ITU

Geomatics Engineering
(2022-2023) Spring Term

THEORY OF ERRORS AND ADJUSTMENT COMPUTATIONS

HOMEWORKS 1&2

QUESTION 1: A distance, of which true value is 100 m, has been measured 100 times:

99.998 100.000 100.007 99.990 100.005 100.006 99.997 100.002 100.009 99.997
99.996 100.001 99.998 99.997 100.000 100.000 100.003 100.003 100.002 99.994
100.003 100.001 99.997 100.006 99.997 99.999 100.004 100.002 99.994 99.996
100.005 100.011 99.991 100.005 99.994 100.001 99.995 99.997 100.000 99.998
100.004 99.999 99.999 99.995 99.991 99.994 100.003 100.005 100.003 100.007
99.997 99.990 99.998 99.998 100.003 99.996 100.002 99.995 99.994 99.997
100.003 99.995 100.001 100.008 99.997 99.995 100.000 99.997 100.000 99.995
99.990 99.999 99.998 100.007 99.995 99.999 99.994 100.009 100.000 99.999
100.001 100.006 100.004 100.001 100.003 99.999 100.003 99.997 99.993 100.010
99.995 99.996 99.998 100.004 100.001 100.008 100.004 100.003 100.002 100.005

a) Order the measurement errors with respect to their values. Take 10 intervals and compute the absolute frequencies of
the errors in these intervals. “0” value should be in middle of one interval.

Errors on the borders of the intervals should be ½ in two neighboring intervals.

 ni 
b) Compute relative frequencies in each interval with the equation  .
n
Draw a histogram showing the frequencies of the errors.

c) Compute the rms value and draw the density function assuming m  
2 2

1 2
f ( )  exp( 2 )
 2 2

d) What can you say about the measurements and their errors with respect to the histogram drawn?

e) Compute the mean of absolute errors t and probable error r. Interpret their approximation to their theoretical values T
and R.

QUESTION 2: Known coordinates of points A and B are given in the following table. From point B, direction and
distance observations are conducted using Geomax total station. Accuracy of a direction observation is given as mr=±10cc.

a) Compute the positional rms value for point P.

b) In order to reach the accuracy of Wild TC2000, how many times a direction should be measured by Geomax?

Point ID Easting (m) Northing (m) A

P
A 417759.136 4552994.231
B 417814.668 4552914.188
S
PS: The distance is the distance in the first question (i.e. 100 m). For Wild TC2000 mr = ± 2cc. g
r1 β = 90
r2
B
QUESTION 3:

3
7

5 9

The baselines of a 3D network have been measured using GPS technique. The network and baselines are shown on the
sketch. The baseline solutions have been accomplished by a GNSS processing software. Baseline components and their
a priori variance-covariance information are given below. The units of the matrix elements are mm2. While the baselines
are statistically independent from each other, there are correlations between baseline components.

The coordinates of station 3 (X = 4 213 099.418 m, Y = 1 022 546.379 m and Z = 4 665 836.897 m) are taken as fixed
coordinates.

By taking the baseline components as the observations adjust the GNSS network through the least squares estimation.
Compute the adjusted coordinates and observations and their rms errors.

Baseline X (m) Y (m) Z (m)

3-5 2085.228 -853.830 -1575.279
3-7 758.047 2745.668 -1103.402
7-9 579.308 201.654 -898.294
9-3 -1337.372 -2947.351 2001.689
5-9 -747.858 3801.211 -426.412

32.49 3.03 15.05 36.00 4.03 19.8  10.24 1.43 9.02 

  ;   ;  2.56 2.78 
 3, 5  3.61 3.09   3, 7   5.76 4.88   7,9  
 19.36  30.25  22.09

32.49 3.67 15.39  114.49 11.09 53.29

  ;  13.69 11.36 
 9 ,3  5.29 3.83  5,9  
 20.25  68.89

Assoc. Prof. Dr. M. Tevfik ÖZLÜDEMİR

PS: Homework will be uploaded to the Ninova system until 17:00 at May 26st 2023.