MASS – N – ERGY (PVT. LTD.

) COMPANY

Detailed Project Report For

LASHPATHRI - I
2 X 4250 KW

Nodal Agency

JAKEDA

Lashpathri-I M.H. Project (2x4.25 MW) Part I Page 1

Consultant: EnCon Group
Executive Summary
Hydropower is one of the State’s prime resources and J&K intends to accelerate
harnessing this potential as an integral part of its economic development. Jammu and
Kashmir Government for Speedy Development of Mini/Micro Hydro Electric Projects vide
their Govt. Order No.177-PDD of 2009 dated 24.8.2009, has appointed Jammu &
Kashmir Energy Development Agency (JAKEDA) with the mandate to implement all
Micro / Mini Hydro projects up to installed capacity of 10 MW, who have planned to
invite private entrepreneurs to undertake hydroelectric power generation with fetching
incentives allowed by the Government of India and fully supported / reinforced by State
Government . Jammu and Kashmir Energy Development Agency (JAKEDA) as nodal
agency under Science and Technology Department shall be co-ordinating and promoting
development of these Mini/Micro hydro power schemes and for this purpose and with
an endeavour to promote Mini/Micro Hydel projects in the state, the Nodal agency
through two tier tendering process has plan to award the Lashpathri - IMHP to private
Developers for implementation/Development under policy referred hereafter. Mini
Hydro Power (MHP) Program is one of the thrust areas of power generation from
renewable sources in the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy. It has been recognized
that small hydropower projects can play a critical role in improving the overall energy
scenario of the country and especially in remote areas of the state. The Ministry is
encouraging development of small hydro projects both in the public as well as in the
private sector.The prime resource, Hydropower is one of the sectors where J&K intends
to accelerate exploitationof this potential as avital part of its economic development.
Jammu and Kashmir Government for Speedy Development of Mini/Micro Hydro Electric
Projects vide their Govt. Order No.177-PDD of 2009 dated 24.8.2009, has appointed
Jammu & Kashmir Energy Development Agency (JAKEDA) with the mandate to
implement all Micro / Mini Hydro projects up to installed capacity of 10 MW, who have
planned to invite private entrepreneurs to undertake hydroelectric power generation
with fetching incentives allowed by the Government of India and fully supported /

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Consultant: EnCon Group
 reinforced by State Government . Jammu and Kashmir Energy Development Agency
(JAKEDA) as nodal agency under Science and Technology Department shall be co-
ordinating and promoting development of these Mini/Micro hydro power schemes and
for this purpose, the job of topographical surveys, investigations and making of Project
Reports thereof has been assigned to EnCon Group (JV) from Srinagar, with an
endeavour to promote Mini/Micro Hydel projects in the state.
Topersuade upon the Private Developers participation in mini/micro hydropower
projects JAKEDA has produced customary Policy for Development of Mini/Micro Hydro
Power Projects. The said Policy provides various incentives to the developers of the
Mini/Micro hydro projects. Key incentives under the policy are:
 The Government land for Power Projects would be allotted on lease for 40 years at
premium of Rs. 1 per sq. m. However, in case of non-availability of Government land, IPP
will purchase land in the name of CEO, JAKEDA and will be leased out to IPP. JAKEDA will
also help and facilitate in acquiring of the land.
 No entry tax would be levied by the State Government on import of Power
generation/transmission equipment and building material used for MHPs. Exemption
from court fee for registration of documents relating to lease of land would be granted
to the IPPs.
 3% interest subsidy would be payable on the working capital facilities available from the
commercial banks to IPPs for a period of 5 years initially from the date of allotment and
this will be reviewed after 5 years.
 10% subsidy on capital investment subject to the ceiling of Rs.60.00 lacs would be given
in addition to the central subsidy for the power projects from 1 MW to 10 MW after
successful installation & commissioning of the project.
 Royalty @ 12% would be charged after the period of 10 years from the date of
commissioning of the Hydel Projects up to 10 MW capacities.
 IPP would be eligible for central financial assistance as per the standing guide lines of
MNRE, GOI.
With these incentives, the economics of mini and micro hydro-electric schemes has
substantially improved for public utility organisations and private entrepreneurs
proposing to take up such schemes. The development of energy from renewable

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Consultant: EnCon Group
 resources is a very important step in the reduction of CO2 emissions Furthermore a heavy
demand of power in the country and in particular for Jammu and Kashmir has increased
the need to utilize renewable energy sources at a top priority. Mini Hydropower Plants
till date are the primary renewable energy source for generation of green energy within
the state.
It is proposed to develop a mini hydro power project (Lashpathri - IMHP a run-
off-the-river scheme) on a sub tributary of River Sindhin District Ganderbal. The various
essential steps that have been followed to evaluate the proposed scheme for its feasibility
and successful completion does include Evaluation of the water resource and its generating
potential, Site selection and basic layout, Type and selection of Hydraulic turbines and
generators and their control, Environmental issues with mitigation measures, Economic
evaluation of the project with financing potential, and the detailed discussions with civil
contractors and Electro- mechanical equipment suppliers, Developers to obtain the
necessary consents along with engineering of civil, electrical and mechanical aspects
including proposal of optimal installed capacity, and finally to produce proposal in the form
of Project report.
The Nallah water will be diverted by constructing a diversion structure across the
river, to run 2 number turbines. The generated power can be evacuated from the
powerhouse at 11/33 KV to the nearest existing receiving station atGagangeer, 9km away
from proposed power house site. Energy of 36 million units have been estimated for the 75%
dependable year as per guide lines, the financial feasibility of the Project has been based on
the same.

Some of the important features included in the Project report are enumerated as under:-
 All the minor issues relating to environment related with the project have been taken
into consideration while conceiving the scheme including necessary release of
sacrificial discharge for aquatic life/irrigation requirement beyond Diversion site.
 There is no. Submergence of any land at u/s of Head works even during floods.

Lashpathri-I M.H. Project (2x4.25 MW) Part I Page 4

Consultant: EnCon Group
 The scheme has been developed as “so called” penstock scheme with a Common
structure of De-silting Tank and Forebay Tank very near to Diversion weir involving
very short supply channel, wherein total length of penstock is quiet long and stands
worked out as per appended report.
 JAKEDA has been in touch with Jammu and Kashmir Power Development Depart to
facilitate the infrastructure facilities for evacuation of power from such projects,
Though as per the requirement the proposed Transmission line has been placed at
11KV but due to the system voltage and availability of receiving stations concerns in
Jammu & Kashmir, provisions in the project report relating cost of 33 KV line and other
connected items as such, have been taken care while framing the Estimated cost of
Project.
 Available Gross Head 182.58m
 Rated Discharge 6.38Cumecs
 Net head corresponding to above discharge 174.45m
 Total installed capacity 8.5 MW
 Horizontal Axis Francis Turbines having synchronous generators directly coupled
to the turbines are proposed.
 Power shall be generated at 3.3 KV stepped –up to 11/33KV

Cost parameters are as below:-

 Capital cost (Civil and E & M) Rs.70.01 Cr
 Project Cost including IDC and interest
On loan and other soft costs complete Rs.86.09 Cr
 Cost per KW Rs. 1.1lacs
 Internal Rate of Return 15.20%
 Average debt service coverage ratio 1.37
 Construction Period 48 months

