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    Zig Bee

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    Yoganathan B

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Zig Bee

    Uploaded by

    Yoganathan B
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    ZigBee

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    Zig Bee

    Uploaded by

    Yoganathan B

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Introduction of ZigBee

    Last Updated : 22 Feb, 2023


    ZigBee is a Personal Area Network task group with low rate task group 4. It is a
    technology of home networking. ZigBee is a technological standard created for
    controlling and sensing the network. As we know that ZigBee is the Personal Area
    Network of task group 4 so it is based on IEEE 802.15.4 and is created by Zigbee
    Alliance.
    ZigBee is an open, global, packet-based protocol designed to provide an easy-to-
    use architecture for secure, reliable, low power wireless networks. Flow or process
    control equipment can be place anywhere and still communicate with the rest of the
    system. It can also be moved, since the network doesn’t care about the physical
    location of a sensor, pump or valve.
    IEEE802.15.4 developed the PHY and MAC layer whereas, the ZigBee takes care
    of upper higher layers.
    ZigBee is a standard that addresses the need for very low-cost implementation of
    Low power devices with Low data rates for short-range wireless communications.
    IEEE 802.15.4 supports star and peer-to-peer topologies. The ZigBee
    specification supports star and two kinds of peer-to-peer topologies, mesh
    and cluster tree. ZigBee-compliant devices are sometimes specified as
    supporting point-to-point and point-to-multipoint topologies.
    Why another short-range communication standard??
    Types of ZigBee Devices:

     Zigbee Coordinator Device: It communicates with routers. This


    device is used for connecting the devices.
     Zigbee Router: It is used for passing the data between devices.
     Zigbee End Device: It is the device that is going to be controlled.

    General Characteristics of Zigbee Standard:

     Low Power Consumption


     Low Data Rate (20- 250 kbps)
     Short-Range (75-100 meters)
     Network Join Time (~ 30 msec)
     Support Small and Large Networks (up to 65000 devices (Theory); 240
    devices (Practically))
     Low Cost of Products and Cheap Implementation (Open Source
    Protocol)
     Extremely low-duty cycle.
     3 frequency bands with 27 channels.
    Operating Frequency Bands (Only one channel will be selected for use
    in a network):
    1. Channel 0: 868 MHz (Europe)
    2. Channel 1-10: 915 MHz (the US and Australia)
    3. Channel 11-26: 2.4 GHz (Across the World)

    Features of Zigbee:

    1. Stochastic addressing: A device is assigned a random address and


    announced. Mechanism for address conflict resolution. Parents node don’t
    need to maintain assigned address table.
    2. Link Management: Each node maintains quality of links to neighbors.
    Link quality is used as link cost in routing.
    3. Frequency Agility: Nodes experience interference report to channel
    manager, which then selects another channel
    4. Asymmetric Link: Each node has different transmit power and
    sensitivity. Paths may be asymmetric.
    5. Power Management: Routers and Coordinators use main power. End
    Devices use batteries.
    Advantages of Zigbee:
    1. Designed for low power consumption.
    2. Provides network security and application support services operating
    on the top of IEEE.
    3. Zigbee makes possible completely networks homes where all devices
    are able to communicate and be
    4. Use in smart home
    5. Easy implementation
    6. Adequate security features.
    7. Low cost: Zigbee chips and modules are relatively inexpensive, which
    makes it a cost-effective solution for IoT applications.
    8. Mesh networking: Zigbee uses a mesh network topology, which
    allows for devices to communicate with each other without the need for
    a central hub or router. This makes it ideal for use in smart home
    applications where devices need to communicate with each other and
    with a central control hub.
    9. Reliability: Zigbee protocol is designed to be highly reliable, with
    robust mechanisms in place to ensure that data is delivered reliably
    even in adverse conditions.
    Disadvantages of Zigbee :
    1. Limited range: Zigbee has a relatively short range compared to other
    wireless communications protocols, which can make it less suitable for
    certain types of applications or for use in large buildings.
    2. Limited data rate: Zigbee is designed for low-data-rate applications,
    which can make it less suitable for applications that require high-speed
    data transfer.
    3. Interoperability: Zigbee is not as widely adopted as other IoT
    protocols, which can make it difficult to find devices that are compatible
    with each other.
    4. Security: Zigbee’s security features are not as robust as other IoT
    protocols, making it more vulnerable to hacking and other security
    threats.

    Zigbee Network Topologies:

     Star Topology (ZigBee Smart Energy): Consists of a coordinator and


    several end devices, end devices communicate only with the
    coordinator.
     Mesh Topology (Self Healing Process): Mesh topology consists of one
    coordinator, several routers, and end devices.
     Tree Topology: In this topology, the network consists of a central node
    which is a coordinator, several routers, and end devices. the function of
    the router is to extend the network coverage.

    Architecture of Zigbee:

    Zigbee architecture is a combination of 6 layers.


    1. Application Layer
    2. Application Interface Layer
    3. Security Layer
    4. Network Layer
    5. Medium Access Control Layer
    6. Physical Layer

     Physical layer: The lowest two layers i.e the physical and the MAC
    (Medium Access Control) Layer are defined by the IEEE 802.15.4
    specifications. The Physical layer is closest to the hardware and
    directly controls and communicates with the Zigbee radio. The physical
    layer translates the data packets in the over-the-air bits for
    transmission and vice-versa during the reception.
     Medium Access Control layer (MAC layer): The layer is responsible
    for the interface between the physical and network layer. The MAC
    layer is also responsible for providing PAN ID and also network
    discovery through beacon requests.
     Network layer: This layer acts as an interface between the MAC layer
    and the application layer. It is responsible for mesh networking.
     Application layer: The application layer in the Zigbee stack is the
    highest protocol layer and it consists of the application support sub-
    layer and Zigbee device object. It contains manufacturer-defined
    applications.
    Channel Access:
    1. Contention Based Method (Carrier-Sense Multiple Access With
    Collision Avoidance Mechanism)
    2. Contention Free Method (Coordinator dedicates a specific time slot to
    each device (Guaranteed Time Slot (GTS)))

    Zigbee Applications:

    1. Home Automation
    2. Medical Data Collection
    3. Industrial Control Systems
    4. meter reading system
    5. light control system
    6. Commercial
    7. Government Markets Worldwide
    8. Home Networking

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