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Computer Network

Computer Network Notes

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Hema Chaudhry
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3 views

Computer Network

Computer Network Notes

Uploaded by

Hema Chaudhry
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Switching Technique:

• It refers to the process of transferring data packets from one device to another within a
network or between different networks
• Two commonly used switching techniques are —
(I) Circuit Switching
(ii)Packet Switching.

Circuit Switching:

• In circuit swithing a dedicated path (or circuit) is established between the sender and
receiver before any data transmission occurs.
• Once established, this dedicated path remains connected for the entire communication
session
• Commonly used in voice communication

Packet Switching:
• In packet switching the data is broken down into smaller chunks called packets
• The packets are sent individually on the network and each packet may follow different
path to reach the destination.
• Once all the packets reach the destination device they are regrouped together to form
the actual data.

Web services
WWW -World Wide Web :
• It is a collection of website or web pages stored in web server and connected to devices
through the Internet.
• These website may contain text, images, audio, sound, animation etc.
• The WWW, with Internet allows retrieval and display of website to your device.
• WWW was invented by Tim Berners Lee in 1989.

HTML – Hypertext Markup Language:


• Hypertext Markup Language is the standard markup language for documents designed
to be displayed in a web browser.
• It is tag based code, where tags are predefined.
• It is not case sensitive.
• HTML files are stored with extension .HTM or .HTML
• Few tags are: <HTML>, TITLE>,<A>,<IMG> etc

XML - extensible markup language

• Extensible Markup Language is a markup language that defines a set of rules for
encoding documents in a format that is both human-readable and machine- readable.
• XML stores information in a plain text format so it is not blocked by any firewall.
• Tags are not predefined i.e. we can create our own tag
• It is case sensitive.
Domain Name:
• A domain name is an easy-to-remember name that's associated with a physical IP
address on the Internet.
• It’s the unique name that appears after the @ sign in email addresses, and after www. in
web addresses.
• For instance, the domain name example.com might translate to the physical
address 198.102.434.8
• Example – cbse.nic.in, gmail.com
URL - Uniform Resource Locator:

• A URL is a unique identifier used to locate a webpage or file on the Internet.


• It provides the location and mechanism (protocol) to access the resource on the internet.

Website:
• A website is a collection of web pages related through hyperlinks, and saved on a web
server.
• The first page of the website is called a home page.
Webpage:
• A web page is a document on the World Wide Web that is viewed in a web browser.
• It is a document written in HTML and can be viewed on any web browser
Websites Webpage
A website consists of multiple webpages A webpage is an individual document
linked together. displayed in a browser.
Developing a website takes more time Creating a webpage is quicker once the
compared to individual webpages. website structure is in place.
Websites are accessed via HTTP and DNS Webpages are accessed directly through web
protocols. browsers.
Websites have no specific extension in their Webpage URLs include extensions like .htm,
URL. .html., etc.,
Static and Dynamic Web Pages :
• A static webpage is one whose content always remains static, i.e., does not change
for person to person
• A dynamic web page is one in which the content of the web page can be different
for different users

Web Browser:
• A browser is a software application that helps us to view the web page(s).
• It helps us to view the data or information that is retrieved from various web servers on
the Internet.
• Eg. Google Chrome, Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, Opera, etc

Web Server:
• A web server is used to store and deliver the contents of a website to clients such as a
browser that request it.
• A web server can be software or hardware.
• When talking about a web server as computer hardware, it stores web server software and
a website's contents
• When talking about a web server as a software, it is a specialised program that
understands URLs or web addresses coming as requests from browsers, and responds to those
requests.

Web Hosting:
Web hosting is a service that allows us to put a website or a web page onto the Internet, and
make it a part of the World Wide Web

Protocols

Protocols are standardized sets of rules that govern how data is formatted and processed
during communication between computers or devices.

HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP)


• HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) is a fundamental protocol used for communication
between web clients (such as browsers) and web servers.
• It facilitates access of hypertext document from the World Wide Web by defining how
information are formatted and transmitted, and how the Web servers and browsers
should respond to various commands.
• It is the primary protocol used to access the World Wide Web.
• Tim Berners-Lee led the development of HTTP in 1989.