Lashpathri-I M.H. Project (2x4.25 MW) Part I Page 5

Consultant: EnCon Group
Check List

STATE Jammu and Kashmir

NAME OF PROJECT Lashpathri - IMHP

CATEGORY OF PROJECT MNRE Mini HYDRO-ELECTRIC

PROJECT

(i) General and Hydrological

1. Attach an index map (in the case of flood Not available

control scheme, the index map should
show the flooded area for normal floods
and the depth of flooding)

2. Have hydrological, meteorological and

other data been collected in respect of the
following :

a. Map showing Sub-Divisions of Catchment area map showing

catchment by tributaries, water tributaries, Diversion site and
sheds rain gauge and temperature contours attached. No rain gauge
recording stations, gauge and and temperature recording station
discharge site, contour and exists in the catchment.
isohyets.

b. Monthly and annual and rain fall Not available for the catchment.
and temperature data for the
catchment.

c. Average, maximum and minimum Mean monthly and annual rainfall at

rain fall and temperature nearby rain gauge station collected.

d. Gauge and discharge data for Gauge and discharge data near
tributaries and the main river. diversion site collected for two lean
seasons with some additional years
available.

e. Hydrograph of the river Flow duration curve given for limited

period of discharge.

f. Maximum historical flood with Maximum historical flood with

hydrograph and designed hydrograph not available. Design

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Consultant: EnCon Group
 maximum flood and its frequency. maximum flood is given.

g. Maximum, minimum and average Estimated 50%, 75% and 90%

annual run-off. dependable monthly flow series given.

h. Hydrological studies to establish Given.

generally the availability to water
for the benefits envisaged in the
project

i. Suitability of water for irrigation, Has been provided.

drinking etc. and treatment
contemplated where required

j. Silt discharge, showing maximum, Silt samples collected for one season
minimum and average silt and sediment grain size and chemical
intensities analysis given.

k. The magnitude of the problem of Not applicable.

soil erosion in the catchment area
and the programme proposed for
soil conversation measures

l. Depth of sub soil water table in the Not applicable.

command area and its seasonal
variation

m. Seismicity of the area. The project area lies in zone IV of the

seismic zoning map of India.

3. Has basin wise development of the river Not applicable

been considered and the following
information furnished?

a. A map showing the overall NA

proposals for valley development

b. Alternative proposals, discussing Yes

their merits and demerits.

c. Stages of development of the Yes

project and their salient features

d. Extent to which the existing project Not applicable

will be assigned or affected

Lashpathri-I M.H. Project (2x4.25 MW) Part I Page 7

Consultant: EnCon Group
 e. Particulars of minor irrigation Not applicable
projects

4. Have reservoir data been collected Not applicable

completely and the following information
furnished?

a. Reservoir topography and area Not applicable

capacity curves.

b. Probable rate of silting in the Not applicable

reservoir in comprising with silting
of any existing reservoir.

c. Live storage, the number of years Not applicable

in which the reservoir completely
fills, average annual utilisation
evaporation. Losses, extra storage
provided for carry over from the
year to year, if any.

d. Working tables for the reservoir Not applicable

e. Flood absorption and flood routing Not applicable

f. Back water (tail water curves with Not applicable

bank levels)

g. Fetch of reservoir direction and Not applicable

velocity of winds and free board

h. Malaria control Not applicable

i. Area to be submerged and its Not applicable

classification, acquisition and
compensation for land and
properties.

j. Programme of resettlement of No displacement is involved.

population displaced from the
reservoir area.

5. Head Work (Dam or Weir)

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Consultant: EnCon Group
 Have the following aspects been discussed
and shown on map.

a. Dam site and considerations No dam contemplated.

leading to its performance over Considerations leading to the
other sites. preference of the site in the vicinity
discussed in the report.

b. Reservoir topography and area No reservoir contemplated. Hence not

capacity curves. applicable.

c. Borrow area and quarries. Discussed in the report.

d. Road and Railways, existing and Yes.

proposed

e. Colonies, workshops and offices Discussed in the report.

6. Has a detailed survey map of the dam site 2 metre contour interval map
been prepared (scale 1/5000 to 1/1000) attached at scale 1H:1V.
showing the following :

a. All the natural features e.g. out- Yes

crops of rocks, aspiring etc.

b. Dam and appurtenant works Yes.

c. Site for construction plant e.g. Not applicable as it is a small project,

crushing and concreting plant, however portable crusher site is
construction power plant, available and may be explored.
compressed air station etc.

7. Has geological investigations been made

and a report showing the following
submitted.

a. A brief account of regional Yes.

geology, major rock types, effects
of faulting etc. description of other
structural features and their
relation of water tightness and
grouting proposals

b. Laboratory tests of samples of Not applicable.

foundation materials and their

Lashpathri-I M.H. Project (2x4.25 MW) Part I Page 9

Consultant: EnCon Group
 interpretation

c. Levels of ground water tables and Not applicable.

discussions of percolation tests.

d. Reference to any special conditions Nil

affecting the preliminary designs

8. Have the following maps been included.

a. Combined topographical and Yes.

geological map

b. Map showing bed rock contours NA may be taken up at detailed

designed stage.

c. Logs of drill holes, test pits, (Test pits 2 m deep)

explanatory tunnel etc.

d. Maps, profiles and station showing Not applicable.

results of geophysical work or any
other special methods.

e. Ground and aerial photographs, if Ground photos provided.

available

9. Have investigation of construction

materials been made and report showing
the following attached.

a. Various types of embankment Yes.

materials e.g. previous with
quantities in various borrow areas.

b. Stone for rip-rap and rock fill Not applicable.

c. Materials for stone masonry and Yes.

concrete, compressing rubble, fine
and coarse aggregates, with
quantities and physical properties

d. Source of supply of cement. Yes.

e. Laboratory test performed on item Not applicable.

(a) to (d) above.

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Consultant: EnCon Group
 f. Haul roads for transport of Yes
construction material.

g. Plans of borrow areas and quarries Discussed in the report.

with bore of trial pit data.

10. Have the main structures and appurtenant Yes, to the extent necessary in a DPR.
works e.g. dam, spillway, outlets, coffer
dam etc. been designed and the following
appended.

a. General plan, upstream and Yes.

downstream elevations showing
natural ground levels, final
excavation levels, etc.

b. Foundation treatment and Not required.

drainage.

c. Spillway and outlet with energy Yes.

dissipation arrangements

d. Maximum section of overflow non- No dam contemplated.

overflow and earth dams.

e. Retaining and training walls Yes.

f. Galleries and other openings. Not required.

g. Gates, hoists and other control Yes.

equipment’s

h. Diversion works during No design necessary for the small

construction etc. project.

i. Design calculations with list of Yes.

assumptions made and factors of
safety adopted, together with
justification of the types of
structures adopted.

(ii) Irrigation Minor requirement of Irrigation flow

kept reserved.

