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GURU RAJ REDDY
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unr. [RE aE 44 FEM Two chmenssionad problem i> » a d Fox analysis + 400 clmensonal cles Aike CST, LST, Recton element ede we Ure plane Ahem ee plane kro Corcti ton. ey here obe 00 tyke 2D prob- clems. je+ Scaler’ Vauiable broblem and Nector VYoauiable probes. Scalar Voriable problem means the problems Aclated +0 Acalek quantity (the pertoe Which hos only Eyles no cUraction) Uke heat Aclated problem ete. Nectoy VYou'able problom meank fro [Preblony. HAs deloded 40 verctor qhenty (the Juan ~ “HY Which how bobh magnitacle and cliveetion. } hike force rctatecl problem ele. », 22 CST, Element Cst and LST Elerrent'> s 3, LST. Element Tt Ww ai-wo ctimeny4 cionad Uneasy element Cle- Strmpleye element) CST Atarcls fer Const] Atay Pamala. The Atouln is Comant “Parcughput the element Hee pu- reel nocks at he Tt has o Corrects No bs \ Ne U, 4 a TY has Hee bari HK LE iA 00! ctimendiond non Unear ele ment (ie — Complex element i ¥# LST Aeros fot Linea! Srou'n nee XK TRe Adrants ine tnsicle well Neelrs oct Corner, on wee eco ot mid-Atcle. nodes 2.2.4 PAGE NO: 021 UNITNO: OY , 4 Shape function, a) CST elemeat > het Ws Consicla three noclecdl CST clement Whose nooled rd be, Apecified as 1,2 Ord 2 as shown. Ket, & oe 4 Displacement cd poole £,2,2, U, Uo, Ua Component 4 §182 8a In X-aris. My No, Va Comporent €i,8, B10 as. Cg), OG YD, Ot 93) Cororchivods q Rocka 2, 2 andi ape tne Oh The noclal dirplacement Can be pee fied an tsi: féx]- [8] = =_ € tas “i VD i Na det Use M1 + An + Sly —— Na age A S4 +e op Abbyieg pounce Corch ions we ge. At nock 1 Us a,+a,x, gy, ’ { = q+ cx, + ey At nocle 2 Ba = nt he Hay . Oo NaF OM +83 Hog 4, : AL nok 3 Ug et Ode 4 Sat Vays a, H9S%R AMY a PAGE NO: O23 UNITNO: OY ing 1 © we ge, 4 uy ome gy | fay | Up |= | 1 %> Yn |] a \-| : | As a : = a, Tox My i. u, | 2 | = | Y 1%, | | ——®8) Qa 1 seat Yat lal eas PO wv [eo] : Do'te] Catia Ya) (R446) (wyeand _ adits. | _e ) Pry, af (Uys) (Ya-S1y (Sy) Ct) Chay (Fo) Vey Uy ID) = 10% Ys 1% Yg Bul we know, Aves of Piongulat ele memt Con be clefetmined a uy, A> a f (He My WG Se So, : ID] = 2A). — G) ee Value “Yy Aryard (©) In GQ) we get, | a, (ata-X4p ) (a5 Y2) ngs esol fey i 7 as ae 4 |e RA G Na) Qs-y1) (ya) On (Ya-%2) (21%) (009 Ya af PAGENO: O& UNIT NO: OY a] i he ah] Pay] oh \ Ap faa}. By Rr a Me | —(6) QA Vs 1 To, Vs, 2 hy, Where, { \ : ais AaYa- %aYy a Ay > Xa, - Ya AB oT aya r Bea yf B= Nan‘ | Bos Yer Bae Yi ya Nie 2G. Yea [Hy Yo ¢ Xq- ry Now, we Know, ae | ert Ted = Ly (99 =| ~@) Put Value 5 4e eq (6) In eq (1) we gel, Ay Xa ky ¥ w= Cxco] sz] em as as |fus iy. ¥¥ = Ae ome hs praia | aoe pa] | i; [uy : eae ats A RA olat Bax #Ya¥ YY -—..DhlUhUm — QA OE fu]: [™ is Ns] { — (3) | Yea F Where, Mi Ns ancl My Ce habe functa : Miz oft Bie 7s = Oat BaxtYoy ae Nat oa4 ByX Meth =—_—— [x]: WIDE at Whare : ho Jo Lei: e J-02 v4 o JO or ae | ey For plone skei blan, | i wn Problem, tay Ck]: Lel"Ls)tsqat Whore, QV) iW oO tel: | 5 (-~) oO IM a meg ,| GaxdQ-2) 6 01 (te) 2 & PAGE NO: 06 UNITNO: OY Nole'> : 7 Y Ad Uy A= + y Xo, Ye 1a Ye \B) = ole oP, OFYs OF Ys |": o Bo Oo Ra Oo ‘ , Yo! Bo Ysa Ba Not*.