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showcasing their versatility and potential to transform various

aspects of daily life.
II. MARKET FORECASTS FOR HUMANOID ROBOTS
The humanoid robot market is poised for substantial growth,
with projections indicating a multi-billion-dollar market by
2035. Key drivers include advancements in AI, cost reductions,
and increasing demand for automation in hazardous and
manufacturing roles.
• Goldman Sachs Report (January 2024):
o Total Addressable Market (TAM): The TAM for
humanoid robots is expected to reach $38 billion by
2035, up from an initial forecast of $6 billion. This
increase is driven by a fourfold rise in shipment
estimates to 1.4 million units.
o Shipment Estimates: The base case scenario
predicts a 53% compound annual growth rate
(CAGR) from 2025 to 2035, with shipments
reaching 1.4 million units by 2035. The bull case
scenario anticipates shipments hitting 1 million units
by 2031, four years ahead of previous expectations.
Abstract – this document provides a comprehensive analysis of the
humanoid robot challenges, focusing on various critical aspects that
o Cost Reductions: The Bill of Materials (BOM) cost
are pivotal for security professionals and other industry specialists. for high-spec robots has decreased by 40% to
The analysis delves into the technological advancements in $150,000 per unit in 2023, down from $250,000 the
humanoid robots, particularly the integration of end-to-end AI and previous year, due to cheaper components and a
multi-modal AI algorithms, which significantly enhance the robots' broader domestic supply chain.
capabilities in handling complex tasks and decision-making
processes. The document also examines the economic implications, • Data Bridge Market Research: The global humanoid
emphasizing the potential of humanoid robots in substituting human robot market is expected to grow from $2.46 billion in
roles, thereby not only increasing safety but also addressing labor 2023 to $55.80 billion by 2031, with a CAGR of 48.5%
shortages in critical sectors and strategic implications of these during the forecast period.
technological advancements on global labor markets and industrial
competitiveness. • SkyQuestt: The market is projected to grow from $1.48
billion in 2019 to $34.96 billion by 2031, with a CAGR
This document is beneficial for security professionals who are
interested in understanding the implications of robotic automation
of 42.1%.
on cybersecurity measures and infrastructure protection. • GlobeNewswire: The global market for humanoid
Additionally, the analysis serves as a valuable resource for industry robots, valued at approximately $1.3 billion in 2022, is
specialists across various sectors, providing insights into how
humanoid robots can be integrated into their operations to enhance
anticipated to expand to $6.3 billion by 2030, with a
efficiency, safety, and innovation. CAGR of 22.3%.
• The Business Research Company: The market is
I. INTRODUCTION
expected to grow from $2.44 billion in 2023 to $3.7
Humanoid robots are advanced machines designed to mimic billion in 2024, with a CAGR of 51.6%. By 2028, the
the human form and behavior, equipped with articulated limbs, market is projected to reach $19.69 billion, with a
advanced sensors, and often the ability to interact socially. These CAGR of 51.9%.
robots are increasingly being utilized across various sectors,
including healthcare, education, industry, and services, due to • Grand View Research: Market Size: The global
their adaptability to human environments and their ability to humanoid robot market was estimated at $1.11 billion in
perform tasks that require human-like dexterity and interaction. 2022 and is expected to grow at a CAGR of 21.1% from
2023 to 2030.
In healthcare, humanoid robots assist with clinical tasks,
provide emotional support, and aid in patient rehabilitation. In • Goldman Sachs (February 2024): In a blue-sky
education, they serve as interactive companions and personal scenario, the market could reach up to $154 billion by
tutors, enhancing learning experiences and promoting social 2035, comparable to the global electric vehicle market
integration for children with special needs. The industrial sector and one-third of the global smartphone market as of
benefits from humanoid robots through automation of repetitive 2021.
and hazardous tasks, improving efficiency and safety. • Macquarie Research: Under a neutral assumption, the
Additionally, in service industries, these robots handle customer global humanoid robot market is expected to reach
assistance, guide visitors, and perform maintenance tasks,
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$107.1 billion by 2035, with a CAGR of 71% from 2025 units (IMUs) for spatial awareness, LiDAR for depth
to 2035. sensing, and cameras for visual perception. These
sensors allow robots to sense and comprehend their
A. Key Drivers and Trends surroundings, enabling them to navigate, communicate,
• Technological Advancements: Significant progress in and make decisions autonomously.
AI, particularly in end-to-end AI and multi-modal AI
algorithms, is accelerating product iterations and • Sensor Fusion Techniques: Techniques such as neural
improving robot capabilities. networks, Bayesian inference, and Kalman filtering are
used to combine sensor data in real-time, providing a
• Cost Reductions: The availability of cheaper comprehensive picture of the robot’s environment. This
components and improvements in design and allows robots to predict their posture, map their
manufacturing techniques are driving down costs, environment, and identify objects and obstacles in their
making humanoid robots more economically viable. path.
