Trigonometry Formulas tan (A + B) =

tan A + tan B
1 - tan A tan B
y tan A - tan B
Definitions and Fundamental Identities tan (A - B) =
1 + tan A tan B
y
sin aA - b = -cos A, cos aA - b = sin A
1 p p
Sine: sin u = r = P(x, y)
csc u r 2 2
y
x 1 u
cos u = r =
sin aA + b = cos A, cos aA + b = -sin A
Cosine:
sec u 0 x x p p
2 2
y 1
Tangent: tan u = x = 1 1
sin A sin B = cos (A - B) - cos (A + B)
cot u 2 2
1 1
cos A cos B = cos (A - B) + cos (A + B)
Identities 2 2
sin (-u) = -sin u, cos (-u) = cos u 1 1
sin A cos B = sin (A - B) + sin (A + B)
sin2 u + cos2 u = 1, sec2 u = 1 + tan2 u, csc2 u = 1 + cot2 u 2 2
1 1
sin 2u = 2 sin u cos u, cos 2u = cos2 u - sin2 u sin A + sin B = 2 sin (A + B) cos (A - B)
2 2
1 + cos 2u 1 - cos 2u
cos2 u = , sin2 u = 1 1
2 2 sin A - sin B = 2 cos (A + B) sin (A - B)
2 2
sin (A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B
1 1
sin (A - B) = sin A cos B - cos A sin B cos A + cos B = 2 cos (A + B) cos (A - B)
2 2
cos (A + B) = cos A cos B - sin A sin B 1 1
cos A - cos B = -2 sin (A + B) sin (A - B)
cos (A - B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B 2 2

Trigonometric Functions y y
y = sin x y = cos x
Degrees Radians
Radian Measure
x x
–p – p 0 p p 3p 2p –p – p 0 p p 3p 2p
45 p 2 2 2 2 2 2
4
s "2 1 "2 1
Domain: (−∞, ∞) Domain: (−∞, ∞)
u p p
1 Range: [−1, 1] Range: [−1, 1]
45 90 4 2
r 1 1
Un l
e

it circ y
y
y = tan x y = sec x
r
C ir
cle of rad ius
p
30 1
s u s 6
r = 1 = u or u = r , 2 2 x x
"3 "3 – 3p –p – p 0 p p 3p – 3p –p – p 0 p p 3p
180° = p radians. 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
p p
60 90 3 2
1 1 Domain: All real numbers except odd Domain: All real numbers except odd
integer multiples of p2 integer multiples of p2
The angles of two common triangles, in Range: (−∞, ∞) Range: (−∞, −1] ´ [1, ∞)
degrees and radians.
y y
y = csc x y = cot x

1 1
x x
–p – p 0 p p 3p 2p –p – p 0 p p 3p 2p
2 2 2 2 2 2

Domain: x ≠ 0, ±p, ±2p, . . . Domain: x ≠ 0, ±p, ±2p, . . .

Range: (−∞, −1] ´ [1, ∞) Range: (−∞, ∞)
 SERIES

Tests for Convergence of Infinite Series

1. The nth-Term Test: Unless an S 0, the series diverges. 5. Series with some negative terms: Does g  an  converge?
2. Geometric series: g ar converges if  r  6 1; otherwise it
n If yes, so does g an since absolute convergence implies con-
diverges. vergence.
3. p-series: g 1>np converges if p 7 1; otherwise it diverges. 6. Alternating series: g an converges if the series satisfies the
conditions of the Alternating Series Test.
4. Series with nonnegative terms: Try the Integral Test, Ratio
Test, or Root Test. Try comparing to a known series with the
Comparison Test or the Limit Comparison Test.

