Why this magazine?

In this article, a special edition on National Mathematics day, we'll be seeing how mathematics
developed and become an integral part of our lives.
First let's know how the National Mathematics Day was introduced
The Indian government declared 22 December to be celebrated as National Mathematics Day
every year to mark the birth anniversary of the Indian mathematician Srinivasa Ramanujan. It was
introduced by Prime Minister Manmohan Singh on 26 December 2011 at Madras University, to
mark the 125th birth anniversary of the Indian mathematician Srinivasa Ramanujan. On this
occasion Prime minister Manmohan Singh also announced that 2012 would be celebrated as the
National Mathematics Year.
Now let us know who Srinivasa Ramanujan was.
Srinivasa Ramanujan (22 December 1887 – 26 April 1920) was an Indian mathematician. Though
he had almost no formal training in pure mathematics, he made substantial contributions to
mathematical analysis, number theory, infinite series, and continued fractions, including solutions to
mathematical problems then considered unsolvable

The Hardy-Ramanujan number:

The number 1729 is known as the Hardy–Ramanujan number after a famous visit by Hardy to
see Ramanujan at a hospital. In Hardy's words:
“I remember once going to see him when he was ill at Putney. I had
ridden in taxi cab number 1729 and remarked that the number seemed
to me rather a dull one, and that I hoped it was not an unfavourable
omen. "No", he replied, "it is a very interesting number; it is the smallest
number expressible as the sum of two cubes in two different ways.”
Immediately before this anecdote, Hardy quoted Littlewood as saying, "Every positive integer was
one of [Ramanujan's] personal friends."[122]

The two different ways are:

1729=13+123=93+103
Generalisations of this idea have created the notion of "taxicab numbers".
WHY, WHAT AND HOW IS
MATHEMATICS DONE?
“In Mathematics the art of proposing a question must be held of
higher value than solving it”.
~George Cantor
The word mathematics comes from Ancient Greek máthēma , meaning "that which is learnt", "what
one gets to know", hence also "study" and "science". The word came to have the narrower and more
technical meaning of "mathematical study" even in Classical times. Its adjective is mathēmatikós,
meaning "related to learning" or "studious", which likewise further came to mean "mathematical". In
particular, mathēmatikḗ tékhnē (Latin: ars mathematica) meant "the mathematical art".

Mathematics is an area of knowledge that includes the topics of numbers, formulas and related
structures, shapes and the spaces in which they are contained, and quantities and their changes.
These topics are represented in modern mathematics with the major subdisciplines of number theory,
algebra, geometry, and analysis, respectively. There is no general consensus among mathematicians
about a common definition for their academic discipline.

Most mathematical activity involves the discovery of properties of abstract objects and the use of pure
reason to prove them. These objects consist of either abstractions from nature or—in modern
mathematics—entities that are stipulated to have certain properties, called axioms. A proof consists of
a succession of applications of deductive rules to already established results. These results include
previously proved theorems, axioms, and—in case of abstraction from nature—some basic properties
that are considered true starting points of the theory under consideration.

Mathematics is essential in the natural sciences, engineering, medicine, finance, computer science,
and the social sciences. Although mathematics is extensively used for modelling phenomena, the
fundamental truths of mathematics are independent from
any scientific experimentation. Some areas of
mathematics, such as statistics and game theory, are
developed in close correlation with their applications and
are often grouped under applied mathematics. Other
areas are developed independently from any application
(and are therefore called pure mathematics), but often
later find practical applications.
 Historically, the concept of a proof and its associated
mathematical rigour first appeared in Greek
mathematics, most notably in Euclid's Elements. Since
its beginning, mathematics was primarily divided into
geometry and arithmetic (the manipulation of natural
numbers and fractions), until the 16th and 17th
centuries, when algebra and infinitesimal calculus were
introduced as new fields. Since then, the interaction
between mathematical innovations and scientific
discoveries has led to a correlated increase in the
development of both. At the end of the 19th century, the
foundational crisis of mathematics led to the
systematisation of the axiomatic method, which
heralded a dramatic increase in the number of
mathematical areas and their fields of application. The
contemporary Mathematics Subject Classification lists
more than sixty first-level areas of mathematics.

WHO INVENTED MATHS?!!

