CVEN 3303 Steel Structures

Assignment 2 – z5417478 (Kush Prajapati)

zID: z5417478

Span Effective D (mm) 𝐵1 (mm) 𝐵2 (mm) 𝑇𝑤 (mm) 𝑇𝑓 (mm)

length,
𝐿𝑒 (𝑚)
11 2.75 1100 400 200 37 44

i) The yield moment, 𝑀𝑦

The formula for the yield moment:

𝑀𝑦 = 𝑍𝑓𝑦

𝑓𝑦 = 300𝑀𝑃𝑎

To find the elastic section modulus, Z:

𝐼𝑥
𝑍=
𝑦max
 For 𝐼𝑥 :

Consider the following diagram:

Figure 1: Annotated cross-section.

To find the second moment of inertia, 𝐼𝑥 , the centroid in the y-axis is required. Hence:

44 44
∑ 𝐴𝑦 (200 ∗ 44) (1100 − 2 ) + (37 ∗ 1012)(550) + (400 ∗ 44) ( 2 )
𝑦̅ = =
∑𝐴 (200 ∗ 44) + (37 ∗ 1012) + (400 ∗ 44)

𝑦̅ = 477.22 𝑚𝑚 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 𝑓𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒.

𝐼𝑥 = 𝐼𝑥1 + 𝐼𝑥2 + 𝐼𝑥3

 𝑏1 ℎ13 𝑏2 ℎ23 𝑏3 ℎ33
𝐼𝑥1 = + 𝐴1 𝑑12 , 𝐼𝑥2 + 𝐴2 𝑑22 , 𝐼𝑥3 = + 𝐴3 𝑑32
12 12 12
(200)(44)3
𝐼𝑥1 = + (200 ∗ 44)(1078 − 477.22)2 = 3.18 ∗ 109
12
(37)(1012)3
𝐼𝑥2 = + (37 ∗ 1012)(550 − 477.22)2 = 3.39 ∗ 109
12
(400)(44)3
𝐼𝑥3 = + (400 ∗ 44)(22 − 477.22)2 = 3.65 ∗ 109
12

𝐼𝑥 = 𝐼𝑥1 + 𝐼𝑥2 + 𝐼𝑥3 = 1.02 ∗ 1010 𝑚𝑚4

To find the lowest elastic section modulus, according to the formula below, the furthest distance from the neutral
axis to the end of the flange must be considered. In this case, the furthest distance is from the neutral axis to the top
of the flange. Hence:

𝑦max = 1100 − 477.22 = 677.78𝑚𝑚

𝐼𝑥
𝑍=
𝑦max
1.02 ∗ 1010
𝑍= = 16413047 = 1.64 ∗ 107 𝑚𝑚3
677.78
𝑀𝑦 = 𝑍 ∗ 𝑓𝑦

(1.64 ∗ 107 ) ∗ (300)

=
106

𝑀𝑦 = 4923.91 𝑘𝑁𝑚
 ii) The section capacity, 𝑀𝑠 :

To find the nominal section moment capacity:

𝑀𝑠 = 𝑍𝑒 𝑓𝑦

The slenderness of the section must be calculated to determine whether the member will fail
due to buckling.

Since the beam is flat element the section slenderness is equal to the element slenderness:

𝑏 𝑓𝑦
𝜆𝑠 = 𝜆𝑒 = ( ) √
𝑡 250

Consider the slenderness for each element, where:

200 − 37
𝑏1 𝑓𝑦 2 300
𝜆𝑒1 = ( )√ =( )√ = 2.029
𝑡1 250 44 250

The top flange is supported on one longitudinal edge and the assumption is made that the
beam is hot welded and there is uniform compression.

