PH110 Laboratory -6

Faraday’s Electromagnetic Law

Name: Dhruv Gandhi
Institute ID: 202151053
Aim:
• To predict the direction of the magnetic field for different locations around a bar magnet and an
electromagnet.
• To compare and contrast bar magnets and electromagnets.
• To identify the characteristics of electromagnets that are variable and what effects each variable
has on the magnetic field's strength and direction.
• To relate magnetic field strength to distance quantitatively and qualitatively.
• To identify equipment and conditions that produce induction.
• To compare and contrast how both a light bulb and voltmeter can be used to show characteristics
of the induced current.
• To predict how the current will change when the conditions are varied.

Theory:
Lenz’s Law: It states that the current induced in a circuit due to a change in a magnetic field is directed
to oppose the change in flux and to exert a mechanical force that opposes the motion. This means that
the direction of the back EMF of an induced field opposes the changing current that is its cause.

Faraday’s Law: This law states that there is EMF (electromotive force, defined as electromagnetic work
done on a unit charge when it has traveled one round of a conductive loop) on the conductive loop
when the magnetic flux through the surface enclosed by the loop varies in time.

Faraday's Law is one of Maxwell's equations which states that the absolute value or magnitude of the
circulation of the electric field E around a closed loop is equal to the rate of change of the magnetic
flux through the area enclosed by the loop. The equation below expresses Faraday's Law in
mathematical form.

ΔΦB Δt (Through a fixed area) = -A round loop E ∙Δr (at a fixed time)

Here the minus sign indicates the direction of the calculation.

When the magnetic flux through the area enclosed by the loop changes, around loop E ∙Δr is not zero,
the electric field E circulates. This is an Induced emf, and it is measured in Volts.

This induced emf causes a current to flow without a potential difference due to separated charges.

ΔΦB Δt (Through a fixed area) = Induced emf

Induced Electric Field is NOT a conservative field. The work is done when a charge is moved against the
induced field once around the loop. But work is NOT stored as potential energy. We can’t let the
electric field do work to recover the energy we expended in moving the charge. The induced electric
field disappears as soon as the magnetic flux is no longer changing. The work we do on a charge
against the induced field is not locally stored. The energy may be transported away in the form of an
electromagnetic wave. Electromagnetic waves carry energy through free space.

Bar Magnet is a rectangular piece of an object, made up of iron, steel or any other ferromagnetic
substance or ferromagnetic composite that shows permanent magnetic properties. It has 2 poles, a
north and a south pole such that when suspended freely, the magnet aligns itself so that the northern
pole points towards the magnetic north pole of the earth.

Electromagnets are made out of a coil of wire (wire curled in series). This is more effective in
producing a magnetic field than just a wire running straight. This effect can be strengthened by
winding a wire tightly around a powerful core, made of magnetic material, such as iron. The picture
above shows a coil wound around an iron nail. On its own, the iron nail is not magnetic.

Differences between Electromagnets and Bar Magnet

• Bar magnets generate their own magnetic field while electromagnets depend on the external
sources of electric current for the generation of magnetic field.
• The magnetic force of the bar magnet is constant and is dependent on the material it is made from
while the magnetic force of an electromagnet can be varied by varying the amount of electricity
flowing through the coil.
• Most bar magnets are blocks of ferromagnetic materials while electromagnets are coils of wire
which sometimes are surrounded by a ferromagnetic core. Electromagnets behave like bar
magnets when an electric current is passed through them.
• Bar magnets have a constant magnetic pull as they are permanent magnets while electromagnets
do not have a constant magnetic pull as they are controlled by external sources of electric current.

Magnetic Field is a vector field that describes the magnetic influence on moving electric charges,
electric currents, and magnetic materials.

Magnetic field strength, also called magnetic intensity or magnetic field intensity, is the part of the
magnetic field in a material that arises from an external current and is not intrinsic to the material
itself.

The equation for magnetic force is similar to Coulomb's Law but the key point is that the force is
inversely proportional to the distance squared (i.e. it obeys an inverse square law with distance).
Observations:
Aim: 1)
Aim :2)
Aim: 3)
Aim: 4)
Magnetic Field is decreasing sharply with increasing distance with rate of 1/r2 (Inverse Square Law).
At very large distances, the magnetic field strength will tend to zero.
Aim: 5)
Aim: 6)

Aim: 7)
Conclusion:
We observed that the lines of the magnetic field from a bar magnet form closed lines. The
magnetic field is strongest inside the magnetic material. The strongest external magnetic fields are
near the poles. A magnetic north pole will attract the south pole of another magnet, and repel a north
pole. The direction of the magnetic field is tangent to the magnetic field line at any point in space. The
strength of the magnetic field is visualized by the closeness of the lines to each other. It is proportional
to the number of lines per unit area perpendicular to the lines. A commonly used phrase is "magnetic
flux density". Magnetic field lines never cross. Magnetic field lines are continuous, forming closed
loops without a beginning or end.
On Increasing the Number of loops, the Magnetic field Strength will also increase. As the distance
is increasing, the magnetic field is decreasing sharply with the rate of 1/r2 (Inverse Square Law) At very
large distances, the magnetic field strength will tend to zero. The metal core for a different metal will
make the electromagnet stronger or weaker. The greater the current in the coil, the stronger the
magnetic field will grow. Conversely, lowering the battery voltage decreases the current, weakening
the field. Different types of metal wire will also affect the field strength, because every meal has a
different inherent resistance to current. By increasing the loop area, induced current will also increase
because more magnetic lines are passing through it.
 Electromagnetic induction can be produced by a moving magnet, using Simple Generators. A light
bulb lights up to show when current is flowing, and a voltmeter shows the voltage drop across the light
bulb. On Decreasing Magnetic Field Strength and increasing distance between them, Ammeter carrying
loops going far away from electromagnets and decreasing the area of the loop, these all things result in
decreasing Induced Current.
The strength of the current will vary in proportion to the change of magnetic flux. If the applied
magnetic field is increasing, the current in the wire will flow in such a way that the magnetic field that
it generates around the wire will decrease the applied magnetic field. The value of induced current will
be changed by changing the strength of the magnetic field, moving the conductor in and out of the
field, altering the distance between a magnet and the conductor, or changing the area of a loop
located in a stable magnetic field.