Sometimes students might have thought about who had introduced this
difficult subject into the school curriculum
when they knew that they couldn't. This
might be taken just for fun among students
but they didn’t realise its importance. What
if maths wasn’t introduced? Imagine how
different our daily landscape would be if
mathematics had never come to be. It would
mean no time, no calendars, no buildings, no
transportation, no recipes, no computer
science and technology, etc., the list is supposed to go on and on. All of the
comforts which make our lives what they are today would be no more.

Thank goodness to all the great mathematicians who had come

before us who made our lives easier. Some of them are mentioned in
this article and their inventions have also been given.
THE DEVELOPERS OF
MATHEMATICS:
Archimedes was born in C. 287 BCE, in Syracuse, Sicily (Italy), and is
regarded as the most well-known mathematician and inventor in ancient
Greece.Archimedes is regarded as the founding figure of mathematics. But the
question of who created mathematics has no clear answer. In many centuries
and by many people, it was discovered. We think it's more accurate to say that
humanity discovered mathematics and that mathematics belongs to the entire
planet.

Archimedes Greatest Achievements

Some of the most outstanding achievements of Archimedes are
listed below –

● Archimedes invented the crucial sciences of mechanics and hydrostatics.

● Archimedes created one of the essential physics concepts that is the centre of gravity.
● He discovered the laws of levers and pulleys that allow moving heavy objects using small
forces.
● Archimedes calculated the most precise value of pi. The fraction 22⁄7 was his upper limit
of pi; this value is still in use.
● Archimedes also discovered mathematically verified formulas for the volume and surface
area of a sphere.
● How exponents could be used to write more significant numbers was shown by
Archimedes.

Sir Issac Newton:

Sir Isaac Newton was a truly amazing mathematician and scientist. He
achieved so much in his lifetime and the amount of discoveries he made can
seem almost impossible. He helped make huge advancements in
mathematics and created theorems that we still use heavily to this day.His
work and discoveries were not limited to mathematics; he also developed
theories in optics and gravitation. He observed that prisms refract different
colours at different angles, which led him to conclude that colour is a
property intrinsic to light.

In addition to his work on calculus, as a mathematician Newton

contributed to the study of power series, generalised the binomial theorem to non-integer
exponents, developed a method for approximating the roots of a function, and classified
most of the cubic plane curves.
Euclid:The Father of Geometry
Euclid was an ancient Greek mathematician active as a
geometer and logician.Considered the "father of geometry", he is
chiefly known for the Elements treatise, which established the
foundations of geometry that largely dominated the field until the
early 19th century. His system, now referred to as Euclidean
geometry, involved new innovations in combination with a
synthesis of theories from earlier Greek mathematicians,
including Eudoxus of Cnidus, Hippocrates of Chios, Thales and
Theaetetus. With Archimedes and Apollonius of Perga, Euclid is
generally considered among the greatest mathematicians of
antiquity, and one of the most influential in the history of
mathematics.

EULER’S NUMBER
In the realm of mathematics, certain constants hold
a profound significance, not only for their intrinsic
properties but also for their pervasive applications
across diverse fields. Among these, Euler's number,
denoted as ‘e’, stands as a cornerstone of
mathematical exploration and practical application
alike.

First introduced and rigorously studied by the eminent

Swiss mathematician Leonhard Euler in the century, ‘e’
embodies a unique role as the base of the natural
logarithm. Euler's number ‘e’ approximately equals
2.718281828459045.... Its elegant properties emerge not
only in calculus and analysis but also extend into realms as varied as finance, physics, and
computer science.

Through its fundamental connection to exponential

growth, compound interest, and complex numbers, ‘e’
reveals the intricate interplay between pure
mathematical theory and practical applications in the
modern world.

Euler is credited with discovering the limit definition of ‘e’:

e = lim
𝑛→∞
(1 + ) 1
𝑛
𝑛
HISTORY:
The historical development of
Euler's number (e) spans several
centuries and involves
contributions from multiple
mathematicians and scholars.
The major discoveries about
Euler’s number are in the 17th
and 18th century.The 19th century
saw further exploration and
application of e in fields such as
calculus, differential equations,
and number theory.The historical
development of Euler's number e
reflects a gradual process of
discovery, starting with practical
applications in finance and
gradually evolving into a
fundamental constant in
mathematical theory.

Did you know??

When 102 = 100, but 210 = 10000000000.

This is an interesting, yet unique difference. To find

more about it see:
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetration
TRIGONOMETRY
Upon hearing this word, we all remember hectic formulas we
used to by heart all the day so that we could answer the questions
when asked by the teacher easily. Let us see how it emerged to
modern trigonometry as we know it today.
What is trigonometry?

