Experiment No.

: - 8 Date:

Aim: Determination of single-phase transformer equivalent circuit parameters using open-

Circuit and short circuit test.

Brief Theory: The open circuit and short circuit test on single phase transformer is to

determine the efficiency and regulation of a transformer on any load condition and at any

power factor. Open circuit & short circuit test are also called as OC & SC test on

transformer. This method is also used to find the equivalent circuit parameters of transformer.
This method of finding the parameters of a transformer is called as an indirect loading
method.

1. Open circuit test:

The shunt branch equivalent circuit parameters (Ro, X.) can be determined by

performing this test. Since, the core loss and the magnetizing current depend on

applied voltage, this test is performed by applying the rated voltage to LV winding
and keeping the HV winding open. The circuit diagram to conduct this test is shown

in fig (a). The ammeter(A), Voltmeter(V) and Wattmeter(W) are connected in LV

side of transformer as shown in Fig(a). Since, the secondary terminals are open (no
load is connected across the secondary), current drawn from the source is called as no
load current. Through open cireuit test find core loss of transformer.
1. Short circuit test:
The series equivalent circuit parameters (R1, X1, R2, X) can be determined by
performing this test. In this test, the secondary winding is short circuited with the help
of thick wire. As high voltage side is low current side, it is convenient to connect
high
voltage side to supply and shorting the low voltage secondary side. Suppose the input
voltage is reduced to a small fraction of rated value and secondary terminals are short
circuited. A current will circulate in the secondary winding. Since a small fraction of
rated voltage is applied to the primary winding, the flux in the core and hence the core
loss is very small. Now, the current flowing through the winding of transformer is

rated currentHence, total loss will be copper loss at full load. The ammeter(A),
Voltmeter(V) and Wattmeter(w) are connected in HV side of transformer as shown in
Fig.(b).
Experimentation Circuit Diagram:
 a) Circuit diagram of open circuit test:
LPF-Low Power Factor
M-Main
L-Line
C-Common
6666066 V-Voltage
A
(0-1)/(0-2)A, www.
Ammeter

1/2A, 300V, LPF| Secondary

P Wattmeter o 1:1 Side
1-ph., 230OV,
50Hz,
AC Supply
1-ph., 230V
50 Hz,
Auto-
ferminal
pen
Circuit
t0-209 V
transtormerg
N DPST
(0300)V
230 230
(Double pole
double through 230 Voltmeter
switch)

LV HV

230 V/1kVA
Transformer

Fig.(a)
b) Circuit diagram of short circuit test:

UPF-Unity Power Factor

M-Main
L-Line
-C-Common
(A) O60000 L V.Voltage
(0-5/(0-10)A
Ammeter wwwa,
C V
5/10A, 75 V, UPF|
P
Wattmeter 1:1
1- ph., 230V
1- ph. 230V,
,
50 Hz, Secondary
50 Hz, Side
Auto-
AC Supply Terminal
transformerg Short
N 230 230 Circuit
DPST (0-75) V
Voltmeter

HV
LV
230 V/ 1kVA
Transformer

Fig.(b)
 List of apparatus:

Sr. Name Type Range Quantityy

No.
Moving Iron 0-300 V (OC) 01
Voltmeter (M) type 0-75 V (SC) 01

Moving Iron (0-1)/(0-2) A (OC) 01

2
Ammeteer (MI) type (0-5)/(0-10) A (SC) 01

(Dynamometer) 1/2A,300V, LPF(OC)

01
type wattmeter
3 Wattmeter

01
5/10A,75V, UPF(SC
Auto - transformer
Single phase 0-230 V 01
variac (AC)
5 Single Phase (Core Type) AC 1kVA/230 V 01
Transformer (turns ratio 1:1)
6 Connecting Wires

Procedure:

a) Procedure of open circuit test:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in circuit
diagram
ii. Apply voltage equal to the rated voltage
111. Note the reading of wattmeter, ammeter and
voltmeter.
IV. Reduce the output voltage of the variac to zero and switch-off the supply.
b) Procedure of short circuit test:
i. Connect the circuit as shown in circuit
diagram.
ii. Increase the voltage gradually such that rated current of
the transformer is
passing through the primary.
iii. Note the reading of wattmeter, ammeter and voltmeter.
 and switch off the supply.
Reduce the output of the variac to
-

iv. zero

Observation table:

a) Open circuit test:

| Voc=
230 loc 0.42 Woc .8
Multiplying Factor 4
b) Short circuit test:
0-19VscVsc= Wse 3.5
13.03 Multiplying Factor =|

Calculations:
1. Calculations of OC test to find equivalent circuit parameters:
Woc = Vocloccos@%

CosDoc Woc
Voc*loc

Iw =
loc cos Rw Voc/lw

Im loc sin o Xm=Voc/m

2. Calculations of SC test to find
equivalent circuit parameters:
Wse 1se * Rsc
7

Wsc

SC

Xse= VZ3e- Re
R = R2
X = X2
RsC Xse
K
3. Draw the
equivalent circuit Diagram of transformer:
4.
Calculate efficiency of the
transformner
output pOwe
input power

output power
losses
output powert iron losses+copper

x.S. cosd

x.S. cosb +Wo+Wsc. x

S is the rated VA (1000 VA)

x i s fraction of full load the transformer (loading factor)
i s the load power factor angle

The output power ofthe transformer is x.S. cos

Wsc = is the copper loss

fraction of load is x<.Wsc.

The corresponding loss while supplying the

5. Find out the efficiency with rated voltage at 25%, 50%, 75%, 100% of full load
and 0.8 lead power factor.
current at unity power factor, 0.8 lag power factor
a) Calculate efficiency at PF or Cosø =1
i) X1 25%

ii) X2 50%

ii) X3 75%

n3

iv) X4100%

4
 Calculate efficiency at PF or Cosø =
0.8
b)
X1 2 5 %
i)
N1

X2 50%
i)
2

X3 75%
iii)

iv) X4100%

n4

6. Calculate Voltage regulation of transformer:

%Regulation =lsc.ksc. COs P tlsc.Xsc .Sin 100

Vrated
toad230 V)

a) cosø=1, sinø =0

VR=

b) cosø= 0.8 (lead), - ve sign

VR =

c) coso= 0.8 (lag), + ve sign

VR =

7. GRAPH: Draw the

efficiency v/s output curve.

8. CONCLUSION: