Analysis and Design Principles of Microwave Antennas

Assignment-3 with Solution

(Leture 11 to 15)
1. In a long-range microwave communication system operating at 9 GHZ , the transmitting and
receiving antennas are identical, and they are separated by 10, 000 m. To meet the signal-
to-noise ratio of the receiver, the received power must be at least 10 µW . Assuming the
two antennas are aligned for maximum reception to each other, including being polarization-
matched, what should the gains (in dB) of the transmitting and receiving antennas be when
the input power to the transmitting antenna is 10 W ?

a. 30.28 dB
b. 35.76 dB
c. 100.76 dB
d. 75.26 dB

Solution:
As it is given that, the two antennas are aligned for maximum reception to each other,
including being polarization-matched, the Friss Transmission Equation is given as
Pr  λ  2
= Gt Gr
Pt 4πR

As the transmitting and receiving antennas are identical

Gt = Gr = G

3 × 108 1
For f = 9 GHz , λ= 9
= m
9 × 10 30
Also, from given data, R = 10, 000 m, Pt = 10 W, Pr = 10 µW
Therefore,
2 Pr  4πR 2
G =
Pt λ
G = 1200π
GdB = 10log(G) = 35.76 dB
So, the correct answer is b.

2. The effective antenna temperature at the input terminals of the antenna is 150 K. The
antenna is connected to a receiver through an X-band(8.2 − 12.4GHz ) rectangular waveguide
of 10 m (loss of waveguide = 0.13 dB/m) and at a temperature of 300 K, find the effective
antenna temperature at the receiver.

a. 333.5896 K
b. 190.904 K
c. 111.345 K
d. 77.31 K
 Solution:
First the attenuation coefficient needs to be converted to Np from dB by using

α(dB/m) = 20 (log10 e) α N p/m

= 20(0.434) α N p/m
= 8.68 α N p/m

Thus,

α dB/m
α(N p/m) =
8.68
0.13
=
8.68
= 0.014966N p/m

The effective antenna temperature at receiver end is given by

KTA Be−2αl + KTo Be−2αl

Tef f =
KB
= (TA + To )e−2αl
= (150 + 300)e−2×0.14966
= 333.5896 K

So, the correct answer is a.

3. For a loop antenna placed at the origin with its axis along z axis, the radiated electric farfield
at a radial distance r

a. has only a φ component

b. has only a θ component
c. has oth θ and φ component
d. Depends only on r

Solution:
For a constant r in farfield, the radiated electric field of a loop antenna has only φ variation.
So, the correct answer is a

4. A centre-fed electric dipole of length l is attached to a balanced lossless transmission line

whose characteristic impedance is 50 Ω. Assuming the dipole is resonant at the given length,
find the input VSWR when l = λ/2.

a. 1.5928
b. 0.1289
c. 1.4600
d. 4.5632
 Solution:
VSWR is given as
1 + |Γ|
V SW R =
1 − |Γ|
Γ is given as
Zin − Z0
Γ=
Zin + Z0
where, Zin is input impedance of antenna. However, as antenna is resonant at given length
Zin = Rin . Let Z0 is the characteristic impedance of transmission line.
For a half wave dipole Rin = 73 Ω
Hence,
73 − 50
Γ=
73 + 50
= 0.1867
And hence the VSWR is
1 + 0.1867
V SW R = = 1.46
1 − 0.1867
So, the correct answer is c.
5. What will be the radiation resistance of a circular coil of 10 turns with a uniform current
distribution at 10 M Hz if the radius of the loop is 5cm.

a. 0.2437 Ω
b. 2.43 × 10−4 Ω
c. 2.37 × 10−6 Ω
d. 2.37 × 10−4 Ω

Solution: The radiation resistance of the coil of N turns is given by

RA = N 2 Ra

Where, N is number of turns and Ra is radiation resistance of single turn(loop).

 r 4
0
Ra = 320π 6
λ0
where, r0 is radius of loop and λ0 is the wavelength. At10 M Hz ,λ0 = 3 × 108 /10 × 106 = 30 m
Therefore,
 5 × 10−2 4
Ra = 320π 6 = 2.37 × 10−6 Ω
30
and hence,
RA = (10)2 Ra = 2.37 × 10−4 Ω
So, the correct answer is d
6. A N-turn circular loop with uniform current distribution having circumference of λ/100 is
wound around a ferrite core of permeability 4.5. Find out the number of turns required to
get a radiation resistance of 1Ω.
 a. 1
b. 16
c. 4
d. 10

