Chapter 5

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Chapter 5

Dark Puzzles of the Universe

in chapter 4: we are descendent of nothing.


- nothing is eternal, nothing is absolute.
- We woke from the beautiful dream.

In 20th century

Since CMB detected, Big Bang Theory becomes very promising.


- But also, “a belief that there exists no certain sole truth about the world.”

Ontology – 존재론 (What is existence? )


Epistemology - 인식론 (How do we know it?)

Post Modernism:
- diversity
- nihilism
- yolo approach

Fritz Zwicky, a Swiss astronomer who worked at the California Institute of Technology, made a significant
observation in 1933 while studying the Coma galaxy cluster. He noticed that the galaxies within this cluster were
moving much faster than they should be if only visible matter were considered. This led him to speculate that there
must be some unseen matter present, exerting additional gravitational force to keep these galaxies moving at such
high speeds. He called this unseen matter "dark matter."

Zwicky calculated that to account for the fast velocities of these galaxies, the mass of this unseen dark matter
would need to be significantly larger than the mass of the visible matter in the cluster. He estimated that the
amount of dark matter in the cluster was so large that it made up about 10 to 40% of the total matter, greatly
affecting the overall mass and gravitational dynamics of the cluster. This insight was groundbreaking because it
suggested that there is a substantial amount of matter in the universe that we cannot see directly, changing our
understanding of the universe's composition.

we can only measure which (object) interact with us, for example, light.
but don’t dark matter does not interact with us. So, it is hard to measure it.

Rubin: also developed on Zwicky’s idea and found out:


- there must be this dominant (black) matter (energy) -> which is called dark matter

p31
by measuring the temperature of (curved shape of space-time), we can get to know the mass of
it. (X-ray telescope became available in the mid 60s )
But temperature was so high -> much more matter is required to explain the observed
temperature of the x-ray emission.

p34
- to know where the dark matter is we use lensing (gravitational)
- how much mass are in between galaxy (by observing un- l ensed and lensed picture of
galaxies)

(p40) by statistically, we get to know the distribution of dark matter.

Galaxy Peculiar Velocity Field


- universe is expanding (Hubble’s Law), but there are some which do not follow Hubble
Law,
The concept of the "Galaxy Peculiar Velocity Field" explains that while the general movement of galaxies is largely influenced by
the expansion of the universe, galaxies also have their own specific movements known as "peculiar velocities." These peculiar
velocities are the extra motions of galaxies that aren't explained just by the cosmic expansion.

These individual movements are due to differences in how densely matter is packed in different parts of the universe, which
create variations in gravitational forces. During the very early universe, tiny quantum fluctuations were magnified tremendously
during a period called inflation. These magnified fluctuations led to uneven distributions of matter as the universe expanded. It's
these uneven distributions that cause gravitational imbalances, pulling galaxies in various directions and creating their peculiar
velocities relative to the general expansion of the universe.

Two sides of astronomers (belief):

1) there is unseen (dark) matter in the Universe


Galaxies typically have ten times more matter than we can account for in simple way.
Galaxy clusters -> typically have 100 times more matter than we account.

2) general relativity and Newtonian dynamics are not valid on galaxy / cluster scales.

 but, major of scientist s believe in the first one. Because simply we want to believe
Newton and Einstein (rely on)

Then, the next question is, what is it exactly?


 p46
Baryonic – particles, autonomy (just simple things)
Dark matter is not as we know like, made of neutron or proton, nor particles. It is extraordinary
dark mattery!

p55
in milky way, there are some matters, but the mass… TSL.
20% of the mass
80%? -> (maybe, my opinion, related to the flat universe? chapter 4 찾아보기)

27th May
p60
last week: observational; based on observation, our galaxy is dominated by invisible matter.
5 proofs:

1) flat rotation (galaxy??)


2) computer simulation (spider galaxy??)
3) temperature of x ray -> we can measure the mass (expectation was mid but observed so hot!)
4) microlensing (degree; there should be more matter)
5)

gpt
(Here are five key pieces of evidence supporting the existence of dark matter, explained in a way that a 5-year-old might understand:

1. **Galaxy Rotation Curves**:


- Imagine you're riding a merry-go-round. If you go faster, you need something to hold on to, or you'll fly off. In space, stars in galaxies move in
circles around the center. They move so fast that they should fly away, but they don't. Scientists think there's something invisible holding them
in place, like an invisible hand. This invisible hand is what we call dark matter.

2. **Gravitational Lensing**:
- Think of a magnifying glass. It bends light so you can see things more clearly. In space, big clusters of stars can bend light from objects behind
them, like a cosmic magnifying glass. But sometimes, the light bends more than it should if we only count the stars we see. It's like there's extra,
invisible stuff bending the light too. That's dark matter.