(iii) Power development

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Consultant: EnCon Group
11. Have investigations been made and the
following furnished.

a. Present position of power sully in Yes.

the region, system load factor etc.

b. Extent of firm power available Yes. Details of firm power generated

from the scheme and also from the from the scheme given. Firm power
grid after commissioning of the available from the grid after
plant (working tables and the basis commissioning of the project is not
of estimation of firm power should necessary as it is a small hydro-
be supplied) and extent of. electric project .

c. Load survey giving details of major Discussed in the report power shall
loads to be served, future peak and evacuated to Sate inter connection
energy demands, and anticipated point.
system load factor.

d. Proposed initial and ultimate Yes, given in the report.

installed capacities, number and
size of generating units, number
and capacity of turbines / boilers,
power factor efficiency etc.
transformer capacity added at
power station and sub stations.

e. Map showing the general layout of Yes.

the schemes, including the dam,
water conductor system, power
house, step up substations and
outgoing transmission lines.

f. General map showing the NA.

transmission system and the
location of the present / future
principal loads.

g. Rout miles of trunk and main lines NA.

and distribution lines with voltages
under the scheme.

h. A note on the development of Not applicable.

power in stages, if any.

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Consultant: EnCon Group
 i. Proposed sources of coal, fuel etc. Not applicable.
and technical characteristic of fuel,
costs per tonne and distance from
location of power station to source
of fuel.

j. Have the coal commissioner and Not applicable.

railway been consulted in regard to
supply of coal.

k. Proposed sources of cooling water Through penstock drain pipe.

l. Details of construction materials Discussed in the report.

for hydro installations.

m. In respect of distribution and rural Not applicable.

electrification schemes, a list of
small towns and villages (as per
latest census) to be electrified.

(iv) Flood Control, Drainage, Anti Water Not applicable.

Logging

(v) Navigation, Fish Culture etc. Fish pass arrangement made. No

Navigation...

(vi) Construction Programme Equipment and

Manpower

12. Has a construction programme been Yes.

drawn up for execution of the various
components of the project with the
following details?

a. Machinery and equipment Yes.

available together with the
proposed requirements.

b. The quantities of material involved Yes.

together with the daily out-turn
proposed for major items like
masonry, concrete or earth work.

c. Yearly requirements of cement, Project requirements indicated in the

steel, coal and other essential

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Consultant: EnCon Group
 materials. report.

d. Synchronisation in the construction Not applicable.

of head works, canal system
including distributaries, minors and
water courses, field channels (by
the beneficiaries) and
implementation activities to ensure
phase realisation of maximum
benefits.

e. Synchronisation of generation Yes.

facilities with completion of
transmission system.

f. Justification of the construction

programme adopted.

Have charts been furnished Yes.

showing the construction
programme and targets
diagrammatically for the various
components of the project.

(vii) Estimate and Analysis of Rates.

13. Has project estimate of cost together with Yes.

abstract of quantities and costs for various
components of the project been made and
the following details furnished.

a. Estimated cost of the various It is a single stage project.

stages of the project and the
foreign exchange component
thereof.

b. The year to which the rates As per prevailing market rates.

adopted in the estimate pertain.

c. Allocated costs of irrigation, Not applicable.

power, flood control, navigation
and other purpose served by the
project, as considered equitable by
the State Govt.

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14. Have analysis of rates been made and
following details furnished.

a. Labour out turns for various items. Yes.

b. Materials required for unit Yes.

quantities of items of work.

c. The current schedule of rates in the The prevailing rates for labour,
area and rates proposed, material and equipment have been
comparison with rates obtaining adopted.
on similar works.

(viii) Financial Returns And Benefits

15. Has the financial aspect of the project Yes.

been discussed and the following details
furnished.

a. The phased or year wise Yes.

programme of expenditure on the
various units of the project, in
foreign exchange and in rupees.

b. The phased or year wise Not applicable.

programme of development of
irrigation, power, navigation etc.

c. Present and proposed power tariff Not applicable.

rates for different categories of
consumers.

d. Compulsory irrigation cess Not applicable.

proposed.

e. Scale of water rates proposed for Not applicable.

the various crops, comparison with
rates prevailing on existing
projects in the region / States.

f. Betterment levy proposed. Not applicable.

g. Comparison of above rates with Not applicable.

Lashpathri-I M.H. Project (2x4.25 MW) Part I Page 15

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 the rates proposed for other
projects in the State.

h. Construction of the State Revenue Not applicable.

Department in regard to the rates
of betterment levy, water rates,
compulsory irrigation cess, flood
cess etc.

i. Statement of gross revenue from Not applicable.

the different functions of the
project.

a. The degree of public co-operation High degree of public co-operation

and participation expected for the and participation expected for the
project. project.

b. View and attitude of the Not applicable.

beneficiaries about the advantages
from the project and in respect of
water rates, betterment levy,
irrigation costs etc.

(ix) Interstate Aspects

Are the inter-state aspects Not applicable.

involved? If so, the details about
the same may be mentioned
together with the latest views of
the state concerned.

(x) Employment and Training.

18. a. Yearly employment during

construction (approximately) by
categories.

Year Professional Clerical Skilled Un-skilled

and Technical Services workmen workmen

I yearly 2 3 15 45

II yearly 2 3 15 45

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 III yearly 2 3 15 45

(half)

b. Personnel required to be retained 1 Engineer

under above categories after
2 Foreman
completion of the project
(approximate). 3 Skilled Persons

10 Un-Skilled Persons.

Lashpathri-I M.H. Project (2x4.25 MW) Part I Page 17

Consultant: EnCon Group
 SALIENT FEATURES OF MHP Lashpathri – I ( 2x1MW)
1 Location

i State Jammu & Kashmir

ii District Ganderbal

iii Town/Tehsil Kangan

Access Road
Jammu-Srinagar (NH-1A) Srinagar-
iv Sonamarg Road.

v Village Shitkari

2 Geographical Coordinates

i Weir-Longitudes 75° 13'55.71"E

Latitudes 34°19'57.73"N

ii Basin-Longitudes 75°13'57.09"E

Latitudes 34°19'56.93"N

iii Forebay-Longitudes 75°13'57.09"E

Latitudes 34°19'56.93"N

iv Powerhouse-Longitudes 75°15'0.90"E

Latitudes 34°19'44.38"N

3 River Catchment

i Catchment up to Headwork’s 35 Sq-km

ii Nallah/Stream Lashpathri

iii Tributary River Sindh

4 Hydrology

Catchment area of Nallah up to

i Diversion Weir site 35 Sq-km

ii Climate Data

a) Precipitation (Avg. Rainfall) 1100 mm

b) Precipitation Max. 1500 mm

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 iii. Atmospheric Temp.

a) Max. 320C

b) Min. (-) 180C

5 Medium Head Scheme

5.1 Diversion Structure (Head works)

5.1.1 Weir

i. Type of Structure RCC Trench Weir

ii. Discharge at Intake 8.12 Cumecs

iii. Length 15 m

iv. Width 2 m

v. Average bed level of Nallah 3125 m

vi. Longitudinal bed Grade in Trench, 1 in 8.90 m

vii. Pond Level with 50% clogging 3123.6 m

viii. Highest Flood Level 3128.58 m

ix. Maximum Shingle Flushing Discharge 1.16 Cumecs

x. Shingle Flushing Pipe Diameter 500 mm

xi Sill Elevation of Flushing Pipe 3121.0 m

xii Sill Elevation of Intake service Gate 3121.6 m

xiii Sill Elevation of bulk head Gate 3128.8 m

xiv Trash rack mesh openings 30.00 mm

xv Length of Intake well 3.50 m

xvi Width of Intake well 3.00 m

xvii Number of Gates in well 3 no

xviii Height of Intake well 7.78 m

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 6 Water Conductor System Supply Channel