> @ fel=Cel{s) Q) Maximum norma Aho, SL] CoxrtGy)s Jaren aby | G) Minimum novmol Ahoy, = [tues [Goonea ty | (A) Mow) mun, hood Rew, 1 (6-6) = ede e4ty dy (S) princi pal ongle Bp 2T Op = darn! aa 2 bxx-6yy ’ Soparo aromedic etic formulation “? The elements whose habe Or geome and field) Vortable ore described by the Aame inde poledlon| function (ov Abhope functons ) oh dhe Aame onl et Cue Bbeafed as ITAopara me due clemenk, j { “The Principal Concept fo, the, !Aoperamelrce finite element Feimulotion ta +o embry the element Co-ordinates and Jelemeln ts CUsplacunends iin the fet a Toterpoledtion using dre neolwro} Coorclinater ‘b the vi -Adem *f, Hho element. “Phere Uso beara - eric clement of Airple hapes (wu tey “ahoet edges ov Flot uafaces ) a -eol f'n nalthioN Co-proU' nocke Which cure etl erie! ak Masi “ stemendy. PAGE NO: O7 UNITNO: OY | D4 Ore Ranspormed hopes of Cuwed! Aled finite clement Be Actual cya eke —pvessed iin gee Coborclindhe ame a Ahoewn I ry wh | Oss / yoy) | on ») nL xy 4 Ota) Gay ) M4 3 re 2 BONG F 1 iia: 4 angrier noe Tsobarometie elemdl ISoparametic fermulotio fer CST, element's yi % ; det US Consider a eat element whose nockeal AS placements wn Ahown iofey. Na | | | The slisblacement U and Vv at oar point Pry) Mnatole the C&T element BE given By, Ut NyUy 4 Noy + Naa Na AWN) 4 NoNa NaNo, Whue, Ni, Nix ond Ns O88 -Hhe shah function. we know, Np =, KEP aY iy QA Whur, i21,2 ards Now, Locotion of Hae point Ploy) & given by DLE NH t Nort. t+ Nara, Ge MM t Noga tN We Krow, : NitNy4Nge 4d Nas leNi- x2 Ore x2) N) Pema + Cai- = N, + Wr- “IIa + Ya 2.4.0 PAGE NO: 0% UNIT NO: OL : : aan Tsoprra med, Subets penamebie cred Svbe pay a ye ee samedprce clement io ——* a ae Th Hae number nocks ok finn Aaplecement equal fo +he numbet 4 nodes lpg groom ry Iso peramehic | i * he number 4 nodes int qoore b pet ong 4: mK nodex Suber peramebre ee oles placement: e Thths humbet eh nagies abfig el alisplacerment vs : neater han phe number af nodes ckfining Le Aha] Jot Subperarnepue a ad Hees a @ — Nodes for clefinin AVoplac ment. to —a| Noge. for clefinig Fores: ‘ as | Due +o Foparame bse charag JervrHes > TJecobian mech x: ca Pek tool) reeled nodded _ Eels ot Gry dy) 4 element! 9 Coys) Act Us Considler cr four Niele Acctanqular clement cus sho- wn 1S “Fejune . So, | : ; j | wou 3. hy.) Cay, Ut NU, 4+ Nou, + Nala + Nudy NOE NIN) PE INGN, FNAL Nyy | | ; SEE INND FINI ENA ty aty © | dt TNSSL ERS tng * | +he Chon vule Uihten Yi ait he “a ‘I cablace ment U- \ Bu. BY DX 4 du dy Oy ax dy By dey | 1 fir-@ Oe DM .Dx au Dd aL BAT yon Unitno: OY \[ Page no: OF Lowi Hing ey ® 1 pnadily form we get, SH Ox) . BY ay oy Dy Sty ae | =e Dt | dN uM. |) . SU (Sr ]lliay | i Bu By a {a}: Bey Bey Ty 7h, . Bw Bl) do, 4y, on 3h Whee, La] = 3-06 biond tyeid his” idiien yes Aclation befdeen pre) cleuvetti ve ta tre fora And hotwrod Cox Horcircke: phe at Referivg <4 BD We Gn! wattle -Hhe elemerty 4 _Tocolsion prodtin aa, Thi Se yO BA by 4 BNI YBN) Dy Be ey aR 36, 8" St Si milorly, Ty 2392 DNL y, 4 Bay Dw By EM Sy tates a \To, > D2. > SN, + D2 ye DN > OND. Ha, + DNy Sn On Bn . sn S Sn Ay -@ Ina = DY. BN yy 4 DW. ON: ny anand oq bt on Sat Oy | We know, Shabe fuction ore git Ny Fors Orn) Ng tl f jpey In q ( SC J -® Ree Brits Cerys foo Mus te (a) Crtny i Putin Value 4 24 © io a@ we gel, Tne El-CenyoueCen dan (ran )y-Conl ay] Sioz EC OY + CendyL4 C4) Ga-Cr4n) yo 81 EU -ey)3e) C4 Joey, 118) at + (1-8) N] © Thee the si)y, (14) 9a + (154) 99. Ces y4 _zeablem 7.1: Evaluate the shape functions Nj , No and Ng at the interior point P for the triangular element shown in figure 7.9. y INTRODUCTION OF FINITE ELEMENT ANAL yg. 7.24 y Solution: (Refer Fig. 7.) For the given triangular eleme coordinates of the nodes are, nt, the x =3; y=2 =f; =4 (3, 2) ee wey) xg=5; Y3= 8 0 Fig. 7.9(a) jg at the point P (4, 6) can be evaluated in ty, ‘The shape functions Ny , Nz N: f shape functions and 2. by Isoparametrc ways such as 1. Using the ia of representation method. 1. Using shape function expression: We know that the shape functions for CST element are given by +B x+ny Oy + Bo xt %2Y 3 + Bg X+¥3¥ ey a where, 0 = Xp Y¥g~Xy Yo= (7K 8) ~ (5x 4) = 36 Og = Xg 1 ~X1 Yg = (5 X 2) ~ (8X8) =— ie aS a el ale aly al Bi =¥2-yg=4-8=- Bo=Ys-y1=8-2=6 B3=y1-yg=2-4=-2 N= Xy-%_=5-7=-2 W=X1~Xy=3-5=-2 Yy=%2~-X=7-3=4 lx yy 2A=|1 x2 yo} = 132 174 1 x3 ys} |1 5 8 = 1(66- 20) -3 6 -4)42 (5-7) ~ 96 12-4 ~12-4=20 ‘wo DIMENSIONAL (VECTOR VARIABLE) PROBLEMS. 7.28 oy + Bi x+y _ eM 2A i. 6 + (-M)4+(-2)6 _ 36-16- - a8 = aE 18 oy — ag+BaX+ WY - 144+ (6x 4)4+(-2)6 No=—— 2a ~ os - Ng jsing Isoparametric representation: We know that the co-ordinates of any interior point P (x, y) can be represented the nodal coordinates such as by x= (Ky —¥3) Ny + (Xp ~ x3) No + x3 . QD) y=(¥1-¥3) Ni + (Yo ~ ya) No+y3 aw (2) Substituting the coordinate values, we get Eqn. (1) > 4=(8-5)Ny+(7-5)No+5 ie, 4=-2Ny+2NQ+5 (or) 2Ny-2Ng=1 —! G Similarly, Eqn. (2) => 6 =(2-8)N,+(4-8)No+8 ie, 6=-6N,-4No+8 (or) 6Ny+4Np =2 wn Eqn. (4) +Eqn. (3) x29 10N,=4 Noe. 1 Ny= 7g 204 Eqn. (3) = 2Ny =2 Ny ~ 1=2(0.4)-1=0.8-1=-0.2 « Also Ny + Ny +Ng=1 + Ng=1-Ny-Ny=1-04-(-0.1)=0.7 Result: , The shape functions at the point P(4,6) are Ny=0.4; No s=0.7 INTRODUCTION OF FINITE ELEMENT ANAL ysig in fi ¢ nodal coordinates of a triangular element ey re aa oe ite At the point P inside the element, the x-coordinat te NW neLau ape function N,=0.3. Determine the shape functions Ny,Ns the y-coordinate of the point P. y 4, 6) ant Fig. 7.10 Solution: (Refer Fig. 7.10(a)) ‘The nodal coordinates are m=]; yy=2 %= 5; ye=3 xg=4; yg=6 y. (4,6) 3A (x3, ¥3) (5, 3) 1, (x. 7 tr a 2» Y2) (a4 x Fig. 7.10(a) The x-coordinate of the Point P is 3.3 and N}=0.3. Using the Isoparametric repre, se . of any point as Presentation method, we can write the coordinates X= (41 ~H3) Ny + 19-5) No + x5... (1) and y= (1 ~¥3)Ni + W2—¥a) No+yg .... (2) wo DIMENSIONAL (VECTOR VARIABLE) PROBLEMS 7.27 1 383= (1-4) 0.845 -4) Nga ( ies g.3=-0.9+Ny+4 @) N)=33 +0.9-4=0.2 2 Also Ny + No +Ng=1 (or) N3=1-N ,~-Ng=1-0.3-0.2=05 « The y-coordinate of point P is obtained using Eqn. (2). ies y=(2-6) 0.3+(8-6)0.2+6 =-1.2-06+6=4.2 Note: The y-coordinate of point P can also be determined by another expression such as y=Niyit No y2+N3 ys =(0.3 x 2) + (0.2 x 3) + (0.5 x 6) =0.6+0.6+3.0=4.2 Result: The required shape functions at