EXERCISES OF STATISTICAL MECHANICS

Exercise 1: Calculate the average value with degree n of the exponent

n
of the absolute velocity of v
Solution
3/ 2

 ( v )  4 
m  2  mv 2 / 2 kT
 v e
 2kT 

1  m21 n  1
In   e x dx  
x 2 m
( )
0
2 2
(m  1)  m(m) , (1)  1 , (1 / 2)  
 3/ 2 
 m 
v   v  ( v )dv  4   e dv
n  2 v2

n n
v
0  2 kT  0
We have

1  n 23  n  3 
v dv  
n2 v 2
e  
0
2  2 
n 3

 n  3
3/ 2
 m  1 m  2
v n  4      
 2 kT  2  2kT   2 
 n  3
n/2
2  2kT 
    
  m   2 
Where
m

2kT

Exercise 2: Calculate the average kinetic energy of the atom with

mass m and velocity v?
Solution
 mv 2 m 2 m 2  2kT   5 
K   v      
2 2 2   m  2
m  2kT  3  3  2kT 3 1 3
        kT
  m 2 2  22 2

Exercise 3: Calculate the average value of squared fluctuations of

atomic velocity?
Solution

v 2  2
 v  v  v2  v  2

2  2kT   5  2 2kT 3 1 3kT

v2        
  m  2  m 22 m


1/ 2 1/ 2
2  2kT  2  2kT 
v    ( 2 )    .1.(1) 
  m    m 
1/ 2
2  2kT 
  
  m 
2
v 
4 2kT 8kT
 m

m

v 2  3kT  8kT  kT  3  8 

m m m 
Exercise 4: Calculate the average value of squared fluctuations of
kinetic energy of an atom with mass m and velocity v?
Solution

K 2 
 KK 2
 K2  K  2
 2
 mv 2 
2
m2 4 m 2 2  2kT   7 
K 
2
 2    4 v  4     
    m  2
m 2 2  2kT  5 3 1
    
15
kT 2
4   m 2 2 2 4

 
K 
mv 2
2

mv 2
2

m 2  2kT   5  3
    kT 
2   m  2 2
 
K  kT 
2 9
4
2

 K  
15 9 3
(kT )2  (kT )2  (kT )2
2

4 4 2
Note:
3/ 2 P2
2  1   2mkT
( P)    p 2e 2 mkT
P
  2mkT  và

Exercise 5:
Prove that: In the thermodynamic equilibrium states corresponding
to external parameter a. We have a relation:
 A   a   T 
       1
 T T  T  A  a a
Solution

We have
 A   A 
  dT    da  dA, A  const
 T  a  a T
 A   A   A   T   A 
  dT    da  0         0
 T  a  a T  T  a  a  A  a T
 A   T   A 
      
 T  a  a  A  a T
it is deduced:
 A   a   T 
       1
 T T  T A a a
Exercise 6:
Setting up the relationship between the heat coefficients
Solution

1  V  1  V  1  P 
   ;     ;    (1)
Vo  T  P Vo  P T Po  T V
We have:
A = P; v = a
 P   v   T 
       1
 T T  T P  v v (2)
Substituting (2) into (1) we obtain:
1 1
 Vo  1    Po
Vo Po

Exercise 7: Calculate the average energy per volume unit of a photon

gas, if photon gas has degeneracy multiplicity g = 2 and obeys the
Bose Einstein distribution.
Solution



E    n( ) ( )d ,   , 
0
c

2 ( )
  / kT
d (  ) (1)
0
e  1
If the ideal gas contained in the volume, the quantum state of each
particle with momentum  p, p  dp :

V 2
  2 3 (2)
2 c
Substituting (2) into (1) we obtain:
  
E 22 3 d (kT )4 x 3dx
V 0 e / kT  1 2 2c3 0  2c32 (e x  1)
 


 x 3dx  4
x
kT
; 0 e x  1  15
it is deduced:
E  2k 4 4
 T
V 15c 3 2

Exercise 8: Calculate the average moment of a system of N atoms,


each atom has magnetic moment o and two orientations in a

magnetic field B ; in which  o is respectively in the same or
opposite direction of the magnetic fields
Solution
 
In B each magnetic moment o has two states corresponding to energies
 
E   o B ( o in the same direction of B )
 
E  o B ( o in the opposite direction of B )
Similarly we obtain:
  ce  E  / kT
;   ce  E / kT ;
The constant c determined from the condition
    1  1  c(e B / kT  e  B / kT )  e1  2ch ( o B / kT )
o o

1
c
2ch ( o B / kT )
average value o
o  o  o  o c(e  B / kT  e   B / kT )  c2Sh( o B / kT ) 
o o

 oth ( o B / kT )
average value:
M  No  Noth ( o B / kT )

Exercise 9: A system of ideal gas consisting N identical mono-atoms

in volume V is given.
1) Calculate state integration of an ideal gas (the classical
statistics sum)
2) Calculate the free energy of the ideal gas
 3) Set the equation of state of ideal gas
4) Calculate Entropy of ideal gas
5) Calculate the internal energy of ideal gas (average energy)
6) Calculate the heat capacity at constant volume of ideal gas
Solution
1) Hamiltonian function of ideal gas


With U k ( q )  
0

the classical statistics sum

1 N
Z Zk
N!
 
Z k   e  H ( p , q ) / kT dpdq
p x2  p 2y  p z2

 Z k   e  u / kT dxdydz  e 2 mkT
dp x dp y dp z 
3
   px 
2
1
V  e 2 mkT
dp x  ; 
    2mkT
3 3
  x 2    x 2   1 1 / 2 
3