• Labor Market Implications: The demand for robots to C. Hardware and Design Improvements
handle hazardous and dangerous jobs is elevated by • Cost Reductions: The Bill of Materials (BOM) cost for
national policies, with potential applications in high-spec robots has decreased significantly, driven by
manufacturing, disaster rescue, and elderly care. the availability of cheaper components and a broader
• Investment and Market Dynamics: Increased domestic supply chain. This reduction in costs is
investments from supply chains, startups, and listed accelerating the timeline for factory and consumer
companies, particularly in the US and Asia, are driving applications of humanoid robots.
market growth. Government support, especially from • Innovative Structural Designs: New structural
China, is also a significant factor. designs, such as those used in the "Adam" robot,
III. TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCEMENTS improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the imitation
learning process. These designs enable robots to exhibit
The development of humanoid robots has seen significant unprecedented human-like characteristics in locomotion
technological advancements, driven by improvements in tasks.
artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning, sensor integration,
and hardware design. These advancements are enabling • Battery and Actuator Enhancements: Improvements
humanoid robots to perform increasingly complex tasks and in battery life and actuator design are critical for
interact more naturally with human environments. enhancing the mobility and agility of humanoid robots.
For instance, robots equipped with hydraulic actuators
A. AI and Machine Learning Integration can typically work in short bursts, but advancements in
• End-to-End AI: The integration of end-to-end AI and battery technology are expected to enable longer
multi-modal AI algorithms has been a game-changer, operational periods.
enabling faster product iterations and improved
D. Human-Robot Interaction and Cognitive Abilities
capabilities in humanoid robots. This approach allows
robots to execute tasks from original commands to final • Cognitive Algorithms: Researchers are developing
outputs under AI self-generated rules, rather than pre- algorithms that mimic important facets of human
programmed rules by software engineers. cognition, such as perception, attention, memory,
learning, and reasoning. These cognitive abilities allow
• Reinforcement Learning (RL): RL frameworks, such robots to decipher sensory input, concentrate on relevant
as the one used in the development of the humanoid inputs, store and retrieve knowledge, and plan actions
robot "Adam," have significantly improved the based on predictions.
efficiency and effectiveness of imitation learning
processes. These frameworks enable robots to achieve • Emotional and Social Interaction: Humanoid robots
human-comparable performance in complex like PEPPER are designed to provide emotional support
locomotion tasks by using human locomotion data for by detecting facial expressions and vocal tones,
imitation learning. adjusting their interactions to create a comforting
environment. This capability is particularly valuable in
• Large Language Models (LLMs): The integration of healthcare settings.
multimodal LLMs, such as Google Gemini and
ChatGPT 4 Multimodal, enhances the robots' ability to E. Real-World Applications and Use Cases
'hear' and 'see,' facilitating more nuanced and interactive • Industrial and Hazardous Environments: Humanoid
engagement with the world. This convergence is robots are increasingly being used in industrial settings
redefining human-robot interactions, enabling robots to to automate repetitive and potentially dangerous tasks.
operate seamlessly in real-world environments. Their agility and precision are leveraged in the
B. Sensor Integration and Fusion inspection and maintenance of hostile environments,
increasing the efficiency of industrial operations.
• Advanced Sensors: Humanoid robots are equipped
with a variety of sensors, including inertial measuring • Healthcare and Education: In healthcare, humanoid
robots assist with clinical tasks and provide emotional
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support to patients. In education, they serve as • Adaptation to New Roles: Workers will need to adapt
interactive companions and personal tutors, promoting to new roles that involve more complex, creative, and
social integration and personalized learning experiences empathetic tasks. Robots will take over monotonous and
physically demanding tasks, allowing humans to focus
IV. LABOR MARKET IMPLICATIONS OF HUMANOID ROBOTS on higher-value work.
The integration of humanoid robots into various industries is
E. Economic and Social Implications
expected to have profound implications for the labor market.
