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Light Notes

Light notes class 8

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50 views5 pages

Light Notes

Light notes class 8

Uploaded by

mohannimmi9
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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L-16 LIGHT

1. Explain the phenomenon of dispersion of light.


Ans: Dispersion is defined as the phenomenon of splitting of white light into
different colours on passing through a transparent medium such as prism.
When white light is passed through a prism, it splits into seven colours. It is
observed that the colours are in the following order:
Violet (V), Indigo (I), Blue (B), Green (G), Yellow (Y), Orange (O) and Red
(R).
The order of colours can be remembered by the acronym VIBGYOR. This
coloured band is called spectrum of white light.
2. Define the following,

Ans. Incident ray: Incident ray is defined as a light ray, which strikes any
surface.

Reflected ray: The ray that returns from the surface after it has been
reflected is known as the reflected ray.

3. State laws of reflection.

Ans: ‘The angle of incidence is always equal to the angle of reflection,' says the
first law of reflection.

The incident rays reflected rays, and normal rays are drawn at the point of incidence
to the reflecting surface all lie in the same plane, according to the second law of
reflection.

4. State the characteristics of the image formed by a plane mirror.


Ans. Characteristics of the image formed by a plane mirror:
The image formed by a plane mirror is always virtual and erect.
 The image undergoes lateral inversion.
 The size of the image formed by a plane mirror is the same as that of the
object.
 The distance of the object from the mirror is equal to the distance of the
image from the mirror, that is, image distance is equal to object distance.

5. Differentiate between regular and diffused reflection. Does diffused


reflection mean the failure of the laws of reflection?

Ans.

Regular Reflection Diffused Reflection


(i) All the reflected rays are parallel. (i) The reflected rays are not parallel.
(ii) It occurs on a smooth and polished
(ii) It occurs on the rough surface.
surface.
(iii) Reflected rays are scattered in
(iii) Reflected rays are in one direction.
different directions.

The laws of reflection have not failed because each ray obeys the law of reflection.
All the reflected rays are parallel to each other, whereas in diffused reflection, the
rays aren’t parallel to the incident rays.

. 5. Describe an activity to show that the incident ray, the reflected ray and the
normal at the point of incidence lie in the same plane.

Ans. On a table, place a plane mirror perpendicular to the plane of the table. Make a
small hole in a piece of paper and hold it perpendicular to the plane of the table. Try
to do this experiment in a dark room. Take one more piece of paper and place it on
the table so that it makes contact with the mirror. Draw a line perpendicular to the
mirror on the piece of paper which is on the table. Now, beam light rays with the
help of a torch through the small hole, such that the beam of light hits the normal at
the bottom of the mirror. The ray of light will be reflected in the light rays from the
hole incident on the mirror. Looking at the piece of paper on the table, we can
easily show that the incident ray, the normal line and the reflected ray at the point of
incidence lie in the same plane.

7. What is the angle of incidence of a ray if the reflected ray is at an angle of 90°
to the incident ray?

Ans. Here, the angle of reflection is 90°. As we know, according to the laws of
reflection that angle of incidence is equal to angle of reflection.
Here, the angle between the incident ray and reflected ray is 90°.
i.e., ∠i + ∠r = 90°
Since, ∠i = ∠r
We can write, ∠i + ∠i = 90°
⇒ 2∠i = 90°
⇒ ∠i = 45°
Angle of incidence = 45°.

8. Two mirrors meet at right angles. A ray of light is incident on one at an angle
of 30° as shown in Fig. Draw the reflected ray from the second mirror.

Ans.

9. Express the mathematical formula to calculate the number of images


formed when two mirrors are inclined at θ angle.
Ans: Number of images = 360∘ Angle (θ) – 1.
So, if the given mirrors are at a right angle to each other, 3 images will be
formed. If the given mirrors are at 30° angle, we shall get 11 images. When
the mirrors are kept opposite and parallel to each other, there would be
infinite number of images formed

10. Draw and explain the structure of the human eye.


Ans: Eyes are the sense organs which give us the sense of vision. The
human eye is almost spherical in shape.
Following are the main structures in the human eye.
Cornea: The eyeball is covered with a tough layer. This layer is transparent
on the front. This transparent portion is called cornea.
Iris: Iris is a thin circular structure. It works like the shutter of a camera. It
controls the amount of light entering the eye. The colour of iris imparts
distinct colour to the eyes of an individual. A person with blue iris has blue
eyes.
Pupil: There is a hole in the centre of iris. This is called pupil. Light enters the
eye through the pupil. When the light is bright, iris contracts and thus allows
less light into the eye. When the light is dim, iris dilates and thus allows
more light into the eye.
Lens: Lens is present behind the pupil. The lens in the human eye is a convex
lens. The size and thickness of the lens change as per the distance of an
object.
Retina: Retina is at the back of the eye and marks the inner layer of the
eyeball. Images are formed on the retina and thus it works like a screen.
There are photosensitive cells in the retina. These cells are of two types,
which are as follows:

Cone Cells: The cone cells are sensitive to bright light. They also give the
sense of colour.

Rod Cells: The rod cells are sensitive to dim light.


Optic Nerve: The optic nerve emerges from the back of the eye ball. This
nerve goes to the brain.
Blind Spot: The junction of retina and the optic nerve is called the blind spot.
There is no photosensitive cell at this spot, and hence no image is formed at
this spot on the retina.
11. What is myopia? How is it caused? How can it be corrected?

Ans. When a person can see nearby object clearly, but not far away objects, he
is suffering from myopia. It is caused by the flattening of the eyeball and the
lens becomes thick and rigid. It can be corrected by using spectacles with
concave lenses.

12. What is hypermetropia? How is it caused? How can it be corrected?

Ans. A person suffering from hypermetropia can clearly see distant objects but
finds difficulty in reading, writing and viewing different objects. It is caused by
the elongation of the eyeball and the lens becomes flat. It can be corrected by
using a convex lens.

13. Explain Persistence of Vision.


Ans. An image stays on the retina for about 1/16 of a second. This feature is
called persistence of vision. Due to this, when many still images are shown in a
sequence; they give the illusion of moving images. Movies and animation are
made by exploiting this property of the human eye.

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