Taylor Series
q
1
= 1 + x + x2 + g + xn + g = a xn, 0x0 6 1
1 - x n=0
q
1
= 1 - x + x2 - g + (-x)n + g = a (-1)nxn, 0x0 6 1
1 + x n=0
q
ex = 1 + x +
x2
+ g +
xn
+ g = a ,
xn
0x0 6 q
2! n! n = 0 n!
q
0x0 6 q
x3 x5 x2n + 1 (-1)nx2n + 1
sin x = x - + - g + (-1)n + g = a ,
3! 5! (2n + 1)! n = 0 (2n + 1)!
q
0x0 6 q
x2 x4 x2n (-1)nx2n
cos x = 1 - + - g + (-1)n + g = a ,
2! 4! (2n)! n = 0 (2n)!
q
x2 x3 xn (-1)n - 1xn
ln (1 + x) = x - + - g + (-1)n - 1 n + g = a n , -1 6 x … 1
2 3 n=1
q
ln
1 + x
= 2 tanh-1 x = 2ax +
x3 x5
+ + g +
x2n + 1
+ gb = 2 a
x2n + 1
, 0x0 6 1
1 - x 3 5 2n + 1 n=0 2n + 1
q
0x0 … 1
x3 x5 x2n + 1 (-1)nx2n + 1
tan-1 x = x - + - g + (-1)n + g = a ,
3 5 2n + 1 n = 0 2n + 1

Binomial Series
m(m - 1)x2 m(m - 1)(m - 2)x3 m(m - 1)(m - 2) g(m - k + 1)xk
(1 + x)m = 1 + mx + + + g + + g
2! 3! k!
q
= 1 + a a b xk, 0 x 0 6 1,
m
k=1 k
where
m(m - 1) m(m - 1) g(m - k + 1)
a b = m, a b = a b =
m m m
, for k Ú 3.
1 2 2! k k!
 VECTOR OPERATOR FORMULAS (CARTESIAN FORM)

Formulas for Grad, Div, Curl, and the Laplacian

Cartesian (x, y, z) The Fundamental Theorem of Line Integrals
i, j, and k are unit vectors Part 1 Let F = Mi + Nj + Pk be a vector field whose components
in the directions of are continuous throughout an open connected region D in space.
Then there exists a differentiable function ƒ such that
increasing x, y, and z.
M, N, and P are the 0ƒ 0ƒ 0ƒ
F = ∇ƒ = i + j + k
scalar components of 0x 0y 0z
if and only if for all points A and B in D the value of 1A F # dr is
B
F(x, y, z) in these
directions. independent of the path joining A to B in D.
0ƒ 0ƒ 0ƒ Part 2 If the integral is independent of the path from A to B, its value is
Gradient ∇ƒ = i + j + k
0x 0y 0z B
F # dr = ƒ(B) - ƒ(A).
∇#F =
0M 0N 0P LA
Divergence + +
0x 0y 0z

i j k
0 0 04 Green’s Theorem and Its Generalization to Three Dimensions
Curl ∇ * F = 4
0x 0y 0z
M N P Tangential form of Green’s Theorem: F # T ds = ∇ * F # k dA
F O
C R
0 2ƒ 0 2ƒ 0 2ƒ
∇ƒ = 2 + 2 + 2 F # T ds = ∇ * F # n ds
2
Laplacian Stokes’ Theorem:
0x 0y 0z
F O
C S

Vector Triple Products Normal form of Green’s Theorem: F # n ds = ∇ # F dA

F O
(u * v) # w = (v * w) # u = (w * u) # v C R

u * (v * w) = (u # w)v - (u # v)w Divergence Theorem: F # n ds = ∇ # F dV

O l
S D

Vector Identities
In the identities here, ƒ and g are differentiable scalar functions, F, F1, and F2 are differentiable vector fields, and a and b are real
constants.
∇ * ( ∇ƒ ) = 0 ∇ # ( F1 * F2 ) = F2 # ∇ * F1 - F1 # ∇ * F2

∇ * ( F1 * F2 ) = ( F2 # ∇ ) F1 - ( F1 # ∇ ) F2 +
∇ ( ƒg ) = ƒ∇g + g∇ƒ

∇ # ( gF ) = g∇ # F + ∇g # F ( ∇ # F2 ) F1 - ( ∇ # F1 ) F2
∇ * ( ∇ * F ) = ∇ ( ∇ # F ) - ( ∇ # ∇ ) F = ∇ ( ∇ # F ) - ∇ 2F
∇ * ( gF ) = g∇ * F + ∇g * F

∇ # ( aF1 + bF2 ) = a∇ # F1 + b∇ # F2 ( ∇ * F ) * F = ( F # ∇ ) F - 21 ∇ ( F # F )
∇ * ( aF1 + bF2 ) = a∇ * F1 + b∇ * F2

∇ ( F1 # F2 ) = ( F1 # ∇ ) F2 + ( F2 # ∇ ) F1 +
F1 * ( ∇ * F2 ) + F2 * ( ∇ * F1 )
 BASIC ALGEBRA FORMULAS

Arithmetic Operations
a#c ac
a(b + c) = ab + ac, =
b d bd

= #
a c ad + bc a>b a d
+ = ,
b d bd c>d b c

Laws of Signs
-a a a
-(-a) = a, = - =
b b -b

Zero Division by zero is not defined.

