1. New Uma Technical Degree College Shohratgarh SDR . Branch Director – Aman Prajapati Mo.

9140073345

Semester (2nd)
Operating System (Linux, Windows, M. S. Dos)
Operating System :- ,sls system software Programs ds leqg tks User, Application Software ls lEidZ LFkkfir
djrk gS Operating System dgykrk gSA Operating System ,sls Program gSA tks computer ds fofHkUu vaxks dks funs”Z k
nsrk gS fd fdl izdkj os izkslsflax dks lQy cukosa vr% Li’V gS fd operating system computer dh lHkh Device’s dks
fu;fU=r djrk gSA
Important’s of Operating System :- Operating system ,d master control program gS] tks computer dk
lapkyu djrk gS vkSj ,d fu;U=d dh Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gS ;g C.P.U ls izkIr ladsrks dks computer ds Hkkxkas rd ds izokg dks Hkh
fu;af=r djrk gSA computer ds start gksrs gh operating system, gh lcls igyk program gS tks secondary storage
device esa ls dEI;wVj ds memory esa store gks tkrk gSA
Work of Operating system :- Computer Hardware fuZtho iwtsZ gksrs gSA ysfdu ekuoh; lksp ds vuqlkj dk;Z djrs gSA
;s fu;af=r gksdj dk;Z djrs gSA Operating system dk egRoiw.kZ ,oa izkFkfed dk;Z gSA Control and Management djuk
gksrk gSA Operating system ;g lqfuf’pr djrk gSA fd Processing ds fy, input fd;k x;k izksxzke vius dk;ksZ dks Øekuqlkj
lEiUu djsAa ftl izdkj ekuo ‘kjhj esa Blood (jDr) “kjhj dh lHkh fØ;kvksa ds lapkyu esa lgk;d gksrs gSA mlh izdkj Operating
system Computer ds lHkh fØ;kvksa ds lapkyu esa lgk;d gksrs gSA vFkkZr Operating system Computer dk Blood (jDr)
gksrk gSA Operating system ds dk;Z fuEufyf[kr gSA

 User }kjk fn, x, fofHkUu funs”Z kks o gkMZos;j ds e/; ijLij lEidZ LFkkfir djukA
 Input/output Management djukA
 Memory Management djukA
 File Management djukA
 Processing Management djuk bR;kfnA

Type of Operating System :- Operating system eq[; #i ls pkj izdkj ds gksrs gSA

(i) Single User Single Task Operating System

(ii) Multi User Multi Task Operating System
(iii) Single User Multi Task Operating System
(iv) Real Time Operating System

(i) Single User Single Task Operating System :- og Operating System tks ,d dEI;wVj ij ,d
;wtj dks ,d ckj esa ,d gh dk;Z dks djus dh vuqefr nsrk gSA og Single User Single Task Operating
System dgykrk gSA
(ii) Multi User Multi Task Operating System :- og Operating System tks ,d dEI;wVj ij ,d
lkFk dbZ ;wtj vkSj dbZ dk;Z dks ,d lkFk djus dh vuqefr nsrk gSA og Multi User Multi Task
Operating System dgykrk gSA
(iii) Single User Multi Task Operating :- og Operating System tks ,d ckj esa ,d gh ;wtj ijUrq dbZ
dk;Z ,d lkFk dj ldrk gSA og Single User Multi Task Operating System dgykrk gSA
(iv) Real Time Operating System :- og Operating System tks fdlh vU; e”khu ;k fMokbl ls pyrk
gS] tSls-C.T.(Computed Tomography) Scan Machine og Real Time Operating System
dgykrk gSA

Basic of Popular Operating System :- lkekU;r% nks Operating System Popular (yksdfiz;) gSaA
(i) Linux Operating System
(ii) Windows Operating System
 2. New Uma Technical Degree College Shohratgarh SDR . Branch Director – Aman Prajapati Mo. 9140073345