These implications span job displacement, job creation, changes • Productivity and GDP Growth: The adoption of
in job roles, and the need for workforce reskilling. robots is expected to lead to significant productivity
gains, which in turn can boost gross domestic product
A. Job Displacement and Creation (GDP). For example, the increasing use of industrial
• Displacement of Routine Jobs: Humanoid robots are robots has been shown to raise the annual growth of
likely to replace jobs that involve repetitive, manual, and GDP by 0.36% across 17 countries.
routine tasks. This includes roles such as production-line
• Economic Inequality: The benefits of automation and
workers, quality-control assessors, and machine
robotics are likely to accrue to capital owners and skilled
operators. The deployment of robots in these areas can
workers, potentially increasing economic inequality. It
lead to significant job losses, particularly in
is crucial to implement policies that ensure equitable
manufacturing and automotive industries.
access to the benefits of automation and support for
• Creation of New Jobs: While robots may displace displaced workers.
certain jobs, they also create new opportunities,
F. Ethical and Social Considerations
particularly in high-skilled roles. These new jobs
include AI machine specialists, robot programmers, and • Human-Robot Interaction: The rise of humanoid
maintenance technicians. The shift towards more robots raises ethical concerns about the replacement of
advanced roles requires workers to develop new skills human relations with robotic ones. From the perspective
and adapt to working alongside robots. of ubuntu philosophy, human relations are essential for
becoming fully human, and robotic relations may lead to
B. Impact on Wages and Employment social isolation and reduced moral agency.
• Wage Decline: The introduction of robots into the labor
• Policy and Regulation: There is a need for robust
market has been associated with a decline in wages. For
ethical frameworks and regulations to guide the
instance, studies have shown that for every robot added
deployment and use of humanoid robots. This includes
per 1,000 workers, wages decline by approximately
considerations around privacy, security, and the ethical
0.42%, and the employment-to-population ratio
implications of robots taking on roles traditionally held
decreases by 0.2 percentage points.
by humans
• Employment Reduction: The deployment of robots can
lead to a reduction in employment opportunities. V. INCREASED INVESTMENTS AND FUNDING
Research indicates that one more robot per thousand The sources highlight the significant investments and
workers reduces the employment-to-population ratio by funding pouring into the humanoid robotics sector, driven by the
between 0.18 and 0.34 percentage points. potential of this emerging technology and the involvement of
major tech companies and investors.
C. Sector-Specific Impacts
• Manufacturing: The manufacturing sector is expected • Figure AI's Massive Funding Round: Figure AI, a
to see significant changes due to the integration of startup developing humanoid robots, raised a staggering
humanoid robots. Robots can handle tasks such as $675 million in a Series B funding round, valuing the
electric vehicle assembly, component sorting, and other company at $2.6 billion post-money. The funding round
structured environment jobs. This could fill 4% of the attracted prominent investors, including Jeff Bezos
projected US manufacturing labor shortage by 2030. (through Bezos Expeditions), Microsoft, Nvidia,
OpenAI Startup Fund, Amazon Industrial Innovation
• Elderly Care: Humanoid robots are also projected to Fund, Intel Capital, Align Ventures, and ARK Invest.
address 2% of global elderly care demand by 2035. This
application is particularly relevant in countries with • Involvement of Major Tech Companies:
aging populations and a shortage of caregivers. o OpenAI, the company behind ChatGPT, entered
D. Workforce Reskilling and Adaptation into a collaboration agreement with Figure AI to
develop next-generation AI models for humanoid
• Reskilling Initiatives: To mitigate the negative impacts robots, combining OpenAI's research with
of job displacement, there is a need for comprehensive Figure's robotics expertise.
reskilling and upskilling programs. These programs
should focus on equipping workers with the skills o Microsoft is investing $95 million in Figure AI
needed to operate and collaborate with robots. and will provide its Azure cloud services for AI
Governments and businesses must invest in education infrastructure, training, and storage.
and training to prepare the workforce for the future.
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o Nvidia, a leading chipmaker, is investing $50 • This cost reduction is driven by the availability of
million in Figure AI. cheaper components and a broader domestic supply
chain, improving the economic feasibility of factory and
o Amazon's investment arm and the Intel Capital
consumer applications.
venture fund are also participating in the funding
round. D. Accelerated Timeline for Commercial Viability:
• Other Significant Investments: • Based on the cost reductions and technological
advancements, factory applications could become
o Norwegian startup 1X Technologies raised $100 economically viable between 2024 and 2027, one year
million in funding from OpenAI. earlier than previously expected (2025-2028).
o Agility Robotics, backed by Amazon in 2022, is • Consumer applications are projected to become
testing its humanoid robots in Amazon economically viable between 2028 and 2031, 2-4 years
warehouses. earlier than the previous forecast (2030-2035).
o Sanctuary AI is developing a humanoid robot E. Potential Demand and Labor Substitution:
called Phoenix.
• Considering the current technological capabilities, the
o Increased Interest from Venture Capital Firms: visible demand is identified for humanoid robots in
Venture capital firms like Parkway Venture structured environments like manufacturing (e.g., EV
Capital, Align Ventures, ARK Venture Fund, assembly, component sorting).
Aliya Capital Partners, and Tamarack are
investing in humanoid robotics startups. The • For hazardous and dangerous tasks, such as special
funding landscape remains challenging, but the AI operations, disaster rescue, and nuclear maintenance, the
boom has given hope to startups in the humanoid customers may be willing to pay a higher price for
robotics space. humanoid robots due to their adaptability enabled by AI
algorithms.