The branch called “Trigonometry” basically deals with the study of the relationship
between the sides and angles of the right-angle triangle. Hence, it helps to find the
missing or unknown angles or sides of a right triangle using the trigonometric
formulas, functions or trigonometric identities.

There are six functions of an angle commonly used in trigonometry. Their names
and abbreviations are sine (sin), cosine (cos), tangent (tan), cotangent (cot), secant
(sec), and cosecant (csc). These six trigonometric functions in relation to a right
triangle are displayed in the figure.
History of Trigonometry

● The origins of trigonometry can be traced to the civilizations of ancient Egypt,

Mesopotamia and the Indus Valley, more than 4000 years ago.
●
● Some experts believe that trigonometry was originally invented to calculate sundials,
a traditional exercise in the oldest books
● The first recorded use of trigonometry came from the Hellenistic mathematician
Hipparchus circa 150 BC, who compiled a trigonometric table using the sine for
solving triangles.
●
● The Sulba Sutras written in India, between 800 BC and 500 BC, correctly compute
the sine of π/4 (45) as 1/√2 in a procedure for circling the square (the opposite of
squaring the circle).
●
● Many ancient mathematicians like Aryabhata, Brahmagupta, Ibn Yunus and Al- Kashi
made significant contributions in this field(trigonometry).

Real life applications of Trigonometry

Trigonometry in Architecture:

Explore the architectural marvels shaped by trigonometry. Students can investigate famous
structures, understanding how angles, slopes, and trigonometric principles influence
architectural designs like pyramids, domes, or arches.

Trigonometry and Music:

Merge mathematics and music by delving into the harmony of trigonometric waves and
musical tones. Analysing sound waves through trigonometric functions demonstrates the
mathematical foundation underlying musical notes and chords.

Trigonometry in Navigation:

Trigonometry is used in navigating directions; it estimates in what direction to place the

compass to get a straight direction. With the help of a compass and trigonometric functions
in navigation, it will be easy to pinpoint a location and also to find distance as well to see the
horizon.
THE COORDINATE GEOMETRY:
A coordinate geometry is a branch of
geometry where the position of the points on
the plane is defined with the help of an
ordered pair of numbers also known as
coordinates.

The Cartesian coordinate system or the

rectangular coordinate system was
invented by French mathematician René
Descartes, when he tried to describe the path of a fly crawling along
criss-cross beams on the ceiling while he lay on his bed. The
Cartesian coordinate system created a link between algebra and
geometry.

Coordinate geometry is used in a

variety of ranges in various fields. Some of
them are listed below:
● It’s used to figure out how far two points are apart.
● It is used to calculate the dividing line ratio in the
m:n ratio.
● It is used to find the line’s midpoint.
● It’s used to figure out how big a triangle in the
Cartesian plane is.
● It’s used in physics, GPS, maps, and a variety of other fields under various names.
The underlying principle is the same in every situation: you choose an origin, assign
a measure of unit distance, and define two or three directions, and bingo, you can
now locate any point! After a couple more points are fixed, do a few extra amazing
things.
● Even a computer monitor employs some basic coordinate geometry concepts.
Complex curves, conics, and shapes can be mathematically specified using algebraic
equations, which would be impossible to analyse using pure geometry.
THE INVENTION OF IMAGINARY NUMBERS:

French mathematician René Descartes was

the first to emphasise the imaginary nature of
numbers, positing that “one can imagine as
many (numbers) as already mentioned in each
equation, but sometimes, there is no quantity
that matches what we imagine.”

However, the conceptualization of complex

numbers dates back to the 16th century with
the contribution of Italian mathematician
Gerolamo Cardano, who proved that having a negative term inside a square root can
lead to the solution of an equation. Up until then, it was thought to be impossible to
find the square root of a negative number.

Later, in the 18th century, mathematician Carl Friedrich Gauss consolidated

Cardano’s premises, in addition to developing a treatise on complex numbers in a
plane and thereby established the modern bases of the term.

Mathematician Euler was first to introduce the symbol i for the positive square root
of-1, The number√-1 denoted by i(read as iota) is called the imaginary number.

If a and b are two numbers, then a number in the form

a+ib

is called a complex number,

where i= √-1,‘a’ is called the real part of complex number a + ib, generally
represented by letter z.