(i) Linux Operating System :- Linux ,d Lora= Portable Operating System gSA vr% bldks pykus ds
fy, fdlh vU; Operating System dh vko”;drk ugh gksrh gSA izkjEHk esa Linux Operating System dks
Linus Torvalds us cuk;k FkkA izkjEHk esa bls Server ds #i esa mi;ksx fd;k tkrk FkkA rFkk bl Operating
System esa G.U.I. (Graphical User Interface) rFkk C.U.I. (Command User Interface) nksuks gh
Features gksrs gSA G.U.I. esa Windows tSlk System gksrk gSA blesa Hkh Desktop Area, Icons File and
Folders Management gksrk gSA
(ii) Windows Operating System :- ;g (G.U.I.) dk lcls Popular Operating System gSA ;g Hkh
Multi Tasking Network Supported Operating System gSA Windows dk [kkst loZizFke Willgates
us fd;kA Windows ds dbZ Version vk;s orZeku le; ds lcls lQy Windows Windows 7,
Windows 10 gSA tks lcls vf/kd iz;ksx fd;s tkrs gSA Windows ds fuEu Version gSA tSls&

1. Windows 95
2. Windows 98
3. Windows ME
4. Windows 2000
5. Windows Unlimited
6. Windows Ghost
7. Windows CS
8. Windows XP
9. Windows Server
10. Windows Vista
11. Windows 7
12. Windows 8
13. Windows 8.1
14. Windows 10 etc.

Desktop :- Windows ds Screen dks Desktop dgrs gSA

Recycle Bin :- ;g Icon Delete dh x;h Folders dks LVksj djds j[krk gSA vkSj Delete dh x;h Folders dks
vko”;drk iM+us ij Recycle Bin ls Restore Hkh dj ldrs gSA
Taskbar :- ;g Desktop ij By default lcls uhps fLFkr gksrk gSA Taskbar dks Screen ds Åij ;k Side esa Hkh
Move fd;k tk ldrk gSA Taskbar ij open dh x;h Program dh lwph ns[krs gSA
Start Menu :- Start Menu Windows Screen ds uhps Taskbar ij fLFkr gksrk gSA bl ij Click djds Computer
ds fdlh Hkh Program ;k File dks Open dj ldrs gSA bldk Shortcut Key window Key or ctrl+esc Key gksrk gSA
bldks Open djus ij fuEu icons show gksrs gSA tSls&
Document, Computer, Device and Printer, Help and Support, All Programs, Search Programs and Files,
Log off and Switch User, Shutdown and Restart, Standby and Hibernet, Control Panel etc.
Document :- ;g Icon ,d Folder dks n’kkZrk gS] tks Document dks lqjf{kr j[kus ds fy, ,d Default Location ds
#i esa dbZ Programs }kjk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA blesa ge vius File and Folders dks Store djrs gSA
Computer :- ;g Icon Computer ls Connected Resource ds varxZr vkrk gSA blesa fuEu Drives(C, D, E,) cus
gksrs gSA ftlesa ge vius Files dks lqjf{kr j[krs gSA
Device and Printer :- ;g Icon Computer ls Connected Device and Printer ds lwph dks fn[kkrk gSA
Help and Support :- bl Icon ij Click djd Computer ls lEcaf/kr fdlh Programs Files dh tkudkjh izkIr
dj ldrs gSA
 3. New Uma Technical Degree College Shohratgarh SDR . Branch Director – Aman Prajapati Mo. 9140073345