• Government Support: the potential government
support, especially from China, is a significant factor • Assuming a 5-15% labor substitution rate for these
driving market growth applications, the global demand for humanoid robots
could potentially reach 1.1 million to 3.5 million units.
VI. TECHNOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC VIABILITY
VII. GEOGRAPHICAL TRENDS
A. Technological Advancements:
A. Geographical Insights
• Integration of End-to-End AI and Multi-Modal AI
Algorithms: The humanoid robot market is experiencing significant
growth across various regions, driven by technological
• The incorporation of end-to-end AI and multi-modal AI advancements, increasing demand for automation, and
algorithms has accelerated product iterations and supportive government policies.
improved robot capabilities.
1) North America
• This has enabled faster development cycles and • United States: The U.S. is a major player in the
enhancements in areas like manipulation and humanoid robot market, with companies like Tesla and
interaction, as seen in various products launched in 2023 Boston Dynamics leading the charge in robot
(e.g., Tesla Optimus Gen 2). development. The region is expected to dominate the
B. Advancements in Hardware and Supply Chain: global humanoid robot market due to robust
technological ecosystems and significant investments in
• Better hardware configurations and a wider, deeper research and development. The U.S. market is currently
manufacturing supply chain, especially in China, have estimated at $430.8 Million.
contributed to technological progress.
• Canada and Mexico: These countries are also part of
• The availability of cheaper components and a broader the North American market, benefiting from the
scope of domestic supply chain options have driven cost technological advancements and investments in the
reductions. region.
• The development of robotic LLMs, such as Google's 2) Asia-Pacific
PaLM-E, PaLI-X, and RT-2, has enabled significant • China: China is aggressively pushing for the mass
advancements in natural language processing, vision, production of humanoid robots with the aim of
and control capabilities for humanoid robots. becoming a global leader in the field by 2025. The
C. Economic Viability: Chinese government has issued guidelines to accelerate
the development of humanoid robots, focusing on key
• The BOM cost for high-spec humanoid robots has likely technologies such as AI, high-end manufacturing, and
decreased by 40% to $150,000 per unit in 2023, down new materials. The country aims to establish a domestic
from around $250,000 the previous year. ecosystem for humanoid robots, with products expected
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to be in mass production by 2025. China's market is B. Companies in the Humanoid Robot Sector
forecasted to grow at a CAGR of 26.7%, indicating The humanoid robot market is characterized by a diverse
strong market potential. range of companies spread across North America, Asia-Pacific,
• Japan: Japan has a long-standing tradition of integrating Europe, and other regions. Key players like Tesla, Boston
robotics into various industries, including Dynamics, SoftBank Robotics, and UBTECH Robotics are
manufacturing, healthcare, and entertainment. Japanese driving innovation and commercialization in this sector. The
companies like Fanuc and Softbank Robotics are geographical distribution of these companies highlights the
pioneers in the field, and the country's aging population global nature of the humanoid robot market, with significant
is driving the development of robots for elderly care. contributions from the United States, China, Japan, South Korea,
Japan's market is projected to witness healthy growth and various European countries.
rates of 17.5%. C. Notable Global Humanoid Robot Brands
• South Korea: South Korea is renowned for its • Sophia (Hanson Robotics): A social humanoid robot
innovation in humanoid robots, supported by known for its ability to interact with humans and
technological expertise and government initiatives. The perform various tasks.
country is home to advanced robotics companies like the
Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology • Pepper (SoftBank Robotics): A semi-humanoid robot
(KAIST). designed to read emotions and interact with humans in
multiple languages.
• Other Asia-Pacific Countries: Countries like India,
Australia, Singapore, and Taiwan are also making • Atlas (Boston Dynamics): An advanced humanoid
significant strides in the humanoid robot market, driven robot designed for real-world applications, known for its
by investments in research and development and the agility and mobility.
adoption of automation technologies. • Digit (Agility Robotics): A multi-purpose robot
3) Europe designed to navigate and perform tasks in various
• Germany: Germany is a leader in industrial robotics environments.
and automation, with a strong manufacturing base • Phoenix (Sanctuary AI): A general-purpose humanoid
driving innovation. German companies like KUKA and robot designed to perform a wide range of human tasks.
Festo are at the forefront of developing intelligent robots
for various industrial applications. The country's market • Optimus (Tesla): A humanoid robot designed for
is on track to expand at a CAGR of approximately industrial applications, leveraging Tesla's AI and
20.9%. manufacturing expertise.