the point P are N,=0.2 and N,=0.5 and the y-coordinate of point P = 4.2 INTRODUCTION OF FINITE ELEMENT ANAL gj. 7.32. “Problem 7.5: . (Nn the plane stress element shown in figure 7.13, ance = ie matrix, Assume modulus of elasticity E=210x 10° paltasies uric 25 and clement thickness t=10 mm. The coordinates are given jn ne millimetres, y (50, 100) 4 2 (30, 20) (80, 20) 0 x Fig. 7.13 Solution: (Refer Fig. 7.13(a)) y (50, 100) (X3» ¥3) The nodal coordinates are, x, =30mm; — y;=20mm 1 2 x2=80mm; y,=20mm (30, 20) (80, 20) xy=50mm; — yg=100 mm ry) arya) and Fig. 7.13(a) E=210x 10° N/mm? ; 1 = 0.25 ;t=10 mm. For the CST element, the stiffness matrix can be obtained using the expression, Stiffness matrix (K] = (B]" [D) [B] At vn QD) where {B] = Strain-displacement matrix [D] = Stress-strain relation matrix A=Area of the triangle t= Thickness of the triangle Now, Area of the triangle, DIMENSIONAL (VECTOR VARIABLE) PROBLEMS 733 lee 1 30 20 ei}|1 x2 y2}=9]1 80 20 A=5 2 1 Xs Ys 1 50 100 3 [1 (8000 = 1000) — 30 (100 - 20) + 20 (60 - 80)} =} (7000 - 2400 ~ 600) = 2000 mm? .. (2) girain-displacement matrix, i B; 0 Be 0 Bs 0 BI=3q Rn 8 ao ys rh Bi 2 Ba ws Bs where 8; =y2—Y3=20- 100=- 80 By=y3-¥1 = 100-20=80 Bg=y1-¥2=20-20=0 y=%5-%2= 50 -80=-30 =x) — xg =30-50=- 20 | Y= Xp x = 80-30 =50 | Substituting the above values in the strain displacement matrix, we get 1 -80 0 80 oo 0 Bl=—+—| 0 -30 0 -20 0 50 | (2 2000)| _39 _g9 -20 80 50 0 8 000 0-205 -2 850 000 -205 wn 8) 85 0 a (4) INTRODUCTION OF FINITE ELEMENT ANALY 9g 7.34 The stress-strain relationship matrix for plane stress element is giv . given by 3 20x10) 995 1 0 1-0.25' 3 41 0 _210x10°x025/T 49 00 15 0.9375 41 0 =56x109}1 4 0 . 0016 Substituting the Eqns (2) to (5) in Eqn. (1), we get (K) = (B)? (D) (By At Sea : i, 80-2 {42 0 seme] $9 -2|esae($ 4h 00 15 00 5 0 5 0 1[-8 © 8 ooo qo} 9 -3 0 ~2 0 5 |2000x10 ~3-8 -2 850 ead x108x2 0-3 -8 = 56x10" x2000x10] g 9 -g|[41 O0]f-8 0 8 009) = 400 x 400 0 -2 8 1.4 % io 8 ce 0 0 510 O M5] ims ~8 -2 859 0 5 90 gweNsIONAL (VECTOR VARIABLE) PROBLEMS 7.35 _32 -8 -45 59) 212 "12 m6 |) “Sree om oes psa? “2 -8 12 O -3 0 -205 ‘ 0 o 75\/L73 -8 -2 g650 5 20 «(0 (6x3) (8x3) 269.5 60 -247 -20 -295 —49 60 132 0-72 60 60 ny is| ~247 0 262 ~40° —15 40 ie Ml=7X10° 99-72-40 112 60 — a9 |N/mm -22.5 -60 -15 60 375 0 -40 -60 40 -40 0 100 (6x 6) matrix (Answer) Since the above matrix is symmetric and the sum of the values at any column i: zero, the calculated stiffness matrix is correct. Note: To check the correctness of stiffness matrix, verify its properties such that sether the matrix is symmetric and the sum of values in any column or row is ero. Problem 7.6: {i) Distinguish with suitable examples plane stress and plane strain analysis. ‘i) For the plane stress element shown in figure 7.14 determine the stiffness matrix. Assume E = 200 GPa. and 1. =0.3. Thickness = 10 mm. f y (6,6) The coordinates are in centimetres (2, 2) (8, 2) x Fig. 7.14 (Anna University, MLE. Engg. Design, Dee. 2006) Solution: |) For plane stress and plane strain analysis of two dimensional element refer article 7.5.2 from ‘For two dimensional system ... to... Eqn. 7.34 INTRODUCTION OF FINITE ELEMENT ANAL, (Refor Fig. 7.14(@)) 7.36 (ii) Stiffness matrix determination: ‘The nodal coordinates of the element are - (6,6) x) =2 cm; yiz2em xp=Bom; — y2=2em \y nye 6 om; — ys= 6 om (2,2) 8 2) (q¥4) (9) and E=200 GPa =2x 10! N/m?