0
If a ≠ 0: a = 0, a = 1, 0 = 0
0 a

For any number a: a # 0 = 0 # a = 0

Laws of Exponents
aman = am + n, (ab)m = ambm, (am)n = amn,
n
am>n = 2am = 12
n
a2
m

If a ≠ 0,
am 1
= am - n, a0 = 1, a-m = .
an am

The Binomial Theorem For any positive integer n,

n(n - 1) n - 2 2
1#2
(a + b)n = an + nan - 1b + a b

n(n - 1)(n - 2) n - 3 3
1#2#3
+ a b + g + nabn - 1 + bn.
For instance,
(a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2, (a - b)2 = a2 - 2ab + b2
(a + b)3 = a3 + 3a2b + 3ab2 + b3, (a - b)3 = a3 - 3a2b + 3ab2 - b3.

Factoring the Difference of Like Integer Powers, n + 1

an - bn = (a - b)(an - 1 + an - 2b + an - 3b2 + g + abn - 2 + bn - 1)
For instance,
a2 - b2 = (a - b)(a + b),
a3 - b3 = (a - b) ( a2 + ab + b2 ) ,
a4 - b4 = (a - b) ( a3 + a2b + ab2 + b3 ) .

Completing the Square If a ≠ 0,

au = x + (b>2a), C = c - b
b2
ax2 + bx + c = au 2 + C
4a

The Quadratic Formula If a ≠ 0 and ax2 + bx + c = 0, then

-b { 2b2 - 4ac
x = .
2a
 GEOMETRY FORMULAS

A = area, B = area of base, C = circumference, S = lateral area or surface area, V = volume

Triangle Similar Triangles Pythagorean Theorem

c c′ a′ a c
b
h b′

b b a
a′ = b′ = c′
a b c a2 + b2 = c2
A = 1 bh
2

Parallelogram Trapezoid Circle

h
h A = pr 2,
r
C = 2pr
b
b
A = bh
A = 1 (a + b)h
2

Any Cylinder or Prism with Parallel Bases Right Circular Cylinder

h h
h

V = Bh
B B
V = pr2h
S = 2prh = Area of side

Any Cone or Pyramid Right Circular Cone Sphere

h h

V = 1 pr2h V = 43 pr3, S = 4pr2

3
B V= 1
Bh B S = prs = Area of side
3
 LIMITS

General Laws Specific Formulas

If L, M, c, and k are real numbers and If P(x) = an xn + an - 1 xn - 1 + g + a0, then
lim ƒ(x) = L and lim g(x) = M, then lim P(x) = P(c) = an cn + an - 1 cn - 1 + g + a0.
xSc xSc xSc

Sum Rule: lim (ƒ(x) + g(x)) = L + M If P(x) and Q(x) are polynomials and Q(c) ≠ 0, then
xSc
Difference Rule: lim (ƒ(x) - g(x)) = L - M P(x) P(c)
xSc
lim (ƒ(x) # g(x)) = L # M
lim = .
Product Rule: xSc Q(x) Q(c)
xSc
Constant Multiple Rule: lim (k # ƒ(x)) = k # L
xSc
ƒ(x) L
Quotient Rule: lim = , M≠0 If ƒ(x) is continuous at x = c, then
xSc g(x) M
lim ƒ(x) = ƒ(c).
xSc

The Sandwich Theorem

If g(x) … ƒ(x) … h(x) in an open interval containing c, except
possibly at x = c, and if sin x 1 - cos x
lim x = 1 and lim x = 0
xS0 xS0
lim g(x) = lim h(x) = L,
xSc xSc

then limx S c ƒ(x) = L.

L’Hôpital’s Rule
If ƒ(a) = g(a) = 0, both ƒ′ and g′ exist in an open interval I
Inequalities containing a, and g′(x) ≠ 0 on I if x ≠ a, then
If ƒ(x) … g(x) in an open interval containing c, except possibly
at x = c, and both limits exist, then ƒ(x) ƒ′(x)
lim = lim ,
xSa g(x) x S a g′(x)
lim ƒ(x) … lim g(x).
xSc xSc
assuming the limit on the right side exists.