• United Kingdom, France, and Italy: These countries • TALOS (PAL Robotics): A humanoid robot designed
are also key players in the European humanoid robot for industrial applications, known for its high-
market, benefiting from strong research institutions and performance sensors and advanced control systems
investments in robotics technology. D. North America
• Scandinavian Countries: Denmark and Sweden are 1) United States:
notable for their contributions to collaborative robotics • Tesla: Known for its Optimus robot, Tesla is leveraging
and industrial automation. Companies like Universal its AI and manufacturing expertise to develop humanoid
Robots and ABB are leading the way in developing robots for industrial applications.
flexible and user-friendly robots.
• Boston Dynamics: A leader in advanced robotics,
4) Middle East and Africa Boston Dynamics is renowned for its Atlas robot, which
• GCC Region: The Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) is designed for real-world applications.
countries, particularly Saudi Arabia and the UAE, are
investing heavily in robotics and automation as part of • Agility Robotics: Specializes in multi-purpose robots
their economic diversification strategies. The region is like Digit, which are designed to navigate and perform
witnessing significant growth in the adoption of tasks in various environments.
humanoid robots for various applications, including • Figure AI: Focuses on creating commercially viable
healthcare and customer service. autonomous humanoid robots, such as Figure 01, aimed
5) South America at addressing labor shortages.
• Brazil and Argentina: These countries are part of the • Promobot Corp.: Develops service robots for public
growing South American market for humanoid robots, relations, personal assistance, and caregiving.
driven by increasing investments in automation and
technological advancements. • Kindred Inc.: Engages in the development of AI-driven
robots for various applications.
• National Aeronautics and Space Administration
(NASA): Involved in the development of humanoid
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robots for space exploration and other advanced • PAL Robotics: Known for its customizable humanoid
applications. robots like TALOS, designed for industrial and
commercial applications.
2) Canada:
• Sanctuary AI: Known for its general-purpose • Macco Robotics: Develops humanoid robots for the
humanoid robot, Phoenix, which is designed to perform hospitality sector, focusing on food and beverage
a wide range of human tasks. service.
• Diligent Robotics: Develops robot assistants like Moxi 2) United Kingdom:
to support healthcare workers by handling routine tasks. • Engineered Arts: Known for its advanced humanoid
robots like Ameca and RoboThespian, which are used
E. Asia-Pacific
for entertainment and educational purposes.
1) China:
• UBTECH Robotics: A leading AI and humanoid • Shadow Robot Company: Specializes in highly
robotics company, known for developing consumer and articulated robotic hands and systems.
business robots. 3) Italy:
• Unitree Robotics: Known for its H1 humanoid robot, • Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT): Engages in
which has set benchmarks in speed and agility. advanced robotics research and development.

• Hanson Robotics: Famous for its social humanoid G. Middle East and Africa
robot, Sophia, which can interact with humans and 1) United Arab Emirates:
perform various tasks. • Various initiatives: The region is investing in robotics
• Xiaomi: Engages in the development of advanced and automation as part of its economic diversification
robotics and AI technologies. strategies.
H. South America
2) Japan:
• SoftBank Robotics: Known for its social robots like 1) Brazil and Argentina:
Pepper, which can read emotions and interact with • Emerging markets: These countries are part of the
humans. growing South American market for humanoid robots,
driven by increasing investments in automation and
• Honda Motor Co., Ltd.: Develops advanced humanoid technological advancements.
robots for various applications.
VIII. ECONOMIC TIMELINES FOR HUMANOID ROBOTS
• Toyota Motor Corporation: Known for its T-HR3
robot, which can be controlled remotely and is designed The economic viability and timelines for the deployment of
for safe interaction with humans. humanoid robots have been significantly influenced by
advancements in technology, cost reductions, and increasing
• Kawada Robotics Corporation: Engages in the demand for automation.
development of humanoid robots for industrial
applications. • Base Case: The base case scenario predicts a 53%
compound annual growth rate (CAGR) from 2025 to
• ROBOTIS: Specializes in robotics components and 2035, with shipments reaching 1.4 million units by
systems. 2035. This scenario assumes continued advancements in
• Hajime Research Institute, Ltd.: Focuses on advanced AI and cost reductions.
robotics research and development. • Bull Case: In the bull case scenario, shipments are
• Advanced Telecommunications Research Institute expected to hit 1 million units by 2031, four years ahead
International (ATR): Involved in cutting-edge robotics of previous expectations, driven by accelerated
research. advancements in end-to-end AI.

3) South Korea: • Blue-Sky Scenario: In the most optimistic scenario, the

market could reach up to $154 billion by 2035,
• Samsung Electronics: Develops advanced robotics and
comparable to the global electric vehicle market and
AI technologies for various applications.
one-third of the global smartphone market as of 2021.