=2% 107 N/em” p=08; t=10mm=1em Fig. 7.14(a) For the given triangular element, the stiffness matrix is given by (K] = (BI" (D) [B) At where A =Area of the triangle t= Thickness of the element 1B] =Strain-displacement or Gradient matrix [D] =Stress-strain or constitutive or Hookes law matrix. =} 1.48 -12)-2 6-2) +2(6-8)] =} (@6-8-4)= 12cm? Strain-displacement matrix, By= Yi ye= 2-20 NEXy~Mye6-8 Wak Mee s-Can4 y= Xp - 81 8-26 TWO DIMENSIONAL (VECTOR VARIABLE) PROBLEMS Substituting the above values is the gradient matrix, we get -2 -4 od cs 9 4 000 2 [-2 9 2 (Bl=5355 -2) 0 -40 6le-8 | 69 -1 6 - 2x12) 9 | 2x12) 1 <9 9 460 1) 72 0 2 900 “ip 0-1 0-203 -1 -2 -2 230 -20 0-1 0 -1 -2 -jpyt=2+]| 2 0 -2 “Bl=7] 0 -2 2 o 0 3 0 38 #0 wne woo oo 137 -2 0-1 0-1 -2 i : 7f 103 0 wirwi=s) 5 2 2A tos 1 o a] 0 -2 3) OWES Goss o 0 38 : 0 3 0 -2 -06 -0.35 -08 <-1 07 x A0l 2 06 -07 “6x091| -06 -2 07 0 0 1.05 0.9 3 0 7.38 INTRODUCTION OF FINITE ELEMENT ANALYsig + UK) = (By" (D) (BI At -2 -06 -0.35 -0.3 1 -07 _1x107 2 0.6 7 TH a 3 3 iM ale ~ 6461-06 -2 ce PC a ee C y . 0 0 1 Bee ee GO oo 8 0] 435 18 05 -105 -18 ue) 94 08 66 =a5 =a0 -1x10"xi2x1/ -33 08 54 -26 -21 18 “5.46 x 12 05 06 -26 54 21 -60 106 -81 “21.591 316 = 6 -18 -30 18 -6.0 0 9 4.35 13 -33 05 -1.05 -18 13 2.4 0.8 06 -21 -3.0 : 7 s| -39, 08 64 -26 -91 18 He, DIS IBSIE IO “Ogg: 26 6a at — 0 [Nee : -105 -21 -21 21 3.15 0} “ -18 -30 18 -60 0 9} The above stiffness matrix satisfies the conditions that 1) the matrix is symmetric 2) the sum of values in any row or column is zero. (Answer) ~ Problem 7.7: valuate the element stiffness matrix for the triangular element shown in figure 7.15 under plane strain condition. Assume the following values: E=200 GPa, 1=0.25,t=1mm. (Anna University B.E/B.Tech. Dee. 2007 y (3,5) x (0, 0) (6, 0) Fig. 7.15 Solution: Refer Fig. 7.15(a). The nodal coordinates of the element in mm are x1 =0; yi=0 Y¥g=5 Fig. 7.15(a) wo DIMENSIONAL (VECTOR VARIABLE) PROBLEMS 7.39 and E= 200 GPa = 200 x 10? N/m? =2x10°N/mm?; t=1mm; = 0.25 For the linear triangular element, the stiffness matrix is given by, IK] = (B]" (D] (B] At a) where A=Area of the triangular element t=Thickness under plane strain condition = Unit thickness. (B] = Gradient matrix or strain displacement matrix. (D] = Hookes law matrix or stress-strain relationship matrix. Now, Area of triangular clement, ij} ™%] ,]100 A=5|1 x2 ya/=5/1 6 0 1 3 9s 185 =3110-0)-06-0)+0@-6]=%=15 mn? son (2) t=1mm. (ie, unit thickness for plane strain element) The strain-displacement matrix is given by B. 0 Bz 0 Bg 0 Bl=s7| 9 n 9 w% O 2A th Bi ve Be ¥% Bs 5 where B;=y2~yg=0-5= Be=ya-y1=5-0=5 Bs=y1~-y2=0-0=0 ‘Nl = X3 —X%_=3-6=-3 =x -xy=0-35-38 ‘Ys = X_-x)=6-0=6 Substituting in the above matrix, we get -6 0 5 000 Bla] 0 -3 0 -306 .. 