 V   e dx   V 2  e dx   V 2   
   0   2 

 V 2mkT 
3/ 2
Z 
V 2mkT   3/ 2 N

N!
3 
2) F  kT ln Z  kTN  ln( 2mkT )  ln V   ln N !
2 
Steeling’s Formula:
N!  N ln N  1  N ln N ( N )
3 
 F  kTN  ln( 2mkT )  ln V  ln N 
2 
 F  
3) P     P  kTN ln V   kTN
 V T V V
 F 
4) S   
 T V
 3 3 
 F  kTN  ln( 2mkT )  ln T  ln V  ln N 
2 2 
 F  3  3 3 kTN
S     Nk  ln( 2mkT )  ln V  ln N   Nk ln T  
 T V 2  2 2 T
3
 Nk ln V  Nk ln T  So
2
3 3
With So  Nk ln( 2mk )  kN  kN ln N
2 2
3
5) F  E  TS  E  F  TS  NkT
2
 E  3 3
6) CV     Nk  R
 T V 2 2

Exercise 10: Find free energy F and equation of state of ideal single
atomic gases relatively. Their energy and momentum satisfies
relation   cp
Solution

1 N
1) Z  ZK
N!

Z K  V  e  / kT 4p 2 dp
0

 d 2  2 (n  1)
; p  2 ; Z K  V  e  d 
 n
Thus p  ; dp 
c c c 0
 n1
it is deduced:

4V  / kT 2 4V 4V 8V
ZK  3  e  d  3 (3)(kT )3  3 2(kT )3  3 (kT )3
c 0 c c c
1  8V
N
3
Z  3 (kT ) 
N!  c 
N

Thus N !  
N
 it is deduced:
2
 8VK 3T 3   8VK 3T 3 
F  kT ln Z  kT ln N ! NkT ln  3
  NkT (ln N  1)  NkT ln  3
 
 c   c 
  8VK 3T 3  
  NkT  ln  3
  1
  c  
  F   8Vk 3T 3 Nc 3 8k 3T 3 kT
2) p     NkT ln  NkT N
 V T V Nc 3
8Vk T Nc
3 3 3
V

Exercise 11: Using the theorem of kinetic energy distribution are the
degrees of freedom of virian theorem as:
H H
qi  pi
qi pi
Calculate the average energy of the linear harmonic oscillator
Solution

Hamiltonian of the classical linear harmonic oscillator

p2 k 2
H  q
2m 2
it is deduced:
H p H p 2 H H
 p  ;  kq  q  kq2 ;
p m p m q q
1 H p2 1 1 H kq2 1
p   kT ; q   ;
2 p 2m 2 2 q 2 2
p 2 kq2 1 1
 H    kT  kT  kT ;
2m 2 2 2

Exercise 12: Calculate average energy of the oscillator

With potential U  ax 4 according to Virian theorem
Solution

Hamiltonian of the oscillator is described as:

p2
H  ax 4  k  U
2m
1 H p2 1
p   kT  K ;
2 p 2m 2
1 H 1 kT
x  2ax 4  kT  2U  U 
2 x 2 4
kT kT 3kT
 H   
2 4 4

Exercise 13: Calculate the statistical sum of a system of N

independently linear oscillators (one - dimensional, quantum)
Solution

Energy spectrum of the harmonic quantum oscillators (one - dimensional,

quantum, independently linear)
1
 n  (n  ); n  0,1,2........ ;  is oscillation frequency
2
Z  Z dđ 
N

  
n 1
Z dđ   e  n / kT
e  / 2 kT
e kT
 e  / 2 kT
n 0 n 0 1  e  / kT
a
S
1 q

Exercise 14: Calculate the average energy and the heat capacity of a
system of N independently linear harmonic oscillators (one -
dimensional, quantum)
Solution

 F 2 
E  T 2    kT (ln Z ) (1)
T  T  T
Thus F  kT ln Z
According to Exercise 13 we have:

N
 e   / 2 kT 
Z  Z dđ   
N
  / kT 
1  e 
    / 2 kT

N

2   e
E  kT ln 
T  1  e   / kT  
 
     
N

  ln 1  e   
  / kT
 kT 2  N  
T   2 kT   
  1   / kT    
2

 kT N 
2
   / kT
e   
 2 kT 2
1  e  kT 2
 
   
 N    / kT 
 2 e  1
 
( 1)e  / kT (  )
 E  kT 2 
 CV     N
 T V e  / kT
 1
2

 2 2 e  / kT
N
kT 2 e  / kT  12

Exercise 15: Calculate free energy and Entropy of the system of N

independently linear harmonic oscillators (one - dimensional,
quantum)
Solution

According to Exercise 13 we have:

N
 e   / 2 kT 
Z  Z dđ  
N
  / kT 
1  e 
 
F  kT ln Z  NkT ln 1  e  / kT  

 2kT 
 F 

   
     NkT ln 1  e
 T V
  / kT
 
   

2kT   
 T  
 
 


 NkT ln 1  e
 / kT
N
  
2  

 T


  Nk ln 1  e
 / kT

 NkT
e  / kT 
1  e  / kT kT 2


 
 Nk 
 kT e
1
 / kT
1

 ln 1  e
 / kT 



Exercise 16: Consider Energy spectrum of the harmonic oscillators

(one - dimensional, quantum, linear independent) quantized as:
1
 n  (n  ); n  0,1,2........
2
where  is oscillation frequency
Calculate average energy of the harmonic oscillator?
Solution

Similar to Exercise 14 (do not multiply by N)

Exercise 17: Consider each atom having three degrees of freedom
and each degree corresponding to a quantum harmonic oscillator
(one - dimensional, quantum, linear independent). Calculate heat
capacity at constant volume of solid of N atoms
Solution

Similar to Exercise 14 (do not multiply by 3)