Solution: The radiation resistance of the coil of N turns with permeabilityµ is given by

RA = µ2 N 2 Ra

Where, Ra is radiation resistance of single turn(loop).

 r 4
0
Ra = 320π 6
= 3.08 × 10−3 Ω
λ0
Therefore,
1
N 2 = RA /(µ2 Ra ) = = 16.03
(4.5)2 × 3.08 × 10−3
Hence,
N ≈4

So, the correct answer is c

7. Which one of the following sentences is incorrect

a. The directivity of monopole is twice that of dipole

b. The input resistance of the monopole is half that of the dipole.
c. The radiation resistance of monopole is equal to that of dipole.
d. Monopole is an unbalanced antenna

Solution:
The radiation resistance of monopole is half that of dipole. All other sentences are correct.
So, the correct answer is c.

8. A half-wave dipole is radiating into free-space. The coordinate system is defined so that the
origin is at the centre of the dipole and the z-axis is aligned with the dipole. Input power to
the dipole is 100 W .Assuming an overall efficiency of 50%, find the power density in(W/m2 )
ar r = 100 m,θ = 60◦ ,φ = 0◦

a. 1.845 × 10−5 W/m2

b. 2.081 × 10−5 W/m2
c. 0.457 × 10−5 W/m2
d. 1.746 × 10−5 W/m2
 Solution:
For a half-wave dipole the time average power density is given by

|Io |2 h cos2 π2 cosθ i

Wav = η 2 2
8π r sin2 θ
However, I0 is unknown. But it can be found out from radiated power, which is given by
1
Prad = Rrad |I0 |2
2
For the half wave dipole Rrad = 73 Ω and

Prad = ηPin = 0.5 × 100 = 50 W

Therefore,
100
|I0 |2 = = 1.37
73
At r = 100 m,θ = 60◦ ,φ = 0◦

1.37 h cos2 ( π2 cos60◦ ) i

Wav = 120π
8π 2 (500)2 sin2 60◦
= 2.62 × 10−5 (0.667)
= 1.746 × 10−5 W/m2

So, the correct answer is d

9. A liner half-wavelength dipole is operating at frequency of 1GHz; determine the capacitance

or inductance that must be placed in series of the dipole so that the antenna becomes resonant.

a. C = 6.76 nF
b. L = 6.76 nH
c. C = 6.76 µF
d. L = 6.76 µH

Solution: For a half wavelength dipole,

Zin = 73 + j42.5Ω

X required in series with antenna to make it resonant will be

X = −42.5 = −ωC

Therefore,
42.5 42.5
C= = = 6.76 × 10−9 F
2πf 2π1 × 109
Hence, the capacitance required in series with antenna will be 6.76 nF .
So, the correct answer is a
10. A 3 cm long dipole carries a phaser current Im = 10ej60 A. assuming that λ = 5cm, determine
E field at 10 cm in the farfield from the dipole at θ = 45◦ .

a. |Eθ | = 6426 V /m
b. |Eθ | = 4260 V /m
c. |Eθ | = 2460 V /m
d. |Eθ | = 4620 V /m

Solution:
The electric field(far-field) of a dipole of length “l”, carrying a phaser current “Iˆm ”is given
by
jη0 Iˆm e−jβ0 r h cos[β0 (l/2)cosθ] − cos[β0 l/2] i
Eθ =
2πr sinθ
Now,
β0 l 2π l π
= × = × 3 = 0.6π
2 λ 2 5
Therefore,
h cos[β (l/2)cosθ] − cos[β l/2] i h cos[0.6πcos45◦ ] − cos[0.6π] i
0 0
= = 0.7703
sinθ sin45◦
Also,
2π
β0 r = r = 4π c
λ
j60 −j4π
10e e
∴ Eθ = j120π × (0.7703) = 4260e11.52
2π(0.1)
Hence, |Eθ | = 4260 V /m
So, the correct answer is b