i. Supply Channel- Length 42 m

ii. Type of Structure RCC Box Channel

iii. Design Discharge 7.54 Cumecs

iv. Bed width 2.3 m

v. Full Supply Flow depth 1.8 m

vi. Free board 0.4

vii. Bed Grade 1 in 550

viii. Velocity of Flow 1.87 m/sec

7 De-silting Tank

Type of Structure
i. RCC common structure with Forebay

ii. Design Discharge 7.54 Cumecs

iii. Length (main tank) 38 m

iv. Width 9 m
Depth of water in main part of Tank
v. (FSD) 4.26 m

vi. Flushing discharge 1.16 Cumecs

vii. Length (upstream transition) 11.1 m

viii. Length (downstream transition) 0.00 m

ix. Total Length including transitions 49.1m

x. Particle size removal 0.2 mm and above

xi. Silt Flushing Pipe Length 20 m

xii. Type of Flushing Through M.S pipe 600mm diameter

xiii. Flushing Control arrangement 600 mm Dia. Sluice Valve

9 Forebay

Type RCC Rectangular Tank combined with

i. De-silting Basin

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 ii. Full supply Water Level 3122.58 m

iii. Minimum Draw Down Level (MDDL) 3120.58 m

iv. Size

a) Length 40 m

b) Width 9.6 m

c) Overall Depth 8.27 m

v. Design Discharge 6.38 Cumec

vi. Maximum Water Level 2945.5 m

vii. Spillway Crest Level 3122.58 m

viii. Storage Capacity Time 2 min

ix. Live Storage 766m3

10 Penstocks

i. Number 1 number

ii. Diameter 1600 mm

iii. Maximum Thickness 28 mm

Each branch Diameter with Bifurcation
iv. at lower end 1132 mm

v. Length of main Penstock 1800 m

vi. Length of each branch penstock 15 m

vii. Design discharge in main Pipe 6.38 Cumecs

viii. Design Discharge in branch pipe 3.19 Cumecs

ix. Velocity of Flow 3.17 m/sec

x Maximum Pressure rise 84%

11 Power House
i. Type Surface- RCC framed structure

ii. Head

a) Gross 182.58 m

b) Net 174.45 m

iii. Size of power house:

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 a) Length 24 m

b) Width 15 m

c) Height (m) 13 m

d) Machine Hall floor level 2938.75 m

iv. Installed capacity 8.5 MW

v. Turbines

a) Type Horizontal Francis

b) Number 2 number

c) Capacity each 4.25 MW

vi. Type of Generator: Synchronous

Power house crane / lifting tackle
vii. capacity 30 ton

viii. Axis of turbine level 2940 m

12 Tailrace

i. Type RCC Rectangular Section

ii. Bed width 5.5 m

iii. Max. Flow depth 0.7 m

iv. Design Discharge 6.38 Cumecs

v. Bed Grade 1 in 500

vi. Free board 0.6 m

vii. Minimum Tail water Level 2940 m

viii. Maximum Tail water level 2940.45 m

13 Power

i. Installed Capacity 8.5 MW

Total Annual gross Energy Average

ii. Year @ 75% dependability 36.42 mu

14 Switchyard
i. Voltage level/basic undulation level 3.3/11/33KV

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 ii. No. of Bays One

iii. Size :-

(a) Length 13 m

(b) Width 10 m

15 Transmission Line

i. Voltage Level 11/33. KV

ii. Length 9 km

iii. Sub-station Gagangeer

16 Hard Cost of Project 86.09

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 Introduction

Lashpathri-I M.H. Project (2x4.25 MW) Part I Page 24

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1.0 Introduction

1.0 Hydro power is a renewable, economic and non-polluting source of energy. Hydro power
stations have inherent ability of quick starting, stopping and load variations offering
operational flexibility and help in improving reliability of power system. Hydro stations are
the best choice for meeting the peak demand. The generation cost is not only inflation free
but reduces with time. Hydroelectric projects have long useful life extending over 50 years
and help in conserving scarce fossil fuels. They also help in opening of avenues for
development of remote and backward areas. Development of hydro power resources is
important for energy security of the country. It is therefore necessary to prepare a long
term plan of hydropower development.
Central Electricity Authority (CEA) has already covered planning of hydro power projects
during 11th & 12th Plan period. This is one of the major sources of energy throughout the
world and is considered to be a cheapest option. India is particularly interested in this
source of power.
The first systematic and comprehensive study to assess the hydro-electric resources in the
country was undertaken during the period 1953-1959 by the Power Wing of the erstwhile
Central Water and Power Commission. This study placed the economical utilizable hydro
power potential of the country at 42100 MW.The Reassessment study completed in 1987
revealed that the Hydro Electric Power Potential of the country was of the order of about
84,000 MW. In the 11th Plan of Hydro Development a capacity addition of 78,700 MW
comprising of 59,693 MW from thermal projects, 15,627 MW from hydro projects and 3380
MW from nuclear projects was approved during the 11th Plan period. Out of 15,627 MW
hydro projects, 8654 MW was proposed in Central Sector, 34810 MW in State Sector and
3491 MW in Private Sector.
Latest as per the studies carried out by CEA to assess the requirement of additional capacity
during the 12th Plan (2012-2017), the requirement of installed capacity to meetthe all India
peak demand and energy requirement at the end of 12th Plan would require a capacity
addition of over 90,000 MW in the 5 years period of 2012-17. In pursuing low carbon
growth strategy, it would be our endeavour to maximize exploitation of hydro power
potential. This is also necessary for energy security of the country. Availability of Hydro
Projects for benefits during 12th Plan

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To meet the requirement of additional capacity during 12th Plan(2012-17), a shelf of 109
candidate hydro projects aggregating to30920 MW under Categories ‘A’ and ‘B1’ having
higher level of confidence for realizing benefits during 12th Plan, based on their present
status of preparedness, has been finalised. List of these schemes is given at Annexure 1.1.
The status of these projects (sector-wise) State-wise (sector-wise) break up of identified H.
E. Projects for benefits During 12th Plan is given below:
Annexure 1.1
S.no States Central Sector State Sector Private Sector Total
No MW No MW No MW No MW
1 Himachal 2 816 7 892 6 749 15 1782
Pradesh
2 Jammu & 4 2450 4 1473 0 0 8 3923
Kashmir
3 Uttarakhand 12 4370 7 1655 5 829 24 6858
4 Punjab 0 0 1 168 1 75 2 243
5 Madhya 3 166 0 0 0 0 3 166
Pradesh
6 Andhra 0 0 3 1560 0 0 3 1560
Pradesh
7 Kerala 0 0 6 373 0 0 6 373
8 Karnataka 0 0 2 400 0 0 2 400
9 West Bengal 1 120 2 66 0 0 3 186
10 Sikkim 1 520 0 0 10 1935 11 2455
11 Arunachal 3 1610 0 0 23 7969 26 9579
Pradesh
12 Assam 0 0 1 150 0 0 1 150
13 Manipur 2 1566 0 0 0 0 2 1566
14 Tamil Nadu 0 0 1 500 0 0 1 500
15 Meghalaya 0 0 1 54 1 450 2 504
Total 28 11622 35 7291 46 12007 109 30920

Nature has gifted our state of Jammu and Kashmir with vast Hydro Power Potential in the form of
snow fed rivers of Chenab, Chenab, Indus and other major tributaries thereof. Although, the