8) 30} 3 -5 -3 560 INTRODUCTION OF FINITE ELEMENT ANALYsis 7.40 Hence, 5 0 is Gos 2 on 4) 1 5 0 -3 BI=35] 0 -3 5 0 0 6 evo sen i ix is given by For plane strain condition, the stress-strain relationship matrix a-) 0 EB - 0 Measpacan| aw (1+ (1-2 p) 0270 (He } (1-0.25) 0.25 0 ——2x10° __ 5 (1-025) 0 “¥0.25)(1-06)| 5 ¢ 1-05 0 0 + 5 [0.75 0.25 0 “aS 0.25 0.75 0 0-25) 0.5)/ "00 0.25 a 310 310 = 1 3 o 8x10} 1 3 0 o eee do 001 The stiffness matrix is obtained as 6) = 1B)" (D) 1B) At -5 0 -a 1 egies 310),[/-5 0 5s goo “30] 0 -3 5 |8x10%/1 3 oft} 9 _3 0 -3 0 6 fasx» 7. | 001 “9-8 -3 560 o 6 Oo a 0-3 —5 S10) feo 06 ghee 8x10*x15] 5 - -“soxa0| 6 2 sigs] s aie o o e{l°%l},-8 -5 -3 560 0 6 0 (6 3) (3x 3) (3x 6) wo DIMENSIONAL (VECTOR VARIABLE) PROBLEMS -15 -5 -3 3 -3 -9 -5 _4x10?} 15 5 -3 “3 -3 -9 5 0 0 6 6 18 0 (6 x 3) 84 30 30 52 _ 3| —66 0 [K] = 1.33 x 10' 0 2 -18 -30 -30 -54 — 66 0 84 —30 -18 30 0 -3 -5 (3 x 6) 0 -18 2 -30 -30 -18 52 30 30 36 —54 0 7AI -30 -54 30 -54 0 108 N/mm The above stiffness matrix seems as symmetric and the sum of the values in any column or row is zero. Hence the calculated matrix is the correct stiffness matrix. (Answer) / Problem 7.9: “=€alculate the element stresses Ox » Oy » Txys y G, and 6g and the principal angle 6, for the CST element shown in figure 7.17. (18, 12) The nodal displacements are uy=2.0nm; vy=10unm (10, 8) ug=0.5um; vg=15pm * Newton (15, 5) ug=12um; v3=2.8pm Take E=210 GPa and 1 =0.25. Assume 0 plane stress conditions. Fig. 7.17 Solution: Refer Fig. 7.17(a) The nodal coordinates are WO DIMENSIONAL (VECTOR VARIABLE) PROBLEMS 7.45 x, =10 mm; y;=8 mm ‘ xg= 15mm; yo=5 mm s u xg=18 mm; y3=12 mm Ix, v3) and the nodal displacements are 1 (10, uy = 2.0 pm = 0.002 mm; bq y4) : 2 yy = 1.02 m= 0.001 mm 15, 5) “1 Kas Ya) uy = 0.5 ft m= 0.0005 mm; vo = 1.5 m=0.0015 mm Fig. 7.17(a) ug = 1.21 m= 0.0012 mm; vg = 2.8 1 m= 0.0028 mm. and E=210 GPa =210x 10° N/m?=2.1 x 10° N/mm; p= 0.25 For the given CST element, the element stresses are given by (0) =(D] (e)=(D) (BI{3) © where {o}=Element stress vector [D] = Constitutive matrix or stress-strain relationship matrix [B] = Strain-displacement matrix {8]=Nodal displacement vector. For the plane stress condition, the constitutive matrix Ta Oo 1 025 0 5 = 21x10 | 9.95 0 (a-0.257) oo (22038 2 i 0 40 0.15 a @ =56x 10°} 1 4 00 15 The strain-displacement matrix, Bi 0 Ba 9 Bs 0 0 0 2 9 %3 v1 Bi we Ba 1 Bs 7.46 INTRODUCTION OF FINITE ELEMENT ANALYsig lum] {110 8 i 3 5 A=Area of triangle 1 xp y2}=g]1 15 1 x3 ¥3 1 18 12 [1 (80 — 90) - 10 (12 - 5) + 8 (18 ~ 15)] (90-70 + 24) = 44 = 22 mm? tole pole Bi =ye-yg=5-12=-7 By =y3-y)=12-8=4 By =y1 ~y2=8-5=3 2X9 — Xp =18-15=3 Yo =X, -X3=10-18 Yg=X_—-xXy=15-10=5 Then, pai (ed Orca 0 130 B= | 0 3 0-805 222] ‘3 -7 -8 4 578 and ut 0.002 2.0 v1} | 0.001 1.0 (5) =) %2{_} 0.0005 |_ 1 Jos ve |=) 0.0018 | = jo] 1.5 ug | | 0.0012 12 vg] (0.0028 28 Now the Eqn. (1) implies {o}=(D} (B)(8) [| & 41 o],[-7 0 ie, 1) y/=56x10°11 4 oft} 9 3 yy DEORaS |e) tigeripiae (x3) (8x6) +» (3) .. (4) wo DIMENSIONAL (VECTOR VARIABLE) PROBLEMS TAT | | 4 -32 3 20 15 _ 10 45 -105 -12 675 45 28 (8x6) (6x1) (- 14412 +2- 4843.64 56) 1 (-56+34+8- 124 14.44 14) “1l|"" @-10.5-6+9+9+ 12.6) Normal stress, 0, = - 36.4 N/mm? Normal stress, 6y = 14.76 N/mm? Shear stress, ty = 29.4 N/mm? The maximum normal stress (also called as maximum principal stress) is obtained as oy =} [oto +Vc,- oF +4 ey ] 3 [ (= 36.4 + 14.76) + V(— 36.4 — 14.76)" + (4x 29.4) ] [( - 21.64) + (77.94)] = 28.15 N/mm* soles The minimum normal stress (also called as minimum principal stress) is obtained as = 5 [ (ox +05) Vero? + 4, | =3[ (- 36.4 + 14.76) - (= 36.4- 1476)" + (4x 29.4 | (- 21.64 — 17.94) = - 49.79 N/mm?” tole nae 7.48 INTRODUCTION OF FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS 24 7 lust ny. rincipal angle 0, = 51 (o, - 9) 1, yf 2x294 = tan’ | Sae4- 14.76 Result: The element stresses are, Normal stress, oy =~ 96.4 N/mm? 4.76 N/mm? Normal stress, oy Shear stress, ty = 29.4 N/mm? Max. Normal stress, 0; = 28.15 N/mm? Min. Normal stress, 62 =~ 49.79 N/mm? Principal angle, Gy = ~ 24.6° Problem 7.10: or the plane strain element shown in Y Fig. 7.18, the nodal displacements are uy = 0.005 mm; Vv; = 0.002 mm (5, 15) (25, 15) 1 3 uy = 0.0 mm; v2 =0.0 mm uy = 0.005 mm; vg = 0.0 mm Find the clement stresses ox, oy, ty, principal stresses 0, ,62, and principal angle 6). Assume E=70 GPa and 1 =0.3. Use unit thickness for plane strain. All Fig. 7.18 coordinates are in millimetres, (Anna University, M.E. CAD, Dec. 2006) Solution: Refer Fig. 7.18(a) qs y4) ; wt The nodal coordinates are (5, 15) (25, 15) x, =5 mm; y= 15 mm t s (x3. ¥3) x2 = 15 mm; y,=5 mm x3=25 mm; yy= 15mm and the nodal displacements are u, = 0.005 mm; v, = 0,002 mm * Fig. 7.18(a) DIMENSIONAL (VECTOR VARIABL; wo ) PROBLEMS. 7.49 ug = 0.0mm} vp = 0.0 mm ug = 0.005 mm; v3 = 0.0 mm = o gpd B= 70 GPa = 70x 10° N/m? = 7 x 104 Nin : H=03 t= 1mm (Plain strain problem and hence unit thickness) For the given triangular clement, the clement. stresses are given by {o}=(D) (e)=(D) (BI (8), we QD) where {6} =Element stress vector {e}=Element strain vector (D] = Stress-strain relationship matrix [B) =Strain-displacement matrix {8} =Nodal displacement vector, Now, for plane strain condition, the stress-strain relationship matrix, aQ-p op 0 E Pas pd-2M » G-» 0 0 : 7x 104 “a+0a)a-2x03)| °° 0 zx1o [07 03 0 =apo5|03 07 0 2504) o 0 03 Stato | | io oo w= @) 0.52x10]5 9 2} @ looa The strain displacement matrix, B, 0 Bp O Bg 0 B=3 On 0 » 0 % v1 Bi Ye Be ve Bs INTRODUCTION OF FINITE ELEMENT ANALY). 7.50 1x vt 1 x2 Ya 1 x3 Ys A= Area of the triangle = 5 15 11g 8] =2. (1 25 — 125) 5 (16 — 5) + 16 (25 ~ 15)) 5 5|/=5 1 25 ie, A=100 mm” Now, By =¥2-¥3=5- 15 =~ 10 By =yg—y1=15-15=0 Bs =y1 ~y2= 15-5 =10 1 =X3 — Xp = 25 - 15= 10 Ye=x1 xg =5— 25 =-20 Ye=%2—Xy =15-5= 10 Substituting in the strain displacement matrix, we get -10 <0l. .@ 40 10 4 i Bl=s>>] 0 10 0 -20 0 10 in| 10 -10 -20 0 10 10 -1 0 0 010 a Om pao 1-1 -2 o1i1 =] 0.0 0 1-0 1 wee (3) =3/ 9 1 0-204 1-1-2 011 The nodal displacement vector is given by f “Tf 0.008 “1 0.002 =!%{_ Joo _ ve{ ~ 0.0 ws (4) ug 0.005 ¥5 0.0 Substituting the values of Eqns. (2), (3), (4) in Eqn. (1) wo DIMENSIONAL (VECTOR VARIABLE) PROBLEMS 751 « get, (6) = (DI IBI( 5) wi . 0.005, §}7 3 0) ,f -1 0 0 010 Hg I 37 0l55) 0 1 0 -2 04 oe 1-1-3 011 0.0 0.005 0.0 (x3) (3 x 6) (6x1 nyo) 7 3 0) foo {0.006} 4.038 =D) 3 7 0}! 