GEOMETRICAL REPRESENTATION OF COMPLEX

NUMBER:

Point P(x,y) represents the complex

number z= x+iy in the complex plane. The length
OP is called the modulus of the complex number
Z.

2 2
Hence z = 𝑥 + 𝑦

𝛉, the angle which z makes with x axis is called the

argument or amplitude of the complex number z.
The set of complex numbers is denoted by C.
CALCULUS:
Calculus is the mathematical study of
continuous change, in the same way that
geometry is the study of shape, and algebra is
the study of generalisations of arithmetic
operations.

Originally called infinitesimal calculus or "the

calculus of infinitesimals", it has two major
branches, differential calculus and integral
calculus. The former concerns instantaneous rates
of change, and the slopes of curves, while
the latter concerns accumulation of
quantities, and areas under or between
curves. These two branches are related to
each other by the fundamental theorem of
calculus. They make use of the fundamental
notions of convergence of infinite
sequences and infinite series to a
well-defined limit.

Infinitesimal calculus was developed

independently in the late 17th century by
Isaac Newton and Gottfried Wilhelm
Leibniz. Later work, including codifying the
idea of limits, put these developments on a
more solid conceptual footing. Today,
calculus has widespread uses in science,
engineering, and social science.

Multivariable calculus (also known as

multivariate calculus) is the extension of calculus in one variable to calculus
with functions of several variables: the differentiation and integration of
functions involving multiple variables (multivariate), rather than just one.

Solve some of these please 😁

● ∫sin(log x) dx is equal to:

● The value of
THERE IS A STUDY RELATED TO HOW
KNOTS ARE MADE!! FASCINATING!!
In topology, knot theory is the study of
mathematical knots. While inspired by knots which
appear in daily life, such as those in shoelaces
and rope, a mathematical knot differs in that the
ends are joined so it cannot be undone, the
simplest knot being a ring (or "unknot"). In
mathematical language, a knot is an embedding
of a circle in 3-dimensional Euclidean space,
3
E

Two mathematical knots are equivalent if one can be transformed into

the other via a deformation of
3
R

upon itself (known as an ambient isotopy); these transformations

correspond to manipulations of a knotted string that do not involve
cutting it or passing it through itself.

A mathematical theory of knots was first developed in 1771 by

Alexandre-Théophile Vandermonde who explicitly noted the importance
of topological features when discussing the properties of knots related
to the geometry of position. Mathematical studies of knots began in the
19th century with Carl Friedrich Gauss, who defined the linking integral
(Silver 2006). In the 1860s, Lord Kelvin's theory that atoms were knots in
the aether led to Peter Guthrie Tait's creation of the first knot tables for
complete classification. Tait, in 1885, published a table of knots with up
to ten crossings, and what came to be known as the Tait conjectures.
This record motivated the early knot theorists, but knot theory
eventually became part of the emerging subject of topology

(There is a whole article related to it. The link to it is

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knot_theory)

HAVE FUN WITH KNOTS!!

CONIC SECTIONS:
A conic section, conic or a quadratic
curve is a curve obtained from a cone's
surface intersecting a plane. The three
types of conic section are the hyperbola,
the parabola, and the ellipse; the circle is
a special case of the ellipse, though it was
sometimes called as a fourth type. The
ancient Greek mathematicians studied
conic sections, culminating around 200
BC with Apollonius of Perga's systematic
work on their properties.

The conic sections in the Euclidean plane

have various distinguishing properties,
many of which can be used as alternative
definitions. One such property defines a
non-circular conic[1] to be the set of
those points whose distances to some
particular point, called a focus, and some
particular line, called a directrix, are in a
fixed ratio, called the eccentricity. The
type of conic is determined by the value
of the eccentricity. In analytic geometry, a
conic may be defined as a plane algebraic curve of degree 2; that is, as the set of points
whose coordinates satisfy a quadratic equation in two variables which can be written in
the form

𝐴𝑥2+𝐵𝑥𝑦+𝐶𝑦2+𝐷𝑥+𝐸𝑦+𝐹=0.
Conclusion:

“Maths is, in its own way, the poetry of logical ideas”

are the words said by the great scientist Dr. Albert Einstein.
In conclusion, maths is not just a subject confined to classrooms
and textbooks; it is a fundamental component of our daily
lifestyle. From financial management and problem-solving to data
analysis and career advancement, mathematical skills are essential
for success in today's fast-paced world.
Enjoy having fun with equations.!!