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 state is endowed with rich Hydroelectric resources, according to a recent review of the
hydro-electric resources conducted by C.E.A. bulk of these resources still remain
unharnessed. There are no two opinions about the fact, that power assumes high priority,
for economic development of the state, which is suffering a major deficiency in this sector.
This is not only hampering the development process, but also puts a common man to great
inconvenience and hardship. As against the actual requirement during summer and winter,
availability at the end till now has no nearby equation. Prosperity of an area is now
measured in terms of per capita consumption of electrical energy. The per capita
consumption of electricity in the state is relatively lower than the all India average standing
at 650 Kwh, which itself is low in comparison to consumption obtaining in several other
countries. Per capita consumption being an important indicator, the need for accelerated
power development cannot be lost sight of. It is really disheartening to note that only about
8% of the available hydro-electric resources have been developed so far, and another 12%
of the potential is under development. Thus even with the completion of the scheme under
construction only about 20 % of the available identified potential would be harnessed. The
demand for power in the state is far in excess of production and chronic shortage of power
is being experienced. Our state still gropes in darkness and this has hindered the overall
economic progress in the state. A beginning was made as early as in the year 1905 in the
pre-independence era when 4 MW Mohra Hydro Electric Scheme was commissioned in the
State. This was subsequently remodelled to 9 MW and Commissioning of Kishtwar, Chennai,
Upper Sindh Stage- ii and a few small hydro-electric schemes followed thereafter. The first
major hydro-electric project commissioned in the state sector was the lower Chenab Hydro-
electric Scheme with an installed capacity of 105 MW. Vast hitherto untapped power
resources to meet the ever increasing power demand of the state in particular & the
Northern region, as a whole in general need to be picked up fast.

1.2 Total Generation capacities in the state build so far.

Annexure 1.2.1
Name of Power House Size in MW Total Capacity in MW

STATE SECTOR

Chenab River Basin

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 Lower Chenab 3 x 35 105

Upper Chenab-I 2x11.3 22.6

Kishtawar 2x3+2x4.5 15

Upper Chenab-II 3x35 105

Pahalgam 3 x 1.5 4.5

Karnah 2x1 2

Chenab Basin

Chennai-I 5x4.66 23.30

Chennai-II 2x1 2

Chenani-III 3x2.5 7.50

Bhaderwah 2 x 0.5 1

Baglihar 3x150 450

Ravi Basin

Sewa-III 3x3 9

Indus Basin

Iqbal 3x1.25 3.75

Hunder 2x0.20 0.40

Sumoor 2x0.05 0.10

Igo-Mercellong 2x1.50 3

Haftal 2x0.50 1

Marpachoo 3x0.25 0.75

Bazgo 2x0.15 0.30

Stakna 2x2 4

Total 759.2

CENTRAL SECTOR

Salal HEP 6x115 690

Uri -I 4x120 480

Dul-Hasti 3x130 390

Total 1560.0

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 Annexure 1.2.2 Projects being taken up for the development in State/Central Sector.

Estimated Capacity
S.No. Name of the Project Name of the Basin
( MW)

1. Sawalkote I&II Chenab 1200

2. Baglihar-II Chenab 450

3. Parnai Chenab 37.5

4. New Kishtawar Chenab 93

5. Lower Kalnai Chenab 50

6. Kirthai-I Chenab 240

7. Kiru Chenab 600

8. Ratle Chenab 690

9. Kawar Chenab 520

Ujh
10. Multipurpose Ravi 280
Project
PakulDul 1000
11. Chenab
(Central Sector)
Bursar (Central 1020
12. Chenab
Sector)
Kishenganga 330
13. Chenab
(Central Sector)

1.2.3 IPP Projects

Name of the Capacity
S.No. District
Project

1. Ratle Kishtwar 850.00

10.00
2. Athwathoo Bandipora (commissioned)

10.00
3. Tangmarg Baramulla (Commissioned)

4. Hirapora Pulwama 12.00

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 7.50 (
5. Brenwar Budgam Commissioned)

6. Kahmil Kupwara 4.00

7. Boniyar Baramulla 12.00

8. Mandi Poonch 12.50

Ranjala 15.00
9. Doda (Commissioned)
Dunadi

10. Drung Kathua 5.00

Hanswar 6.00
11. Kishtwar
Paddar

12. Shukhnag Budgam 9.00

13. Nihama Kulgam 6.00

14. Shaliganga Budgam 4.50

15. Bringi Kishtawar 4.00

16. Gulabgarh Reasi 6.50

17. Boniyar Baramulla 6.00

18. Mawar Kupwara 10.00

19. Erin Bandipora 10.00

20. Chenani IV Udhampur 7.00

21. Shranz Baramulla 10.00

22. Kutmarg Kulgam 7.50

23. Achura Gurez Bandipora 7.00

Pomai 4.00
24. Kulgam
Aridajan

25. Kutbal Kulgam 3.05

26. Sultanpathri Poonch 3.00

27. Upper Ans Rajouri 3.00

28. Chingus-I Rajouri 3.00

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 29. Chingus-II Rajouri 3.00

30. Rongdo Leh 9.00

31. Bairaas Kargil 9.00

32. Tamasha Kargil 9.00

33. Girjan Ki Gali Poonch 12.00

1.3 JAKEDA

Taking steps by J&K Government for Speedy Development of Small/Mini Hydro Electric
Power, Government has invited private entrepreneurs to undertake hydroelectric power
generation and has provided mandate to JAKEDA “Jammu and Kashmir Energy
Development Agency” as nodal agency under Department of Science and Technology for
co-ordinating and promoting development of mini hydro power schemes.

JAKEDA has invited various agencies to bid for identified projects for the development of
this sector. These will be termed as Independent Power Producers (IPP). These would
include any of the private sector entities, central power utilities, state governments or any
other government entities and their joint ventures. The Projects have been reserved for
execution by IPPs that are permanent residents of State of Jammu and Kashmir. This would
include such IPPs in which permanent residents of J&K hold majority stake. This condition
shall, however, be relaxed, in case the bidding process of the projects so reserved does not
result in adequate & competitive response. The eligibility of the interested parties is being
evaluated on the basis of pre-qualification criteria. Proposals of only those parties are being
considered for bidding who qualify the pre-qualification criteria.

1.3.1 Private sector participation

With the incentives allowed by the Government of India and fully supported / reinforced by
State Government, the private sector has been invited to participate in Mini hydro power
development in the State. The State has decided for selective privatisation of its hydro-
electric potential. The state, because of its mountainous topography, snow covered
ranges, many major rivers with large numbers of tributary streams, possesses vast
hydroelectric potential for schemes of all magnitudes, large and small.

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 MOU’s are being signed by the JAKEDA with private entrepreneurs for development of more
than 100 sites of Mini Hydel projects. Lashpathri - IMHP for which this Detailed Project
Report has been prepared, is one of these. It is a scheme envisaging development of the
hydroelectric potential available on the LashpathriNallah, a tributary of River Sindh, in
Ganderbal district of J&K state. The project report as desired by JAKEDA has been prepared
with all technical and financial viabilities as are in vogue and befitting the given situation.

1.3.2 The Project will be developed by Mass-N-Ergy Pvt. Ltd, The findings along with the
proposal for augmentation of the installed capacity was incorporated in form of a Project
report and is being submitted to JAKEDA for approval.