0.002 =e 0.014}= 9.423 52x20) 9 9 2] | 0.008 0.016} | 10.769 (8x3) 8x1) +: 6g = 4.038 N/mm”; oy = 9.423 N/mm?; xy = 10.769 N/mm? Maximum principal stress (j.e., Maximum normal stress) o1=3[ toy) +Vex-ay"+ 4%, | 2 = ; [ (4.038 + 9.423) + 4.038 — 9.4257 + 4x 10.769" |= 17.88 N/mm’ Minimum normal stress, a=3| (x + By) ~Vo.- 9,7 +48, ] 2 = 3 (4.038 + 9.428) ~ (4.038 - 9.428)" + 4x 10.769" |=— 4.970 N/mm’ ios Lyon} { 2b \_2 ya -1( 2% 10.769 Principal angle, @, => tan foes }: 2 | Foss - 9.429 = 75.96 _ 37.98° 2 (SPetermine the cartesian co of # iB otermine. e=0.8 and 1 as shown in figure 9.9. { Problem 9.1: : ordinates of the point P which has local (8,12) 3 Fig. 9.9 Solution: The cartesian (i.e., global) coordinates of the element at its nodes 1, 2, 3, 4 are x =3 units ; y, =4 units xy=9 units; yy=6 anita Xg=8 units ; Y3=12 units x,=5 units; y4=10 units. and the local (i.e. natural) coordinates of the point P is e=0.8 units and =0.6 units. ISOPARAMETRIC ELEMENTS AND NUMERICAL INTEGRATION 9.27 Now, the cartesian coordinates of the point P can be expressed as x= Ny 1 + Np Xp +o xq 4.Ny xy y= Ni yi +Noyo+Ng ya +Ng ya ' a where N;,N,Ng and Ny are shape functions which are given by u 1 Ny=_70-9d-; N taroa-m 1 Ng=7(l+ey(+n); N, la_yaim w+ (2) (Refer Eqn. 9.16) 4 7 Substituting the values of € and in Eqn. (2), the shape functions become, Ni=}a-08)a = 0.6) = 0.02 Ny=31 +08) (1-06) =0.18 Ns=}.+08) (1 +0.6)=0.72 Ny= 4 (1-08) (1 +.0.6) = 0.08 Now, once again by substituting the values of shape functions and nodal coordinates in Eqn. (1), we can get the values of cartesian coordinates of the point P That is, Eqn. (1) implies x= Ny xy + Ng xy +Ng xg + Ng xy = (0.02 x 3) + (0.18 x 9) + (0.72 x 8) + (0.08 x 5) = 7.84 units. y=Ny y+ No yo+Ng yet Na ya = (0.02 x 4) + (0.18 x 6) + (0.72 x 12) + (0.08 x 10) = 10.6 units, Result: _ ‘The cartesian coordinates of the point P are (x, y) = (7.84, 10.6) units. 9A: i 9A: Fer the four noded quadrilateral element shown in figure 9.12, determine Ee the Jacobian and evaluate its value at the point ( i \; } 1 (20, 20) Fig. 9.12 (Anna Univ. B.EJ/B.Tech. Dec. 2007) Solution: The global coordinates of the given clement are xy = 20: yi = 20 at node 1 xz = 40; Yo= 30 at node 2 x3 = 50; yy = 50 at node 3 x4 = 15; ya= 40 at node 4 The local coordinates of the point are e=+=0.5 and n= =05 2 0. 1 2 The Jacobian matrix is given by J =| 23 922 | Refer Eqn. 9.26) Jar Ip where Jy = [ - hm xy +m xg + (xg (1 +m) xy | Bir a= ~A-wyr + —Wy2 44m ¥3~ (4m) yy | 9.34 INTRODUCTION OF FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSig _ [-G-om-aromraromta-os] Jeo=3[ == y,-A+ey2t0 reryg ra -e¥4 | " » point in the ab Substituting the nodal values and local coordinates of the pr ove equations, we get ~ (1 = 0.5) 204 (1 = 0.5) 40-4 (1+ 0.5) 50— (1 + 0.5) 15 | [= 10 +20 + 75 ~ 22.5] = 15.625 [= (1 - 0.5) 20+ (1 — 0.5) 30+ (1 + 0.5) 50 ~ (1 + 0.5) 40) [- 10-60 +75 + 7.5] = 3.125. Ju {= (1 - 0.5) 20 - (1 + 0.5) 30 + (1 + 0.5) 50 + (1 — 0.5) 40} 1 4 =} [- 10-45 +75 +201=10 The Jacobian matrix is, _{ 15.625 5 in| 3.125 | The value of Jacobian matrix is det [J] ic., | J | 15.625 5 | 3.128 10 | = {18.625 x 10) ~ (5 x 8.126) = 140.626 tori 131 =| Result: 15.625 5. The Jacobean matrix wi-[ 3125 10 | and its value is 140.625.

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