• HYULIM Robot Co., Ltd.: Engages in the This scenario assumes that all technological and market
development of humanoid robots for industrial and hurdles are overcome
commercial use.
• Demand for Hazardous Jobs: The need for robots to
F. Europe handle dangerous jobs is elevated by national policies.
Sensitivity analysis suggests global demand could reach
1) Spain:
1.1 to 3.5 million units, assuming a 5-15% substitution
rate for special operations and auto manufacturing.
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• Special Operations: Humanoid robots are particularly advancements in dexterity, particularly in the
appealing for special operations such as disaster rescue, manipulation of objects, have been noted, although this
nuclear reactor maintenance, and hazardous chemical remains an area with room for improvement.
industry tasks, where human willingness to perform
these jobs is low • Sensory Perception and Feedback Systems: The
integration of advanced sensors and feedback systems
• Increased Investments: There is stronger commitment has enabled humanoid robots to better perceive and
from the supply chain, startups in the US and Asia, and interact with their surroundings. These developments
multiple listed companies setting up new robot have paved the way for increased autonomy and
divisions. Government support, especially from China, interaction capabilities, allowing robots to observe and
is also a significant factor driving market growth. react to their environment more effectively.
• Cost Curve: The cost curve for humanoid robots has • Component Cost Reduction: There has been a
trended down faster than expected, implying better significant reduction in the cost of components
application economics and faster commercialization necessary for building humanoid robots, such as high-
timelines. precision gears, actuators, and batteries. This cost
reduction is primarily due to the availability of cheaper
• Total Addressable Market (TAM): The TAM for components, more supply chain options, and
humanoid robots is projected to reach $38 billion by improvements in design and manufacturing techniques.
2035, up from an initial forecast of $6 billion. This For example, the manufacturing cost of humanoid
increase is driven by a fourfold rise in shipment robots has dropped from a range of $50,000-$250,000
estimates to 1.4 million units. per unit to $30,000-$150,000, facilitating faster
• Cost Reductions: The Bill of Materials (BOM) cost for commercialization.
high-spec humanoid robots has decreased by 40% to B. Software Progress in Humanoid Robots
$150,000 per unit in 2023, down from $250,000 the
previous year. This reduction is due to the availability of Software advancements have been equally pivotal in the
cheaper components and a broader domestic supply evolution of humanoid robots, with significant progress in areas
chain. such as:

• Factory Applications: The timeline for factory • Large Language Models (LLMs): The development of
applications has been accelerated by one year, now robotic LLMs, such as Google's PaLM-E and RT-2, has
expected to be economically viable between 2024 and been a key factor in advancing humanoid robots. These
2027, compared to the previous estimate of 2025 to models enhance the robots' ability to process natural
2028. language commands and analyze tasks' scenarios
through vision, enabling them to execute tasks with a
• Consumer Applications: The timeline for consumer level of understanding and responsiveness akin to
applications has also been accelerated by 2-4 years, now human perception.
expected to be economically viable between 2028 and
2031, compared to the previous estimate of 2030 to • End-to-End AI: The shift towards end-to-end AI,
2035. where models can train themselves without the need for
manual coding by engineers, has accelerated robot
IX. TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS IN HUMANOID ROBOTS development. This approach allows robots to adapt to
new situations more quickly and perform a wider range
Progress in both hardware and software, including the of tasks. Tesla's Optimus Gen 2 is an example of a
development of LLMs and end-to-end AI, has significantly humanoid robot benefiting from end-to-end AI,
advanced the capabilities of humanoid robots. These demonstrating rapid product iteration and the ability to
advancements are paving the way for humanoid robots to perform tasks autonomously.
become more integrated into various aspects of daily life and
industry, offering promising prospects for the future of robotics. C. Robotic LLMs development
A. Hardware Progress in Humanoid Robots • Introduction of PaLM-E and RT-2: 2023 saw
significant advancements in robotic LLMs with the
The development of humanoid robots has seen remarkable
introduction of PaLM-E and RT-2. These models
advancements in hardware, making these robots more versatile,
represent a leap forward in integrating AI with robotics,
efficient, and capable of performing complex tasks.
enabling robots to understand and interact with their
• Bipedal Mobility and Dexterity: Humanoid robots environment in more sophisticated ways.