All Programs :- bl Icon ij Click djds Computer esa fLFkr fdlh Programs dks Open dj ldrs gSA
Search Programs and Files :- bl ij Click djds Computer esa fLFkr fdlh Programs and Files dks Search
djds vksisu dj ldrs gSA
Log off and Switch User :- Computer dks Log off djds ,d User Account dks cUn djds nwljs User Account
dks Open dj ldrs gSA Log off and Switch User dk iz;ksx djus ij Computer dk System ugh cUn gksrk gSA dsoy
User Account cUn gksrk gSA
Shutdown and Restart :- Shutdown djus ij Computer System cUn gks tkrh gSA tc fd Restart djus ij
Computer System cUn gksdj iqu% On gks tkrh gSA
Standby and Hibernet :- Standby dks Sleep Mode Hkh dgk tkrk gSA blesa u rks dksbZ Applications File vkSj u
gh System Files cUn gksrh gSA blesa Ram dks NksM+dj vU; Device tSls& ekWfuVj dh ikoj lIykbZ vkWQ gks tkrh gSA iqu%
vksisu djus ij ogha ij vk tkrk gS] tgk¡ ij gekjk Application [kqyk jgrk gSA
Hibernet esa Application dh File [kqyh gksrh gSA tc fd System Files tSls& Bios dh File cUn gks tkrh gSA
iqu% vksisu djus ij Windows Resume djds okil vius Application ij pyk tkrk gSA tks blds igys py jgk FkkA
Control Panel :- ;g Computer dk lcls eq[; Hkkx gksrk gSA blds }kjk gh Computer ds lHkh Programs File dh
Setting djrs gSA bl Icon ij Click djus ij fuEu Option Show djrs gSA
tSls& Date&Time, Device Manager, Display, Folder Option, Fonts, Keyboard, Mouse,
Network&Sharing Center, Resion&Language, Sound, Taskbar&Start Menu, User Account etc.
Moving Files :- Moving Files dk vFkZ File dks Move djuk gksrk gSA File dks Move djus ds fy, Mouse Pointer
ls File dks idM+ dj ,d Folder ls nwljh Folder esa Drage djus ij File Move gks tkrk gSA File dks Cut djds
Paste djus ij Hkh File Move gks tkrk gSA

Copying Files :- Copying Files dk vFkZ File dks Copy djuk gksrk gSA File dks Copy djus ds fy, Mouse
Pointer ls File dks idM+ dj Ctrl Key nck dj ,d Folder ls nwljh Folder esa Drage djus ij File Copy gks tkrk
gSA File dks Copy djds Paste djus ij Hkh File Copy gks tkrk gSA

Windows Basic Shortcut Key :- Windows esa iz;ksx fd;s tkus okys Shortcut Key fuEu gSA

1. Ctrl+A – Select All

2. Ctrl+C – Copy
3. Ctrl+V – Past
4. Ctrl+X – Cut / move
5. Ctrl+Z – Undo
6. Ctrl+Y – Redo
7. Ctrl+O – Open
8. Ctrl+P – Print
9. Ctrl+N – New Page
10. Ctrl+S – Save Page
11. Ctrl+B – Select Text Bold
12. Ctrl+I – Select Text Italic
13. Ctrl+U – Select Text Underline
14. Ctrl+= - Select Text Subscript
15. Ctrl+Shift + + - Select Text Superscript
16. Ctrl + D = Change The Font
17. Ctrl+L – Align Text to Left
18. Ctrl+E - Align Text to Center
 4. New Uma Technical Degree College Shohratgarh SDR . Branch Director – Aman Prajapati Mo. 9140073345

19. Ctrl+R - Align Text to Right

20. Ctrl+J - Align Text to Justify
21. Ctrl+W – Close The Window
22. Ctrl+F - Find
23. Ctrl+H - Replace
24. Ctrl+G – Go to Page
25. Ctrl+Enter Key – Insert the new Page
26. Ctrl+Shift+F – Change the Font
27. Ctrl+Shift+> - Select Text Grow
28. Ctrl+Shift+< - Select Text Shrink
29. Window+R – Open Run
30. Window+D – Minimize the Program
31. Window+E – Open The My Computer
32. Window+L – Switch The Window
33. Window++ - Window Zoom in
34. Window+_ - Window Zoom Out
35. Window+Pause Break Key – My Computer Properties
36. Alt+Ctrl+Del – Restart The Computer
37. Alt+Space Key – Open The Control Menu
38. Alt+Space Key+X – Maxmize The Window
39. Alt+Space+Enter Key – Restore Down
40. Alt+Ctrl+Arrow Key – Rotet the Window
41. Alt+F4 – Close the Program & System
42. Alt+F – Open the File Menu
43. Alt+Tab – Change Program
44. Print Screen Key – Print Screen (Copy)
45. F1 - Help
46. F2 - Rename
47. F5 - Refresh
48. F10 – Show The Shortcut
49. F12 – Save As
50. Tab = Change the option

(M.S.D.O.S. (Micro Soft Disk Operating System)