Therefore, the value for 𝜆𝑒𝑦 (𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡) = 14

For the web:

𝑏2 𝑓𝑦 37 300
𝜆𝑒2 = ( ) √ =( )√ = 29.96
𝑡2 250 1012 250

The web is supported on both longitudinal edges and the assumption is made that the beam is
hot welded and there is compression at one edge and tension at the other, when the beam is
subjected to bending. Therefore, the value for 𝜆𝑒𝑦 (𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡) = 115
For the bottom flange

𝑏3 𝑓𝑦 1012 300
𝜆𝑒3 = ( ) √ =( )√ = 4.519
𝑡3 250 37 250

The bottom flange is supported on one longitudinal edge and the assumption is made that the
beam is hot welded and there is uniform compression. Therefore, the value for
𝜆𝑒𝑦 (𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡) = 14

𝜆𝑒 𝜆𝑒𝑦 𝜆𝑒 /𝜆𝑒𝑦
Top flange 2.029 14 0.1449
Web 29.962 115 0.2605
Bottom flange 4.519 14 0.3227

Consider the highest value for the slenderness ratio. Although, since that is the bottom flange
which is in compression, consider the second highest value for the slenderness ratio as
buckling only occurs in members that are under compression. Therefore, 𝜆𝑠 = 29.962.

For 𝜆𝑠𝑝 , consider 𝜆𝑒𝑝 for the web, where 𝜆𝑒𝑝 = 82 = 𝜆𝑠𝑝. Also, 𝜆𝑠𝑦 = 𝜆𝑒𝑦 = 115.

It can be deduced that the section is compact as 𝜆𝑠 ≤ 𝜆𝑠𝑦

Hence for compact sections 𝑍𝑒 = min(𝑆, 1.5𝑍).

To calculate S (Plastic Section Modulus), the plastic neutral axis must be calculated:

Assume that the 𝐴 𝑇 = 𝐴𝐶 ,

(200 ∗ 44) + 37(ℎ − 44) = (44 ∗ 400) + 37(1100 − ℎ − 44)

𝑥𝑝 = 668.92𝑚𝑚 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑜𝑝 𝑓𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒

To find the plastic section modulus, take the
moment of the areas about the plastic neutral
axis:

𝑆 = (200 ∗ 44 ∗ (668.92 − 22))

668.92 − 44
+ (37 ∗ (668.92 − 44) ∗ ( ))
2

+(400 ∗ 44 ∗ (1100 − 668.92022))

+ (37 ∗ (1100 − 668.92 − 44)

1100 − 668.92 − 44
∗( ))
2
= 22889289 = 2.29 ∗ 107 𝑚𝑚3

Hence, 𝑍𝑒 = min(𝑆, 1.5𝑍) = min(2.29 ∗ 107 , 1.5 ∗ 1.64 ∗ 107 ) = 2.29 ∗ 107 𝑚𝑚3
(2.29∗107)∗300
Finally, 𝑀𝑠 = 𝑍𝑒 ∗ 𝑓𝑦 = 106
= 6866.79 𝑘𝑁𝑚

𝑀𝑠 = 6866.79 𝑘𝑁𝑚

iii) The reference buckling moment, 𝑀𝑜 :

To find the reference buckling moment consider the following formula since the beam is mono-
symmetrical I section:

𝜋 2 𝐸𝐼𝑦 𝜋 2 𝐸𝐼𝑤 𝛽𝑥2 𝜋 2 𝐸𝐼𝑦 𝛽𝑥 𝜋 2 𝐸𝐼𝑦

𝑀𝑜 = √( ) {√[𝐺𝐽 + ( ) + ( ) ( )] + √ 2 }
𝑙𝑒2 𝑙𝑒2 4 𝑙𝑒2 2 𝑙𝑒

Some of the terms need to be calculated:

2𝐼𝑐𝑦 2 ∗ 𝐼𝑐𝑦
𝛽𝑥 = 0.8𝑑𝑓 [( ) − 1] = 0.8 ∗ 1056 [( ) − 1]
𝐼𝑦 𝐼𝑦

𝑏𝑖3 𝑑𝑖 𝑏13 𝑑1 𝑏23 𝑑2 𝑏33 𝑑3 (200)3 (44) + (37)3 (1012) + (400)3 (44)
𝐼𝑦 = ∑ = + + = = 2.68 ∗ 108 𝑚𝑚4
12 12 12 12 12

𝐼𝑐𝑦 is the moment of inertia of the compression flange about the y-y axis.
Hence the flange that is under compression is the top flange, therefore

