INTRODUCTION

Adverbs and adverbials are highly adaptive expressions. They arise in a

variety of environments from which they take on certain characteristic
features. This makes them a very flexible means of natural language
expression. An adverbial is a word or phrase that is used as an adverb to
modify a verb or clause. Adverbs can be used as adverbials, but many
other types of words and phrases can be used this way,
including preposition phrases and subordinate clauses. They can be used
in different places within a sentence to create different effects.
Adverbials are used to explain how, where, or when something
happened. They are like adverbs that are typically made up of more than
one word.
The definition of adverbs

Adverbs are admitted to be very important as a part of daily

conversation. adverbs make conversation sounds interesting and
convenient to use. Without good achievement of adverb, one will find
.difficulties in speaking English smoothly and fluently

The definition of adverbs according to: ( Schachter and Shopen 2007:

20; Hengeveld 1997: 121) is given in

An adverb is a lexical word that may be used as a modifier of a non- )1(

nominal head. Several aspects of this definition require further
explanation. First of all, the fact that an adverb is a modifier means that
it is an optional element, depending on a head that is obligatory. Thus, in
(2) the adverb quickly can be left out without affecting the
:grammaticality of the sentence, while its head run cannot

.a He runs quickly )2(

.b He runs

.c *He quickly

Secondly, an adverb is defined as a word here, given the focus of the

current volume on word classes. This means that not only bare adverbs
such as often but also morphologically derived ones such as quickly are
included in the definition. Of course, one could also define adverbs as
constituting a stem class, in which case quick- in quickly would not be
classified as a true adverb, since it can be used as an adjectival stem as
.well

Thirdly, an adverb is a lexical element, which means that it is neither

.syntactically compositional nor grammatical

The term adverb is used to refer to "a heterogenous group of items,

whose most frequent function is to specify the mode of action of the
verb." (Crystal, 1980:16). An adverb may modify a verb "by giving
circumstantial information about the time, place or manner in which an
action, process takes place". (Finch, 2000:84). In addition to the
characteristic of modifying verbs, adverbs can modify other parts of
speech. For most linguists an adverb can modify an adjective, a verb, or
another adverb. Such adverbs can answer the questions where?, when?,
how?, how often?, how much?, etc. Adverb are used to give us more
information and are used to modify verbs, clauses, and other adverbs.
The difficulty with identifying adverb is that they can appear in different
places in a sentence. The simplest way ++to recognize an adverb is
through the common ending –ly. Example: quickly, quietly, fortunately.
.Most adverbs are made by adding –ly to adjectives

Learning of Adverb

Many people think that they need to master grammar. The main reason
we study grammar is that we human beings are curios and want to learn
more about ourselves. The study how we create language can provide
important insights into the nature of our minds and the way we think. It
can help us to understand better what it means to be human (Richard,
1986: 2) Mastering grammatical components are important to facilitate
communication. By mastering grammar components, the writer believes
that students can combine sentence correctly. It can be seen from the
opinion that students can combine sentence correctly. It can be seen from
the opinion that the grammar of a language is the description of the way
in which word can change their form and can be combined into sentence
in that language (Harmer, 2001:12). In learning English grammar,
adverbs are some of grammatical components which are learned by
students. Learning adverbs will help student to give more information
about something. An adverb as a word that adds more information about
place, time, circumstance, manner, cause, degree, etc to a verb, an
adjective, a phrase or another adverb. (Hornby, 1995:18) Beside of that,
according to Robert C. Pooley (1957:109), An adverb is a word, a word
.that behaves in a sentence like the word reddish

c. Classification of Adverb by Function

Ed Swick (2009) give types of adverbs with manner, time, frequency,

degree, and place, as well as adverbs that provide comment on situation.
:The explanation the types of adverbs as follow

Adverb of manner )1

Adverb of manner is used in sentence to tell how something is done. The

pattern adverb of manner is adjective + ly. For example the using of
adverb of manner in sentences as follow: a) Martin drove slowly (How
did he drive? Slowly)

b) I carefully removed the battery (How did I remove the battery?