3. **Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB)**:


- The CMB is like a baby picture of the universe. It shows tiny differences in temperature from long ago. Scientists can look at this picture to
understand how the universe started and grew. The patterns in the CMB make sense if we think there's a lot of invisible stuff (dark matter)
helping to shape everything.

4. **Galaxy Cluster Dynamics**:


- Imagine a big pile of apples held together by a net. If we see the apples moving around a lot but don't see a strong net, we might think
there’s an invisible net. In space, galaxies in clusters move around fast. They need something extra to keep them from flying apart. That's dark
matter, acting like an invisible net.

5. **Bullet Cluster**:
- Picture two toy cars crashing and their pieces flying in different directions. In space, we see two galaxy clusters that crashed into each other.
The stars and gas act like the toy car pieces, but some invisible part keeps going straight, not slowing down. This invisible part is dark matter,
showing itself by not acting like regular stuff.

These examples help scientists understand that there is something invisible and mysterious, which they call dark matter, making up a big part of
our universe.)

candidate (2nd) -> tf is 1sr candidate

particles are not stable; neutrons, they are


neutron and proton are massive, thus no such motion. However, electron is small and much
motion. (p59)
p59 is only possible if there is another particle (p60): antineutrino
 single beta decay.

another candidate:
super-symmetry particles (P61)

if proton, neutron, and electron are not charged, their mass same? like symmetry
However, when it is charged, then asymmetry -> like no pattern and random. (small, mid and
large particles -> so what distinguish them?)

 it is called shadow world; no such pattern exists.

 shadow, it is called, they interacted only when big bang expansion. after that no more
interaction with us. So it is called shadow, as shadow does not interact with us.

 all three candidates are proved to be wrong.

so MOND appeared:
p65
MOND (MOdified Newtonian Dynamics)
so it is basically, Newtonian and Einstein theory is only true in our local galaxy, but works perfect
in the whole cosmology.
MOND: states that there are non other matters other than visible matter.

however, there are a lot counter evidence for MONDs


(p66)

Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND) is an alternative theory to dark matter, proposing a modification of Newton's laws to account for the
observed properties of galaxies without invoking unseen matter. However, several lines of counter-evidence challenge the validity of MOND:

1. **Galaxy Cluster Dynamics**: MOND struggles to explain the dynamics of galaxy clusters. Observations of galaxy clusters, such as the Bullet
Cluster, provide strong evidence for dark matter. The gravitational lensing observed in these clusters shows a separation between the baryonic
(visible) matter and the gravitational mass, implying the presence of dark matter which MOND cannot adequately explain.

2. **Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB)**: The CMB provides a snapshot of the early universe and contains information about the universe's
content and structure. The precise measurements by the Planck satellite show a universe consistent with the Lambda Cold Dark Matter (ΛCDM)
model, which includes dark matter. MOND does not naturally account for the detailed structure of the CMB anisotropies.

3. **Large Scale Structure Formation**: The distribution of galaxies and the large-scale structure of the universe are well explained by
simulations that include dark matter. MOND has difficulty reproducing these large-scale structures without invoking some form of unseen
matter or additional modifications.

4. **Rotation Curves of Low-Surface-Brightness Galaxies**: While MOND was initially proposed to explain the rotation curves of spiral galaxies,
it does not consistently fit the rotation curves of low-surface-brightness (LSB) galaxies or dwarf galaxies as well as the dark matter model does.

5. **Relativistic Extensions**: MOND, in its original form, is a non-relativistic theory. Efforts to extend MOND into a relativistic framework, such
as TeVeS (Tensor-Vector-Scalar gravity), face challenges and complications, particularly in explaining gravitational lensing and other relativistic
effects as accurately as General Relativity combined with dark matter.

6. **Bullet Cluster**: This galaxy cluster collision shows a clear separation between the center of visible mass (hot gas observed in X-rays) and
the gravitational lensing mass, strongly suggesting the presence of dark matter rather than a modification of gravity.

These lines of evidence suggest that while MOND can explain certain galactic rotation curves, it falls short in explaining the broader range of
astrophysical and cosmological phenomena that the dark matter hypothesis accounts for more comprehensively.
29th of May

p77
Evidence for the Presence of Dak Energy

Dark matter: the hardest field not just in cosmology, but science.

Supernova: massive stares, explode...

why type 1a to understand the expansion of universe.


1) luminosity is big! (no matter massive they are or when or how far is it, it shows same uniform
luminosity if they are type 1a Supernova.)

 p81

SN1a as Standard Candles


(if they appear low(deem), we can measure the distance)

then, why not typen2? it has to very massive, not that common? -> TSL

p90:
Supernova turn out to be deemer than we thought. -> more distance, it means.
 deemer???

3rd of June
p108~

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