have achieved significant improvements in bipedal
• PaLM-E's Multimodal Capabilities: PaLM-E,
mobility, allowing them to navigate complex
developed by Google, is an embodied multimodal
environments with agility and precision. For instance,
language model designed for robotics. It combines the
Agility Robotics' Digit exemplifies this progress with its
power of large language models with the ability to
ability to move and walk on two feet, showcasing the
process visual and sensor data, enabling robots to
potential for robots to assist in areas previously
perform tasks across multiple modalities. PaLM-E's
considered too challenging for automation. Similarly,
architecture allows it to understand and execute tasks on
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various types of robots and for multiple modalities, A. Current Uses of Humanoid Robots
including images, robot states, and neural scene • Manufacturing: Humanoid robots are used in
representations. manufacturing for tasks such as assembly, quality
• RT-2's Vision-Language-Action Model: RT-2, or control, and material handling. They can perform
Robotics Transformer 2, developed by Google repetitive tasks with high precision and can work in
DeepMind, is a vision-language-action (VLA) model environments that may be hazardous to humans.
that learns from both web and robotics data. It translates • Healthcare: In healthcare, humanoid robots assist with
high-level reasoning into low-level machine-executable patient care, rehabilitation, and surgery. They can
instructions, significantly enhancing robots' ability to monitor vital signs, assist in physical therapy, and even
manage unforeseen situations and making them more perform complex surgical procedures.
versatile as all-purpose machines.
• E-commerce and Warehousing: Humanoid robots are
• Impact on Robotics: The development of PaLM-E and employed in e-commerce and warehousing to handle
RT-2 has profound implications for the field of robotics. logistics, such as sorting and transporting goods. They
These models enable robots to perform tasks with a help improve efficiency and reduce labor costs.
higher degree of autonomy and adaptability, bridging
the gap between AI's theoretical capabilities and • Customer Service and Hospitality: Humanoid robots
practical applications in robotics. are used in customer service roles, such as concierges,
receptionists, and guides. They can interact with
D. End-to-End AI in Robotics customers, provide information, and enhance the
The integration of LLMs and end-to-end AI in robotics has customer experience.
led to:
• Security: Humanoid robots are used in security to patrol
• Enhanced Human-Robot Interaction: LLMs and end- areas, detect intrusions, and monitor for safety hazards.
to-end AI have significantly improved human-robot They can operate continuously without fatigue and
interaction, making robots more capable of provide real-time data to human operators.
understanding and responding to human commands in a
natural and intuitive manner. This has opened up new • Education and Research: In educational settings,
possibilities for humanoid robots in various industries humanoid robots are used as teaching aids and research
and settings. tools. They help students learn about robotics,
programming, and artificial intelligence.
• Accelerated Learning and Adaptation: These
technologies have enabled humanoid robots to learn • Entertainment: Humanoid robots are also used in
from experiences and adapt to new tasks more entertainment, such as performing at events, acting as
efficiently. The RT-X project, for instance, aims to pool tour guides in museums, and even conducting orchestras
data and resources from multiple robotics labs to create o Potential Future Uses of Humanoid Robots
versatile, general-purpose robots that can operate
effectively beyond limited lab settings. • Military: Humanoid robots could be used in military
applications for tasks such as reconnaissance, bomb
• Increased Autonomy: The advancements in LLMs and disposal, and logistics support. They can operate in
end-to-end AI have contributed to the increased dangerous environments, reducing the risk to human
autonomy of humanoid robots, allowing them to soldiers.
perform complex tasks with minimal human
intervention. This autonomy is crucial for deploying • Cyberbiosecurity: Humanoid robots could play a role
humanoid robots in real-world applications where in cyberbiosecurity by monitoring and protecting
human-like interaction and adaptability are essential biological data and systems from cyber threats. Their
advanced sensors and AI capabilities make them
X. INDUSTRY INSIGTS suitable for this role.
Humanoid robots offer significant potential benefits for • Oil and Gas Industry: In the oil and gas industry,
military applications, including enhanced capabilities, humanoid robots could be used for inspection,
operational efficiency, and cost savings. However, their maintenance, and repair of offshore platforms and
deployment also raises ethical, legal, and technical challenges pipelines. They can operate in hazardous environments,
that must be carefully managed. The economic benefits of reducing the need for human intervention.
investing in humanoid robots are substantial, with potential
gains in productivity, scalability, and long-term technological • Mining: Humanoid robots could be used in mining to
advancements. As technology continues to evolve, it will be perform tasks such as drilling, ore extraction, and safety
crucial to address the associated risks and ensure that the inspections. They can work in dangerous and confined
deployment of humanoid robots in the military is conducted spaces, improving safety and efficiency.
responsibly and ethically. • Financial Services and Stock Markets: Humanoid
robots could assist in financial services by providing
customer support, conducting transactions, and
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analyzing market data. Their ability to process large • Benefits: Increased safety by performing hazardous
amounts of information quickly makes them valuable in tasks such as drilling and pipeline inspections, reducing
this sector. workplace accidents.
• Real Estate Development: In real estate, humanoid • Risks: High initial investment costs and potential job
robots could be used for property inspections, displacement.
maintenance, and customer interactions. They can
provide virtual tours and assist with property • Applications: Automated drilling, maintenance, and
management tasks. inspection of offshore platforms and pipelines.