File Transfer Protocol (FTP) :


File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is the protocol used for transferring files from one machine to
another.

Point to Point Protocol (PPP)

PPP is a communication protocol which establishes a dedicated and direct connection


between two communicating devices.

SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)


• SMTP is an essential protocol for sending and receiving emails over the internet.
• SMTP enables the transmission of emails among user accounts.
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)/ Internet Protocol (IP) :

• It is a set of standardised rules that uses a client-server model of communication in


which a user or machine (a client) requests a service by a server in the network.
• TCP ensures that the message or data is broken into packets and then transmits the
packets through internet.
• IP protocol ensures that each computer on the Internet is assigned an IP address
Pop3:
• POP3 protocol is used to provide access to the mail inbox that is stored in the email
server.
• It enables to download the mails from email server and store it locally on the computer
so that it can be accessed even without the internet.
• Application like Outlook, Thunderbird use this protocol.
TELNET:

• TELNET (short for Teletype Network) type of protocol that enables one computer to
connect to the local computer.
• It is used as a standard TCP/IP protocol for virtual terminal service
HTTPS (Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure)
• It is a secure version of the standard HTTP protocol used for transmitting data over the
internet.
• Itensures that data exchanged between a user’s browser and a web server is encrypted.

HTTP HTTPS

Plain text protocol Encrypted protocol using TLS (SSL)


Data encrypted during
Data exchanged in plain text transmission
It is insecure It is secured protocol

VoIP Voice over Internet Protocol:


 VoIP, allows us to have voice call (telephone service) over the Internet, i.e., the voice
transmission over a computer network rather than through the regular telephone
network.
 It is also known as Internet Telephony or Broadband Telephony.
 VoIP works on the simple principle of converting the analogue voice signals into digital
and then transmitting them over the broadband line.

 The only disadvantage of VoIP is that its call quality is dependent on Internet connection
speed. Slow Internet connection will lead to poor quality voice calls

Components of Data Communication


Data : Data can be any text, image, audio, video, and multimedia files.
Communcation: Communication is an act of sending or receiving data.

Data Communcation:
Data communication refers to the exchange of data between two or more networked
or connected devices.
Five important aspect of Communication:
• Sender :
◦ A sender is a computer or any such device which is capable of sending
data over a network. It can be a computer, mobile phone,
smartwatch.etc,
• Receiver :
◦ A receiver is a computer or any such device which is capable of
receiving data from the network. It can be any computer, printer,
laptop, mobile phone etc.,
• Communication medium:
◦ Communication media: It is the path through which the message
travels between source and destination. It is also called medium or
link which is either wired or wireless. For example, a television cable,
telephone cable, ethernet cable, satellite link, microwaves, etc -
• Message :
◦ It is the data or information that needs to be exchanged between the
sender and the receiver. Messages can be in the form of text, number,
image, audio, video, multimedia, etc.
• Protocols:
◦ It is a set of rules that need to be followed by the communicating
parties in order to have successful and reliable data communication

MEASURING CAPACITY OF COMMUNICATION MEDIA


The maximum amount of signals or traffic that a channel(transmission medium) can carry is
measured in terms of
(i) Bandwidth and
(ii) Data transfer rate
Bandwidth:
• Bandwidth of a channel(transmission medium) is the range of frequencies available for
transmission of data through that channel.
• Higher the bandwidth, higher the data transfer rate.
• Bandwidth is measured in Hertz (Hz).

Data Transfer Rate


• Data transfer rate is the number of bits transmitted between source and destination in
one second.
• It is also known as bit rate.
• It is measured in terms of bits per second (bps).

IP Address :
• IP address, also known as Internet Protocol address, is also a unique address that can
be used to uniquely identify each node in a network.
• The IP addresses are assigned to each node in a network that uses the Internet Protocol
for communication.
IPv4 IPv6
IPv4 uses a 32-bit address IPv6 uses a 128-bit address
It is expressed as four numbers separated by It is expressed as eight hexadecimal numbers
dots (e.g., 192.168.0.1). separated by colons (e.g.,
2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334)

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