1.3.3 Location and Source

Lashpathri - IMHP scheme has been identified as a run of the river scheme onright side of the
Nallah. Power house site is located at a distance of about 44Km from Tehsil Kangan and62
km from District headquarter Ganderbal. Lashpathri - Imini hydropower project is one of
the mini hydro power sites identified for investigation by the Consultants for harnessing the
vast mini/micro and small hydro potential of the Kashmir region. The location of the
Lashpathri - IMHP and adjoining villages is shown in the site plan. The scheme proposes to
generate gross energy of 36million units of power in a 75% dependable year. The installed
capacity of the scheme is proposed to be 8500 KW from 6.38 Cumecs of discharge with
174.45m net head.

Lashpathriis primarily a snow melt based stream with some contribution from rain falls during
some months of the year which improves seasonal flows. The duration curve of the
assessed flows in a 75% dependability year is shown in figure 3.1.2 which gives the
characteristics of the flow. Very lean monsoon flow and substantial summer flow is
received over nearly 30% of the year followed by a 'knee zone' leading to much lower level
of dry season flow over nearly 45% of the year.

A comparative examination has been made of the energy generation possible with different
installed capacities and corresponding different values of installed capacities. Table 4.2 to
4.4 which give the details of energy generation possible in years of 50%, 75% and 90%
dependability for utilisation with some selected design discharges and corresponding
installed capacity.

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 A comparative examination has been further made of the energy generation with different
installed capacities in Table 4.5. The stream discharge in a year of 75% dependability have
been taken as representative of long term average discharge (in representative range of
values) for carrying out the optimisation studies. The maximum available discharge as per
this series is around 6.38Cumec and if all available discharges of 75% year up to this
maximum value were to be utilised, the maximum restricted average generation will be
36MU. The energy generation corresponding to different installed capacities are
summarised in the subsequent table.

1.3.4 Layout of theLashpathri - IMHP

The selection of the particular reach of the stream for hydro development has been made
on the basis of topographical and geological considerations. taking into account detailed
topographical surveys that were conducted, with updated recorded discharge series up to
Aug 2014, it was seen that optimum advantage is obtained by location of the reach with
diversion weir at El 3123.60m and power house at Ground Level El 2942m. chosen weir sites
and power house locations have been found minimal affected due to floods which have
occurred in Past one or two decades which is very important for such schemes.

Further as per the available topographical features it has been decided to provide Forebay and
De-silting Basin as a common structureat a safe place very near to the Diversion weir. The
scheme involves long Length of penstock with length/Head ratio more than 1/4,which isnot
in line with norms preferably adopted, however the matter stands discussed with the
Leading Turbine machine suppliers and it has already been confirmed that such technical
issues shall be handled in the design of equipmentto be provided by them.

Water conductor system shall have no power channel as the alignment which needed to be
adopted in such case would not have been safe due to rugged topography along the
alignment with apprehensions of snow slides in certain patches along with falling of
shooting stones in some of the reaches. Normal water conductor would involve bigger
sections as compared to Penstock diameter adopted thereby involving some deep cutting
into the hill making it more susceptible to landslides.

Therefore, the scheme proposal is preferred by making it a penstock scheme where in the
penstock has been aligned at lower levels than WCS normal alignment all along the Right

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 bank of stream with due safety factors. Maximum part of Penstock is kept buried with
sufficient cover of back filled soil which shall make it safe against Landslides etc.

The severe floods have not washed away any nearby part of the alignment adopted.survey works
were undertaken and established that to make the project viable, alignment was shifted to
the right bank of Lashpathrias the Right Bankdoes not provide features suitable for Hydel
project development. After detailed studies of the topography and the available alternatives
the diversion structure comprising of a trench weir and an intake structure on the rightbank
has been ideally located. The location is comparatively in straight reach. The banks of the
stream provide suitable strata for proper anchorage of the weir. Comparatively a very flat
terrain along the alignment of the water conductor close to the intake has been chosen for
location of the Forebay cum de-silting tank. This location is 42.63 m away from intake. A
suitable terrace at the end of the Supply channel has been chosen for these structures. The
penstock has been aligned along a hill slope below the Forebay. The power house has been
located at a suitable location on a solid shingle boulder bench, which is above the
anticipated estimated flood level of the Nallah.The tailrace has been suitably aligned to
lead the discharges from power house to the source Nallah.

1.4 Components of the Scheme

The scheme has following components:

1.4.1 Diversion Weir

Lashpathriis a hilly stream and trench weir has been considered as a diversion structure
due to its several advantages. This structure does not pose much disturbance to the
water way of the river even during flood flows and it may be considered safe from
damage due to rolling boulders during maximum flood flows in this type of Stream. The
trench weir has also the capability to arrest minimum flow effectively and efficiently.
Several small and medium hydroelectric projects have been constructed during the last
fifteen years with trench weir diversions in Himachal Pradesh and at other locations in the
Himalayan Regions of our country. The conventional gravity type of weir which has been
used in the past before the advent of trench weir had to be provided with a structure for
spilling flood waters and for energy dissipation. This work was also subject to involve high
cost and as such stands avoided for due consideration of Project viability. The repair works
can be managed easily during such occurrence with simultaneous debris clearances.
Conventional types of raised-crest weir were not found suited for this stream from cost
benefit analysis. Considering it is a mini Hydel project. In addition if such a weir is
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 constructed across the stream, the rise in water level upstream of the weir may bring a
remarkable change in the flow conditions upstream at present location. The sediments
may get deposited upstream of the crest as a result the intake can get easily choked up
under in particular stream having narrow widths. Since diversions are interference to
natural flow regime of the river, the extraction of water changes the flow conditions
downstream of the intake. Undesirable sediment deposition occurs downstream of weir
when too much water is extracted. Conversely, severe erosion downstream of the
diversion occurs when remaining river flow passing downstream is carrying less sediment
than its transport capacity. Moreover, any structural component that protrudes out of the
river-bed (like top of a weir) can get damaged easily by the force of large sediments rolling
down with high velocities during floods due to Stream being narrow and steep.

As such to overcome the above problems associated with raised-crest weir herein for this
scheme, the most common type of weir adopted in such boulder streams for MHP was
found trench weir. This is a weir by way of having a Reinforced Cement concrete Trench
almost throughout width of stream. The top of the weir is covered with bottom rack bars,
Water while flowing over it, passes through the bottom racks and enters into the trench
and collected in an intake well located at bank to end of the weir. The top edge of the
diversion weir has almost been flushed with the natural bed slope of the stream. The
bottom racks shall be consisting of heavy flat steel bars laid on edge over structural steel Z
piece members securely fixed in concrete side walls and placed parallel with the river flow
on the bed level. The bottom rack bars have been proportioned to carry the weight of the
heaviest boulders that are likely to flow down during the maximum probable flood.

This type of weir has the definite advantage as it does not affect the general bed level of the
stream. Post-Flood clearance of the boulders and debris collected in the trench of the weir
may be found obligatory. It needs to be mentioned here that in spite of the annual
maintenance requirement, this type of weir has been widely adopted in the SHP/MHP
schemes, built in Arunanchal Pradesh, Sikkim, Himachal Pradesh, and Uttaranchal and in
few projects of J & K.