.Carefully) Adverb of manner can be individual words of phrases

a) Adverb of manner with individual words for examples: badly, politely

.and sarcastically

b) Adverb of manner with phrases for example: in anger, with a sly grin,
and with great sadness

Adverb of time such as now, still, yesterday, just, finally and Sunday )2
tell when something occurred. Adverbs of time are part of a category that
.includes individual words. Phrases, and clause

a) Adverb of time with individual words for example: finally, recently,

and today

b) Adverb for time with phrase: usually started with preposition of time,
for example: During the exam, in the spring, and on Monday

c) Adverb of time with clauses for example : After the game ended 4
and since she arrived here
Adverb of degree Adverb of degree is used to tell to what extent )3
something is done. For example the commonly adverbs of degree were:
adequately, almost, entirely and extremely. Adverbs of degree are used
to modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. For example, the use of
:adverbs to modify verb and adjective in the following sentences

a) the children enjoy the circus immensely

b) She is an extremely beautiful woman

Adverb of Place )4

Adverbs of place are used to tell where an action occurs. Some of these
.adverbs are single words and some of them are in phrase

a) Adverb of place in single word for example: abroad, anywhere, and

.here

b) Adverb of place in phrase form, particularly in prepositional phrases,

.for example: Alongside the road, at home and over there

Adverb of Frequency Adverbs of frequency are used to tell how often )5

something occurs. Adverb of frequency also can be individual words or
.phrase

a) Adverb of frequency with individual words for example: never,

.sometimes, usually or always

b) When an adverb of frequency is an individual word, it tends to stand

just before the verb, for example, adverbs of frequency in phrases: at
.times, in the rarest of moments and with great frequency

Adverbs that make a comment )6

Adverbs make a comment on a situation. Adverbs that make a comment

identify the speaker’s or writer’s viewpoint or opinion on the subject
matter of a sentence. Adverbs of that make a comment are used in
context, they show the degree to which the speaker or writer agrees or
disagrees with a statement. These adverbs also show disapproval or
skepticism. Some 5 commonly used comment of view point adverbs
.such as: bravely, carelessly, and certainly etc
Adverbials

The term “adverbial” refers to a specific syntactic function within a

sentence and therefore contrasts with other syntactic functions, such as
subject, object, and predicate. Adverbials are traditionally conceived of
as being those elements that serve to specify further the circumstances of
the verbal or sentential referent. They are restricted to a set of
semantically limited usages, prototypically specifying time, place, or
manner, cf. the italicized strings in (1). (van der Auwera, 1998:76)

.a. Paul laughed the whole day )1(

.b. The children played in the kindergarten

.c. Henriette dances beautifully

The adverbials in (1) pass standard constituency tests: They can be

elicited by questions, can be replaced by pronouns, and are movable. The
type of wh-word used for elicitation varies with the semantics of the
adverbial. Temporal adverbials like the whole day in (1) answer the
question When/For how long ... ?, depending on whether they specify the
time or length of the laughing. The prepositional phrase in the
kindergarten in (1) is a locative adverbial, answering the question Where
... ? Finally, beautifully in (1) is a manner adverbial, answering the
question How ... ? As the sample sentences in (1) already show, the
function of adverbials may be realized by different kinds of phrasal
units, here noun/determiner phrases, prepositional phrases and adverb
phrases. Other phrasal units frequently functioning as adverbials are
.adjective phrases and clauses

The prototypical adverbial is optional and corresponds syntactically to an

adjunct, acting semantically as a modifier. Examples for subcategorized
.adverbials are given in (2)

.a. Norah treated James *(badly) )2(

.b. John behaved *(admirably)

.c. New York lies *(on the Hudson river bank)

