address bus and are used for the most significant bits of
the memory address or 8-bits of I/O address.
- Input/Output (AD0-AD7), These are time multiplexed address/data bus i.e. (They are
dual purpose)
- They are used for the least significant 8 bits of the address (memory or I/O)

- ALE (Output)
● Address Latch Enable
● Goes high during first clock cycle of a machine cycle and enables the
lower 8-bits of the address to be latched either into the memory or
external latch
- IO/M (Output)
● It is a status signal
● Distinguishes whether the address is for memory or I/O device

- S0,S1 (Output)
● These are also Status Signals
● Distinguishes the various types of operations given

- RD (Output)
● Is a signal to control READ operation
● When it is low, the selected I/O device or memory is read
- WR (Output)
● Is a signal to control Write operations
● When it is low, the data bus’ data is written into a selected memory or I/O
location
- READY (Input)
● It is used to sense whether a peripheral is ready to transfer data or not
● If HIGH is it READY, if it is LOW the microprocessor waits for it till it is HIGH
Interrupts and Externally Initiated Signals

- HOLD (Input)
● Indicates that another drive is requesting for the use of the address and data
bus
- HLDA (Output)
● Is a signal for HOLD ACKNOWLEDGEMENT, the HOLD has been received
after the
- INTR (INPUT)
● Interrupt Request Signal, Interrupts it has the lowest priority, is enabled or
disabled by Software
- INTA (OUTPUT)
● Interrupt Acknowledgement, sent by the microprocessor after INTR is
received
RST 5.5, 6.5, 7.5 and TRAP: THESE ARE ALL INTERRUPTS

- TRAP (Highest Priority)

- RST 7.5
- RST 6.5
- RST 5.5
- INTR (Lowest Priority)

Reset Signals
- RESET IN
● RESET IN (input), Resets Program counter to 0
● Also interrupts enable and HLDA Flip-flops
● CPU is held in reset condition till RESET is not applied
- RESET OUT (OUTPUT)
● Indicates that the cpu is being reset

Clock Signals
- X1, X2 (input)
● Are terminals to be connected to an external crystal oscillator
● It drives the internal circuitry
● Used to produce a suitable clock for the operation of microprocessor
- CLK (output)
● Clock Output
● Its frequency is same at which processor operates

Serial I/O Signals

- SID (Input)
● Serial input, data is loaded into the seventh bit of the accumulator when RIM
instruction is executed
- SOD (output)
● Serial Output, The seventh bit of the accumulator is output on SOD line when
SIM instruction is executed
Vcc :+5Volts Supply, Vss: ground reference
Serial Input And Output
- Refers to methods of transmitting and receiving data one bit at a time, sequentially,
over a single communication channel
1. Serial Input (SID)
- Refers to the process of receiving data bit by bit over a single communication
line
- In the case of the 8085
● The SID is a pin or a flip-flop that represents the input for serial data
● The state of the SID can be read using instructions like RIM (Read
Interrupt Mask) or SIM (Set interrupt Mask)

2. Serial Output (SOD)

- Refers to the process of transmitting data one bit at a time over a single
communication line.
- In the 8085, The SOD is a pin or a flip-flop that represents the output for serial
data. The state of the SOD can be controlled using the SIM instruction
- The microprocessor can send data to external devices or peripherals using a
serial data format
- SERIAL COMMUNICATION is often used in situations where a full parallel
data bus is not practical
- Mostly used when an application needs better data transfer between
microcontrollers or microcontrollers to other embedded devices

Read Interrupt Mask (RIM)

- Used to read/check the status of certain interrupt-related flags and registers
- It is an 8-BIT instruction

● Accumulators are not affected by the RIM instructions

● The Interrupt Enable is placed in bit 7 of the accumulator
If it is 1, interrupts are enabled, if 0 it is disabled
● SOD is placed in bit 6 of the accumulator
● R1 and R0 are bits 5 and 4, it contains the status of R1 and R0
● SID and SOD lines are in bits 3 and 2 and it contains the status of SOD and
SID
● Trap flip-flop is in bit 1 and is not used and will always be 0
● RIM Flip-flop is in bit 0, if it is 1 the instruction has been executed and if it is 0,
it has not been executed

Set Interrupt Mask

- Used to set the status of the interrupt-registers and flags, it is also and 8-bit
instruction
- It is useful for configuring interrupt system and serial comms in the 8085

- After SIM instruction, the following mods are made

1. Bits 7 and 6 are used to set the state of the IE flip-flop, bit 7 is for INTE and 6 is for
SOD flip-flop
2. 5 and 4 are used to set the status of R1 and R0 in the status register
 3. 3 and 2 are ignored
4. 1 is used to set the state of the SID Flip-flop
5. 0 is ignored

8085 Instructions
- Instruction of computer is a command given to be performed as a specified operation
on given data
- Some instructions for Intel 8085 are: MOV, MVI, STA, ADD, SUB, RAL, INR, MVI etc.
- Each instruction contains 2 parts: Opcode (operation code) and Operand

Opcode (Operation code)

- Opcode specifies the task to be performed
- Machine-level instructions that are understood by the processor’s instruction set
architecture
- Examples of Opcodes: ADD (addition), SUB (subtraction), MOV (move), JMP (jump)

Operand
- Operand is the data, and may come in forms such as 8-bit or 16-bit
data/address/internal registers/register/memory location
- Source or destination of the data for the instruction
- For instructions like MOV (move), operand might be the data to be moved, and for
instruction like ADD or SUB, operand is the data to be added/subtracted

Example of intel 8085 assembly language:

MVI B, 15H

where:
- MVI is the opcode representing “Move immediate”
- B is the operand, which is where the immediate data will be moved
- 15H is the immediate operand, which is the data that will be moved to address B
Instruction Word Size
- A digital computer understands instruction written in binary codes; However not all
binary code instructions are of the same length
- They are classified according to word size:
- One byte instruction
- Ex: MOV A, B - Move the contents of register B to A
- Ex: ADD B - Add the content of register B to content of accumulator
- Two byte instruction
- The first byte of instruction is its opcode, and second byte is either
data or address
- Ex: MVI B, 05 ; 05 moved to register B
- Ex: 06, 05 ; MVI B, 05 is in code form
- Three byte instruction
- First byte is its opcode, second and third byte are either 16-bit data or
16-bit address
- Ex: LXI H, 2400H ; Load H-L Pair with 2400H
- 21, 00, 24 ; LXI H, 2400H in the code form