• Food and Grocery Industry: Humanoid robots could • Economic Benefits: Operational efficiency and reduced
be used in the food and grocery industry for tasks such downtime, leading to cost savings.
as stocking shelves, preparing food, and delivering 4) Mining (Metal, Gold, etc.)
groceries. They can help improve efficiency and reduce • Benefits: Enhanced safety in dangerous mining
labor costs. environments and increased operational efficiency.
• Aircraft: In the aircraft industry, humanoid robots could • Risks: Job displacement and reliance on technology that
assist with maintenance, inspections, and assembly of may malfunction in remote or harsh conditions.
aircraft components. Their precision and ability to work
in confined spaces make them suitable for this role. • Applications: Exploration, drilling, and ore processing
in hazardous or inaccessible areas.
• Maritime and Shipping: Humanoid robots could be
used in maritime and shipping for tasks such as cargo • Economic Benefits: Improved productivity and reduced
handling, ship maintenance, and safety inspections. operational costs through automation.
They can operate in harsh marine environments,
improving efficiency and safety. 5) Financial Services and Stock Markets
• Benefits: Improved accuracy and speed in data analysis
• Smart Cities: In smart cities, humanoid robots could be and decision-making processes.
used for various tasks such as traffic management,
public safety, and maintenance of infrastructure. They • Risks: Potential for algorithmic biases and financial
can interact with citizens, provide information, and help market manipulation.
manage urban environments. • Applications: Automated trading, risk assessment, and
B. Industry impications detailed customer service.
1) Military • Economic Benefits: Increased market efficiency and
• Benefits: Enhanced safety for military personnel by reduced operational costs.
performing dangerous tasks, such as bomb disposal and
6) Real Estate Development
reconnaissance missions, without risking human lives.
• Benefits: Enhanced project planning and execution
• Risks: Potential for increased lethality and ethical through precise measurements and labor.
concerns regarding autonomous decision-making in
combat situations. • Risks: High initial costs and potential for errors in
complex development projects.
• Applications: Combat support, search and rescue
operations, and logistics. • Applications: Site inspections, construction tasks, and
customer interaction in sales centers.
• Economic Benefits: Reduction in training and
healthcare costs associated with human soldiers. • Economic Benefits: Streamlined development
processes and reduced labor costs.
2) Cyberbiosecurity
7) Food and Grocery Industry e-commerce
• Benefits: Improved security protocols in handling
sensitive biological data and materials, reducing the risk • Benefits: Improved efficiency in order fulfillment and
of biohazards. inventory management.

• Risks: Vulnerability to hacking and misuse, potentially • Risks: Potential loss of jobs and challenges in handling
leading to biosecurity threats. delicate products.

• Applications: Secure handling and analysis of • Applications: Automated picking and packing,
biohazardous materials, surveillance of biosecure areas. customer service, and inventory audits.

• Economic Benefits: Enhanced efficiency in biosecurity • Economic Benefits: Enhanced operational efficiency
management, potentially reducing the costs associated and customer satisfaction through faster service.
with biosecurity breaches. 8) Aircraft
3) Oil and Gas Industry • Benefits: Precision in manufacturing processes and
maintenance tasks.
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• Risks: High development costs and potential for errors • Economic Benefits: Improved patient outcomes and
in critical safety systems. potential reduction in healthcare costs.
• Applications: Assembly, inspection, and repair of 11) Maritime and Shipping
aircraft components. • Benefits: Enhanced safety in hazardous conditions and
improved efficiency in cargo handling.
• Economic Benefits: Reduced manufacturing and
maintenance costs, improved safety records. • Risks: Navigational errors and potential for piracy or
hijacking.
9) Manufacturing
• Benefits: Increased production efficiency and flexibility • Applications: Cargo loading and unloading, ship
in handling diverse tasks. maintenance, and at-sea inspections.
• Risks: Job displacement and initial investment costs. • Economic Benefits: Reduced operational costs and
improved turnaround times.
• Applications: Assembly lines, quality control, and
logistics. 12) Smart City
• Benefits: Improved public services and safety through
• Economic Benefits: Enhanced productivity and
surveillance and maintenance tasks.
reduced labor costs.
• Risks: Privacy concerns and high implementation costs.
10) Healthcare
• Benefits: Assistance in surgeries, patient care, and • Applications: Public space maintenance, waste
rehabilitation with precision and consistency. management, and security patrols.
• Risks: Ethical concerns regarding patient interaction • Economic Benefits: Enhanced quality of life for
and potential for malfunctions. residents and potential attraction for businesses.
• Applications: Surgical assistance, patient monitoring,
and physical therapy.