The sentences in (2) require the presence of the adverbials –note,

though, that John behaved is acceptable due to a conventionalized
reading of bare behave as behave well –, contrasting with verbs like to
dress in (3), which is acceptable without an adverbial when
.pragmatically licensed (Ernst, 1984:75)

Adverbs and Adverbials

Adverbs and Adverbials are more difficult to define than nouns, verbs
and adjectives because there are so many sub-classes and positional
variations. However, the most suitable definition is that an adverb is a
part of speech which can be used to qualify a verb, an adjective or other
adverb, for example: - The man walked quickly. ( quickly modifies the
verb walked ) (Hartman and stork, 1976: 6). Morphologically, three
types of adverb can be distinguished; two of these types are closed
classes since they are not derivational, these are ( simple and
:compound ), and one is an open class (derivational)

a. Simple adverbs: e.g. just, only, well. Many simple adverbs denote
.position and direction, e.g. back, down, near, out, under

b. Compound adverbs: e.g. somehow, somewhere, therefore, whereupon,

.hereby, whereto

c. Derivational adverbs: the majority of these adverbs have the suffix (–

ly) by means of which new adverbs are created from adjectives (and
participle adjectives), as in : odd ----- oddly interesting ----- interestingly
( Quirk et al., 1985: 438 )

Schauster (1965: 155) states that adverbs have a great deal of mobility
than any other part of speech, i.e. they can be moved from one position
to another within a sentence. The main positions that can be
:distinguished are

.Front – position. e.g.: - Fortunately, I had plenty of food with me .1

.Mid- position. e.g.: She never protests and she always agrees with me .2

End- position. e.g.: - I went to some seminars last year. The clausal .3
function which adverbs perform is termed 'adverbial'. The term
'adverbial' is much larger than simply an 'adverb' along with terms like
subject, object and complement, it denotes an element of clause
structure, as opposed to a word – class. ( Finch, 2000: 84-85 )

An adverbial is defined as a name given by grammarians to a structure

which functions as an adverb ( in modifying a verb, an adjective and
other adverb ) but which does not have usual formal features, i.e. does
not end in (-ly), as in: - He walked fast. or - He walked across the street.
( fast and across are then called adverbials). (Hartmann and stork, 1976:
:6). Adverbials can be divided into three major classes

Circumstance adverbials which add circumstantial information about .1

.the proposition in the clause, e.g. ( here, usually)

Stance adverbials which express the speaker's/writer's attitude towards .2

.the clauses, e.g. (unfortunately, quite frankly)

Linking adverbials which link the clause (or some part of it) to some .3
other unit of discourse, e.g. (as I say…which marks a restatement of an
.earlier utterance) ( Biber et al., 2000: 762)

The position of an adverbial depends partly on its structure (whether it is

an adverb, a prepositional phrase, a verbless clause ---etc) and partly on
its meaning. Moreover, constraints on the adverbial mobility depend on
the type and form of the adverbial. That is, the adverbial in the SVA type
(subject, verb, adverb) normally follows the subject and verb, e.g.: -
Your children are outside. Whereas the adverbial in the SVOA type, on
the other hand, (subject, verb, object and adverb ) normally follows the
direct object, e.g. : - He directed his speech at the workers. (Quirk et al.,
.1985:729-31 )

Conclusion

Adverbials and their dedicated word class, the adverbs, comprise a

heterogeneous set of lexical and semantic classes and subclasses with
very specific inferential and distributional properties. They are only
loosely tied to the surrounding syntactic and semantic structure, leaving
much space for variation and adaptation. What the vast majority of
adverbs has in common is that they are non-subcategorized linguistic
parasites: Wherever they find a suitable integration site, they attach to it
and supply additional and uncalled for information. Precisely because of
this parasitic nature and their frapping flexibility, adverbials constitute a
challenge for linguistic theory, which, in turn, must account for this
flexible means of natural language expression in terms of a sufficiently
.rigid account of their lexical, compositional, and conceptual semantics

References

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van der Auwera, Johan (ed.) 1998. Adverbial Constructions in the

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