MS DOS :- Ms dos Windows dk ,d v/kkj gksrk gSA MS Dos ds fcuk Windows pyuk vlEHko gSA MS Dos dk eq[;
dk;Z Hardware rFkk Software ds chp lEca/k LFkkfir djuk gksrk gSA Windows Operating System esa Ms dos dks
Prompt ds #i esa “kkfey fd;k x;k gSA Ms dos dks pykus ds fy, fuEu nks Command Group dh vko”;drk gksrh gSA
Internal Command Group
External Command Group
File :- Disk }kjk Record dh x;h lqpukvksa ds lewg dks File dgrs gSA
Directory File :- ftl izdkj lqpukvksa ds lewg dks File dgrs gSA mlh izdkj Files ds lewg dks Directory File dgrs gSA
File Extention :- ;g ,d izdkj dk Level gksrk gSA tks File dh igpku ds fy, yxk;k tkrk gSA tSls& dlh Movie File ds
fy, .MP3, .MP4, .3GP, vkSj MS Word ds fy, .DOCX etc.
Cursor :- ;g Ms dos esa ,d fVefVekrk gqvk MSl ¼&½ gksrk gSA tks VkbZi fd;s x;s Text dk Last Point crkrk gSA
 5. New Uma Technical Degree College Shohratgarh SDR . Branch Director – Aman Prajapati Mo. 9140073345

Prompt :- Prompt Ms dos esa dk;Z djus dh vuqefr nsrk gSA vFkkZr Ms dos esa Prompt ij gh Work djrs gSA Ms dos esa
Prompt My Computer d Drive ij fuHkZj gksrs gSA tSls& ;fn ge C Prompt (C:\>) ij Work djrs gSA rks og C
Drive esa Save gksrk gSA vkSj ;fn D Prompt (D:\>) ij Work djrs gSA rks og D Drive esa Save gksrk gSA

Booting :- CPU dk Start Button nckus ls ysdj ,d fuf”pr Prompt vkus rd dh fØ;k dks Booting dgrs gSA Booting
nks izdkj ds gksrs gSA

1. Cold Booting
2. Warm Booting
1. Cold Booting :- Computer dks On djus dh fØ;k dks Cold Booting dgrs gSA
2. Warm Booting :- Computer dks Restart djus dh fØ;k dks Warm Booting dgrs gSA
Ms dos dks Start djuk :- Ms dos dks Start djus ds fy, Work
(i) Start Button click– All Program click– Accessories click – Command Prompt Click
(ii) Window+R, Run – Open

Ms dos esa fuEu Command dk Use djrs gSaA

1. Copy Con Command
2. Dir Command
3. Ren Command
4. Type Command
5. Copy Command
6. Del Command
7. MD-CD Command
8. Del Tree Command
9. RD Command
10. CLS Command
11. Date Command
12. Time Command
13. Exit Command
14. More> Command
15. Attrib Hidden Command
16. Read Only Command
17. Color Command
18. Prompt Change Command
19. Prompt Command
20. Ver Command
21. CD Command
1. Copy Con Command :- bl Command dk Use Ms dos esa Simple File cukus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
Work :- C:\> Copy_Con_File Name(ram)
Type any matter, Press F6 Or Ctrl + Z Save
2. DIR Command :- bl Command dk Use Ms dos esa cuk;s x;s File dks ns[kus fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
Work :- C:\> Dir
3. Ren Command :- bl Command dk Use Ms dos esa cuk;s x;s File dks Rename djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
Work :- C:\> Ren_Old File Name_New File Name
 6. New Uma Technical Degree College Shohratgarh SDR . Branch Director – Aman Prajapati Mo. 9140073345

4. Type Command :- bl Command dk Use Ms dos esa cuk;s x;s File ds Matter dks ns[kus fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
Work :- C:\> Type_File Name
5. Copy Command :- bl Command dk Use Ms dos esa cuk;s x;s File dks Copy djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
Work :- C:\> Copy_Old File Name_New File Name
6. Del Command :- bl Command dk Use Ms dos esa cuk;s x;s File dks Delete djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
Work :- C:\> Del_File Name
7. MD CD Command :- bl Command dk Use Ms dos esa Directory File cukus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
Work :- C:\>MD_Directory File Name(Uma)
C:\>CD_ Directory File Name(Uma)
C:\Uma>
Directory File dks ckgj fudkyus ds fy,
Work :- C:\Uma>CD..

