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Pdyatap

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3 views9 pages

Pdyatap

Uploaded by

kurtwilab026
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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WEEK 1 - Clauses are usually placed on separate lines

- Indents are used to enhance readability


Data Definition Language (DDL)

A data definition language (DDL) is a computer


language used to create and modify the
structure of database objects in a database.

Data Manipulation Language (DML)

This manipulation involves inserting data into


database tables, retrieving existing data,
deleting data from existing tables and modifying
existing data.

Operator Precedence

- Multiplication and division take priority over


Writing SQL Statements addition and subtraction
- Operators of the same priority are evaluated
- SQL Statements are not case sensitive
from left to right
- SQL statements can be on one or more lines
- Parentheses are used to force prioritized
- Keywords cannot be abbreviated or split
evaluation and clarify statements
across lines
COLUMN Alias The time is returned as "HH-MM-SS" (string) or
as HHMMSS.uuuuuu (numeric).
- Renames a column heading
- Is useful with calculations
- Immediately follows the column name – there
can be an optional AS keyword between the
column name and alias
- Requires double quotation marks if it contains
spaces or special characters or is case sensitive

The WHERE Clause


- Used to filter records.
- It is used to extract only those records that
fulfill a specified condition

WEEK 2

SQL Functions
are pre-built actions that perform calculations,
manipulate data, and return results.

- String Functions
- Numeric Functions
- Date Functions
- Group Functions

String Functions

CONCAT() Function
- The CONCAT() function adds two or more
expressions together.

Date Functions

CURDATE() Function
- The CURDATE() function returns the current
date.
The date is returned as "YYYY-MM-DD" (string)
or as YYYYMMDD (numeric).

CURRENT_TIME() Function
- The CURRENT_TIME() function returns the
current time.
WEEK 2.2

SQL Joins

A JOIN clause is used to combine rows from Relational SET Operators


two or more tables, based on a related column
between them.

Inner Joins

Returns records that have matching values in


both tables
SQL Sequence

- A sequence is a series of integers, starting


from 1 and incrementing by 1 with each
successive value. These sequences are usually
used in databases, as many applications require
each row in a table to have a unique identifier,
and sequences provide an easy way to generate
such values.

- In MySQL, the AUTO_INCREMENT attribute is


used to automatically generate unique integer
values (sequences) for a column. By default, this
sequence begins with an initial value of 1 and
increments by 1 for each new row that is added.

WEEK 3

- Highly abstract
- Easy to understand
- Easy to enhance
- Only entities are visible
- No software tool is required

Logical Model

It describes the data flow and database content.


It adds detail to the overall structure in the
conceptual model.

Physical Model

It describes the specifics of how the logical


model will be realized. It is specific to a
designated database software system
WEEK 4

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