The estimated peak discharge using various methods and take the most reasonable of them
as design discharge for trench weir for a conservative design. Flow in the stream at its
different stages is analysed using the manning’s equation with appropriate value of
rugosity coefficient along with Flows over broad crested weir. Water while passing over the

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 bottom rack, enters into the trench due to gravity and remaining flow in the downstream of
the trench in the streams beyond the required discharge max as designed flow. The flow in
the stream with bottom rack is a case of spatially varied flow with decreasing discharge.
The rack is made of parallel bars in panel form with Fixed to MS channels placed along the
direction of flow. Main variables involved in computing the diverted discharge into the
trench are flow characteristics of the stream, geometry and dimension of the rack, free and
submerged flow conditions etc. The racks have been placed inclined with reference to the
approach bed of the river. The inclination of the rack, which is normally of the order of 1 in
10, is provided at same slope to facilitate easy movement of bed load of stream moving
over the rack.

It has been assumed that the specific energy of flow shall be constant all over the
longitudinal bottom rack, and from the structural consideration, flat bars have preferred
over rounded bars as flat bars have more flexural rigidity. There is considerable effect of
ratio of thickness of bars t and their clear spacing, i.e. t/s and inclination of bars, the value
of Cd increases with increase of t/s ratio; however, it decreases with the increase of
inclination of bars (SL) for constant value of t/s ratio.

1.4.1.2 Intake Structure/Intake well

Intake structure herein called as Intake Well with vertical lift gates has been proposed on
the right bank to draw water from the pond created in the Trench weir. Intake structure will
have 2 no gates as Bulk head and Intake Service gate. The Gates shall be operated through
a lifting arrangement by Chain pulley mounted with Hoisting arrangement. During floods
Gate operation has to be properly ensured for its adjustment in height of opening to avoid
excess water entry to the water conductor system. The Intake well shall be made of RCC
rectangular chambers having provision for flow control to the supply channel and Shingle
flushing system. The height of the well has been fixed as per the worked out HFL at
Diversion site.
Practical and economic considerations dictate that the Lashpathri - Iwater conductor
system leading to powerhouse must be designed and constructed to accommodate
combined flows for Intake well which shall include silt and shingle flushing discharges
besides requirement of water for the overload generation requirements.The trash rack
provided at the crest of the weir has 30 mm nominal size openings. The diverted water may
therefore carry sediments up to 30 mm nominal size. It is advisable that majority of these
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 particles are eliminated before the water enters the inlet channel and further to the
sedimentation chambers. To this end, a shingle excluder has been provided at the end of
the trench weir in the Intake well on the right bank to arrest the entry of the shingles
moving along the bed of the trench weir into the inlet channel. Near this end, the trench
weir bed has been given a curved profile to facilitate rolling down of the bed load (shingles)
into a pit. A1000 mm wide lip may be provided to prevent shingles and other particles
collected in the pit to enter the Feeder Channel. From time to time, shingles accumulated in
the pit will be flushed back into the stream through a shingle flushing MS Pipe of 500 mm
diameter, provided at about right angle to the trench weir axis. The pit may be provided
with a slope of 1:11 towards the flushing pipe.
The flushing Pipe also has a slope of about 1 in 10 is considered to be adequate to generate
non-settling velocity for particles up to 30 mm size. The flushing channel runs along
therightbank of the Stream for a length of about 20m before it discharges back into the
source stream, at above HFL.
To facilitate intermittent flushing, a- 1 m x 1.0 m (H) gate is provided in the shingle flushing
channel. The gate will normally be kept closed and will be fully opened to flush the shingles.
Following the shingle excluder is the water intake, with a 2.0m wide and 2.0m high gate,
along with its control structure. The gate will be operated using a Chain pulley
arrangement. A 0.6 m x 1.4 m opening in the hoist floor slab provides access to the intake
bed. It may be noted that, the water conductor system is on surface; all the structures will
be of cut-and-cover type in adjacent to Intake structure. The maximum flow which shall
pass through the intake shall be 6.38Cumec.

1.4.2 Supply Channel

A short Feeder/approach/Supply channel in form of RCC Rectangular Box section leads the
diverted water from intake to the de-silting tank carrying a discharge of 7.54 Cumecs with
20% silt flushing discharge and only 10% discharge on account of overload Generation. The
section shall include the transition for smooth flow of water into Water conductor system
from rectangular to rectangular. The Channel shall be of length 100 metres withBox of
consistent section throughout. The bed grade of the channel is proposed to be 1 in 550.
Additional Discharge of 10% required for overload running of plant at 20% shall be
accommodated into free board which has been 0.4 m in depthin RCC Box. In view of the
Geological and topographical features this part of water conductor system consists of same
section through and through which is of RCC Box as strata is found suitable.

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 Open channel section stands avoided due to involvement of some huge excavation on
hillside due tonon-availability rock underneath besides endanger from screed materials
involving maintenance issues. The Alignment of water system has been opted on right bank
of Stream as theRight Bankof does not provide a suitable terrain to generate the required
head besides the fact that left bank of stream all along does involve Forest Trees. Now since
the water conductor has been chosen on the right bank where most of the construction
materials shall have to carried across the stream and it may not be affordable for such
project to provide access road along the water conductor, But the length being too small
RCC section was found to be most suitable conveyance system in place of other alternatives
like MS Pipe Construction or Hume pipe arrangement etc . The Hume pipes are found very
heavy in weight and handling of such pipes shall be difficult to handle along the selected
corridor and it may not be possible to have the required diameters of needed quality as the
system needs to be water proof in all respects in particular in view of the fact that available
foundation may be susceptible to any saturated conditions.

The proposed RCC Box line shall be provided with Expansion joints (along with I number
Manhole at appropriate location)with de-silting tank and Intake well, as per requirement.
The RCC Box has been proposed to rest on solid foundation. The Supply channel shall have a
length of 100 m and in the design roughness coefficient for flow has been adopted as
0.018;this is in line as per the Guidelines for Hydro Electric Projects. It has been proposed
that there shall be no permanent road along this part of the water conductor, however a
berm and proper drain shall be provided towards hills side, and the berm may be used for
making any inspection during the plant operation. The hill slopes are stable as such 1:1
slope may be manageable with existing soil conditions. RCC Box construction for the reach
shall help in having support to the hill slope and with more improvement if covered with
earth fill ultimately.

1.4.3 De-silting Tank

Most of the Himalayan Rivers and rivulets carry a lot of sediment during Rainy seasons
and some times during periods of heavy snow melt. For run-of-the-river plants located on
such streams, it is essential that a de-silting arrangement be provided to trap and exclude
sediment particles in excess of a selected size so as to minimize damage to underwater
turbine components.

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 The maximum particle size that should be excluded before the diverted water is channelized
into the water conductor system or to the Forebay directly as is in this case, leading to the
turbine is directly linked to the potential wear of turbine parts due to sediment abrasion,
which depends on the following factors:

• Concentration of suspended sediment

• Hardness of particles

• Size of particles

• Shape of particles

• Abrasion Resistance of turbine parts

• Turbine head

Since inter-relationship between these factors is complex, a universally accepted uniform

criterion is not available for desander design. However, in India, the most commonly used
criterion is to design the de-silting tank for such projects that would exclude particles
greater than 0.2 mm with an efficiency of 90% or higher. This criterion could be relaxed
somewhat for installations with Pelton turbines, however, at higher heads, , the criterion of
excluding 90% particles greater than 0.2 mm should be, and is, retained.