8. Del Tree Command :- bl Command dk Use Ms dos esa cuk;s x;s Directory File ds vanj dh File dks
Delete djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
Work :- C:\>Del_Tree_Derectory File Name
9. RD Command :- bl Command dk Use Ms dos esa cuk;s x;s Directory File dks Delete djus ds fy, fd;k
tkrk gSA ;g Command Derectory File dks rc Delete djrk gSA tc Derectory File [kkyh gksrk gSA
Work :- C:\>RD_Derectory File Name
10. CLS Command :- bl Command dk Use Ms dos ds Screen dks lkQ djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
Work :- C:\>CLS
11. Date Command :- bl Command dk Use Ms dos ds }kjk Computer ds Date dks ns[kus ds fy, fd;k tkrk
gSA
Work :- C:\>Date
12. Time Command :- bl Command dk Use Ms dos ds }kjk Computer ds Time dks ns[kus ds fy, fd;k tkrk
gSA
Work :- C:\>Time
13. Exit Command :- bl Command dk Use Ms dos dks Close djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
Work :- C:\>Exit
14. More> Command :- bl Command dk Use Ms dos esa Copy Con Command dh rjg File cukus ds fy,
fd;k tkrk gSA
Work :- C:\> More>_File Name(ram)

Type any matter, Press F6 Or Ctrl + Z Save

15. Attrib Hidden Command :- bl Command dk Use Ms dos esa cuk;s x;s File dks Hide djus ds fy, fd;k
tkrk gSA
Work :- C:\>Attrib_+H_File Name
Unhide djus ds fy,
Work :- C:\>Attrib_-H_File Name
16. Read Only Command :- bl Command dk Use Ms dos esa cuk;s x;s File dks Read Only djus ds fy,
fd;k tkrk gSA Read Only fd;k x;k File Delete ugh gksrk gSA
Work :- C:\>Attrib_+R_File Name
Read Only gVkus ds fy,
Work :- C:\>Attrib_-R_File Name
 7. New Uma Technical Degree College Shohratgarh SDR . Branch Director – Aman Prajapati Mo. 9140073345

17. Color Command :- bl Command dk Use Ms dos ds Background rFkk Text dks Color djus ds fy,
fd;k tkrk gSA
Work of Color Code Chart :- C:\>Color_eee
Work of Background Color :- C:\>Color_Color Code B
Work of Text Color :- C:\>Color_Color Code

18. Prompt Change Command :- bl Command dk Use Ms dos ds Prompt dk Change djus ds fy, fd;k
tkrk gSA
Work :- C:\>D:
D:\>
19. Prompt Command :- bl Command dk Use Ms dos ds Prompt ds LFkku ij viuk Name fy[kus ds fy,
fd;k tkrk gSA
Work :- C:\>Prompt_$LShyam$G
<Shyam>
<Shyam> Prompt_$P$G
C:\>
20. Ver Command :- bl Command dk Use Ms dos ds }kjk Computer ds Version (laLdj.k) dks ns[kus ds fy,
fd;k tkrk gSA Work :- C:\>Ver
21. CD Command :- bl Command dk Use Ms dos esa cuk;s x;s fdlh iqjkus Directory File ds vanj tkus ds
fy, fd;k tkrk gSA Work :- C:\>cd Directory File Name (ram)

Batch File :- MSDos Command ds lewg dks Batch File dgrs gSA Batch File nks izdkj ds gkrs gSA
(i) Auto Batch File
(ii) Simple Batch File

(i) Auto Batch File :- ;g og Batch File gksrk gSA tks dEI;wVj ds vku gksrs gh Run djus yxrk gSA
(ii) Simple Batch ile :- ;g og Batch File gksrk gSA tks dEI;wVj ds vku gks tkus ds ckn Command
Prompt ij Batch File dk uke fy[kuk iM+rk gSA
Work :- C:\> CD_Docume~1
C:\Docume~1>CD_Alluse~1
C:\Docume~1\Alluse~1>CD_Startm~1
C:\Docume~1\Alluse~1\Startm~1>CD_Programs
C:\Docume~1\Alluse~1\Startm~1\Programs>CD_Access~1
C:\Docume~1\Alluse~1\Startm~1\Programs\Access>MSPaint
Open the MSPaint

By hariom at 8:33 pm, Nov 24, 2023