(200)3 (44)
𝐼𝑐𝑦 = = 2.93 ∗ 107 𝑚𝑚4
12
Hence for 𝛽𝑥 :

2𝐼𝑐𝑦 2 ∗ (2.93 ∗ 107 )

𝛽𝑥 = 0.8𝑑𝑓 [( ) − 1] = 0.8 ∗ 1056 [( ) − 1] = −660.05
𝐼𝑦 (2.68 ∗ 108 )

For the torsional constant:

1 1
𝐽 = ∑𝑡𝑖3 𝑏𝑖 = ∗ ((443 ∗ 200) + (373 ∗ 1012) + (443 ∗ 400)) = 3.41 ∗ 107 𝑚𝑚4
3 3

For the warping constant:

𝐼𝑤 = 𝜌(1 − 𝜌)𝐼𝑦 ℎ2

𝐼𝑐𝑦 2.93 ∗ 107

𝜌= = = 0.11 (2. 𝑑. 𝑝)
𝐼𝑦 − 𝐼𝑡𝑦 (2.68 ∗ 108 − 4.27 ∗ 106 )

𝐼𝑤 = 0.1093(1 − 0.1093) ∗ (2.68 ∗ 108 ) ∗ (1056) = 2.95 ∗ 1013 𝑚𝑚4 (2. 𝑑. 𝑝)

Substitute all the values into the equation: (𝐸 = 200000𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝐺 = 80000𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝑙𝑒 = 2750𝑚𝑚)

𝜋 2 (200000)(2.68 ∗ 108 )
𝑀𝑜 = √( )∗
(2750)2

𝜋 2 (200000)(2.95 ∗ 1013 ) (−660.08)2 𝜋 2 (200000)(2.68 ∗ 108 )

√[(80000)(3.41 ∗ 107 ) + ( 2 )+( )( )]
(2750) 4 (2750)2

(−660.08) 𝜋 2 (200000)(2.68 ∗ 108 )

+ √
2 (2750)2
{ }
106

𝑀𝑜 = 12460.52 𝑘𝑁𝑚 (2. 𝑑. 𝑝)

 iv) The beam member capacity 𝑀𝑏 , assuming 𝛼𝑚 =1.0:

𝑀𝑏 = 𝛼𝑚 𝛼𝑠 𝑀𝑠 ≤ 𝑀𝑠
The slenderness reduction factor 𝛼𝑠 :

𝑀𝑠 2 𝑀𝑠
𝛼𝑠 = 0.6 [√( ) + 3 − ( )]
𝑀𝑜 𝑀𝑜

6866.79 2 6866.79
= 0.6 [√( ) +3−( )] = 0.759913839
12354.36 12354.36

𝑀𝑏 = (1.0)(0.75776772)(6866.29) = 5218.17 (2. 𝑑. 𝑝) ≤ 𝑀𝑠

v) The shear capacity of the unstiffened web, 𝑉𝑣 :

For an unstiffened web, the assumption that that stress is uniform is made:

Also since the it is an unstiffened web that is bounded by two flanges,

𝑑1 𝑓𝑦 1012 300
𝑡𝑤 ≥ ( )∗√ =( )∗√ = 6.16 (2. 𝑑. 𝑝)
180 250 180 250

∴ 𝑡𝑤 = 37 ≥ 6.16
Since
𝑑𝑝 1012
= = 27.35 (2. 𝑑. 𝑝)
𝑡𝑤 37
82 82
= = 74.86 (2. 𝑑. 𝑝)
𝑓
√ 𝑦 √300
250 250
Hence,
𝑑𝑝 82
≤
𝑡𝑤 𝑓𝑦
√
250
∴ 𝑉𝑣 = 𝑉𝑢 = 𝑉𝑤

𝑉𝑤 = 0.6 ∗ 300 ∗ 𝐴𝑤

𝐴𝑤 = 37444𝑚𝑚2

0.6 ∗ 300 ∗ (37444)

𝑉𝑤 = = 6739.92 𝑘𝑁𝑚
1000
𝑉𝑤 = 6739.92 𝑘𝑁𝑚