Continuity
If g is continuous at L and limx S c ƒ(x) = L, then
lim g(ƒ(x)) = g(L).
xSc
 DIFFERENTIATION RULES

General Formulas Inverse Trigonometric Functions

Assume u and y are differentiable functions of x. d
(sin-1 x) =
1 d
(cos-1 x) = -
1
d dx 21 - x 2 dx 21 - x2
Constant: (c) = 0
dx d 1 d 1
(tan-1 x) = (sec-1 x) =
Sum:
d
(u + y) =
du dy
+ dx 1 + x2 dx 0 x 0 2x2 - 1
dx dx dx
d 1 d 1
(cot-1 x) = - (csc-1 x) = -
0 x 0 2x2 - 1
d du dy
Difference: (u - y) = - dx 1 + x2 dx
dx dx dx
d du
Constant Multiple: (cu) = c
dx dx
Hyperbolic Functions
d dy du
Product: (uy) = u + y d d
dx dx dx (sinh x) = cosh x (cosh x) = sinh x
dx dx
du dy
y - u d d
ayb =
d u dx dx (tanh x) = sech2 x (sech x) = -sech x tanh x
Quotient: dx dx
dx y2
d d
d n (coth x) = -csch2 x (csch x) = -csch x coth x
Power: x = nxn - 1 dx dx
dx
(ƒ(g(x)) = ƒ′(g(x)) # g′(x)
d
Chain Rule: Inverse Hyperbolic Functions
dx
d 1 d 1
(sinh-1 x) = (cosh-1 x) =
dx 21 + x2 dx 2x2 - 1
Trigonometric Functions
d 1 d 1
d d (tanh-1 x) = (sech-1 x) = -
(sin x) = cos x (cos x) = -sin x dx 1 - x2 dx x 21 - x2
dx dx
d d d 1 d 1
(coth-1 x) = (csch-1 x) = -
0 x 0 21 + x2
(tan x) = sec2 x (sec x) = sec x tan x dx 1 - x2 dx
dx dx
d d
(cot x) = -csc2 x (csc x) = -csc x cot x
dx dx
Parametric Equations
If x = ƒ(t) and y = g(t) are differentiable, then
Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
d x d 1 dy dy>dt d 2y dy′>dt
e = ex ln x = x y′ = = and = .
dx dx dx dx>dt dx2 dx>dt
d x d 1
a = ax ln a (loga x) =
dx dx x ln a
 INTEGRATION RULES

General Formulas
a
Zero: ƒ(x) dx = 0
La
a b
Order of Integration: ƒ(x) dx = - ƒ(x) dx
Lb La
b b
Constant Multiples: kƒ(x) dx = k ƒ(x) dx (Any number k)
La La
b b
-ƒ(x) dx = - ƒ(x) dx (k = -1)
La La
b b b
Sums and Differences: (ƒ(x) { g(x)) dx = ƒ(x) dx { g(x) dx
La La La
b c c
Additivity: ƒ(x) dx + ƒ(x) dx ƒ(x) dx =
La Lb La
Max-Min Inequality: If max ƒ and min ƒ are the maximum and minimum values of ƒ on 3 a, b4 , then
b
min ƒ # (b - a) … ƒ(x) dx … max ƒ # (b - a).
La
b b
Domination: ƒ(x) Ú g(x) on 3 a, b4 implies ƒ(x) dx Ú g(x) dx
La La
b
ƒ(x) Ú 0 on 3 a, b4 implies ƒ(x) dx Ú 0
La

The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

Part 1 If ƒ is continuous on 3 a, b4 , then F(x) = 1a ƒ(t) dt is continuous on
x

3 a, b4 and differentiable on (a, b) and its derivative is ƒ(x):

x
d
F′(x) = ƒ(t) dt = ƒ(x).
dxLa
Part 2 If ƒ is continuous at every point of 3 a, b4 and F is any antiderivative of
ƒ on 3 a, b4 , then
b
ƒ(x) dx = F(b) - F(a).
La

Substitution in Definite Integrals Integration by Parts

b g(b) b b b
ƒ(g(x)) # g′(x) dx = ƒ(u) du ƒ(x)g′(x) dx = ƒ(x)g(x) d - ƒ′(x)g(x) dx
La Lg(a) La a La