Type of desanding arrangement

Three types of desanding basins are considered, namely

• The Hopper type settling basin

• The DuFour type settling basin

• Basin with vortex tubes

• Bieri Type settling basin

While the conventional settling basin has almost always been employed as preferred
desander in hydroelectric projects, use of vortices for removing sediment load from water
has largely been restricted to irrigation projects, with very limited application in

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 hydroelectric projects. In recent years, merits of using vortex tube type desanding
arrangement at hydro project with small design discharges have been recognized and they
have been employed at few hydroelectric projects in Himachal Pradesh and are also being
considered at few other projects.

Hopper type De-silting Basin

Between the two settling type basin arrangements, the DuFour type is not found suitable at
places like Shatkari. Design calculations show that the length of Dufour type desanding
basin is more than the single bay hopper type arrangement and does not suit the
topography of head works area. The structure will extend into higher natural ground and
would entail significantly higher quantity of excavation.

Design calculations for the conventional hopper type basin arrangement are presented hereafter.
The system would have the following characteristics.

One settling basins is provided to improve reliability and enhance operating flexibility, basin
in form of rectangular tank and provided with sectional area to reduce the velocity of flow
comprising of bed raft laid at 45 degrees each , with a total length of 18 m on either side of
the Tank inclined towards gutter at the centre of De-silting Basin , this bed raft has been
considered below the water level of full supply depth adopted in tank design shall slip all silt
contents into the gutter. The Gutter shall be provided with 2% bed slope which is found
sufficient to carry the silt particles along with flushing discharge. Since the structure shall be
constructed in combination to the Forebay as such a partition wall has been created at the
end of De-silting Tank part with silt settlement assumed to be well before it and clean water
to pass over the crest of this partition wall. The depth of flow as FSD in De-silting Tank has
been adjusted to be the same as operating depth required in Forebay tank.

• The flow through velocity in the tank has been taken as1.87m/sec.

• Basin is designed to settle all particles of size 0.2 mm and above.

• The settling velocity for 0.2mm size particle is taken as 2.5 cm/sec at 0º C (the water in the
stream is mostly from snowmelt.)

• The flushing discharge is taken as 20% of the plant discharge. And mostly the operation shall be
required during period when discharges are high in the stream as otherwise silt content in
the stream is found to be in significant.
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 • In order to dispense with the conventional 90º bend in flushing pipes (which makes it
difficult to clean in case of choking of the pipes), a 0.8m wide and 1.0m high flushing gallery
with a silt flushing channel (cunette) is proposed at the end of Gutter which will be laid
underneath Forebay raft. The flushing flow will remain concentrated in the silt flushing
channel.

As such the de-silting tank is single bay rectangular tank with flushing gutter type of RCC
construction having 39.0m (length) x 9.00m (breadth) x 4.26m (water depth in main Tank)
has been proposed at RD42.63m. It has been designed to remove 0.20mm and abovesize
silt particles. MS Pipe 600mm diameter with min. slope 2% is proposed to be provided for
flushing the silt and the flushing is controlled by 600 mm diameter sluice valve. The De-
silting Basin has been provided with a free board of 600 mm. The Tank shall have upstream
transition only as other end is directly merged with same width Forebay tank.

1.4.4 Forebay

TheForebay tank has been adopted as simple RCC Rectangular section having a common partition
with de-silting tank. The tank will have an overall depth covering minimum water seal
required to avoid any vortex formation in the Tank, this shall be located at the end of the
de-silting tank part as discussed earlierbut the design discharge in case of Forebay has been
taken to be 6.38Cumecs only. Further Tank is provided with sufficient bottom seal under the
bell mouth in Forebay pool to take care any undue material that may go into Forebay
including provisions for silt depositions. The tank has the basic purpose of absorbing the
fluctuations in the water supplies providing cushion for sudden tripping of the machines.
The Forebay is designed for a storage capacity time of 2 minutes with live storage full
supply water level and minimum draw down water level. The design discharge for Forebay
shall be 6.38 Cumecs which includes 20% additional discharge for overload power
Generation, The Forebay is provided with an Intake gate arrangement to control flow into
Penstock as per the size of Bell mouth, the hoisting arrangement will be of Double Rope
drum electrically as well as manually operated, further provisions for removal of any silt
accumulated have been kept by way of providing 300mm diameter MS pipe with control

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 arrangement of same diameter Sluice valve. The silt flushing pipe shall be dropped directly
into source Nallah.

. The average width available for the Forebay from the toe of the excavated slope on the
hill side is limited to an excavated depth of 4 m to 8 m at an appropriate location on the
valley side where ground level is not lower than the floor level of the Forebay. The sill level
of the intake has been fixed on the basis of requirement of water cushion above the intake
opening. Retaining walls forming the intake structure connect to the excavated slopes to
form the Forebay. The retaining wall has a maximum height of 6.76 m. The Forebay is lined
with Reinforced cement concrete. The Forebay intake is provided with a bell mouth opening
for the penstock and would be of RCC construction. An earth fill cover has also been
provided on the downstream of the retaining walls of the Forebay. LDPE film sheets may be
used for the walls and sides of the Forebay structure to serve as a water proofing
membrane. The excavated hill slope behind the Forebay is also proposed to be stabilized
without causing any damages to an existing road passing nearby to Forebay site on hill
side. Further these safeguards are done as an abundant measure of caution to minimize
distress due to seepage and provide additional stability for the critical Forebay structure.
The FSL of the Forebay is EL3122.58 m and the surplus escape located near the Forebay
comes into operation to release the discharges during the sudden rejection of the load by
the turbines.
A sharp crested Escape Bowl stands provided in Forebay for collection of any over flows
during emergency shutdown or for other reasons. The collected water shall be taken to
source Nallah nearby through proposed MS Pipe arrangement.Individual part of Forebay in
combined structure with de-silting tank is proposed to be of size 40m x 9.6m, having an
overall depth of 8.27 m.The Tank is provided with live storage for 2 minutes. And it has been
assumed under draw down conditions there shall be no silt content flow from De-silting
basin as both the structures have been designed independently for dimensioning of both
structures.

1.4.6 Penstock
As discusses in above Para’s the scheme has been developed as a “so called” penstock scheme
wherein penstock length is found long for its “length verses head ratio”. All care shall be
taken in pressure rise due to such issue, proper care for pressure relive arrangement is
recommended to be adopted at detailed design stage with due consultation with the
Turbine manufactures/suppliers. However the penstock has been designed against the
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 actual pressure rise due long penstock which shall be provided even if PRV is kept in place.
MainPenstock with 1600mm diameter and thickness varying from 28mm to 8 mm thick MS
Plates with symmetrical bifurcation at the lower end of 1132 mm diameter with 28 mm
thickness MS plates for each pipe for feeding two machines in the powerhouse has been
adopted.

The penstock has been aligned as per the topography available along the Nallah
bank with sufficient safety margins from HFL in the Nallah point of view. Almost the entire
length of penstock has been kept buried for its safety however suitable number of manholes
at appropriate intervals for any inspection has been recommended through RCC well to be
provided through back fill part. The penstock shall be having bituminous wrapping around it
from outside to safeguard it from anycorrosion.For every change of alignment Anchor
blocks of RCC shall be provided. The Penstock Liner shall be rested on saddle blocks.

1.4.7 Powerhouse
The proposed power house has been placed at relatively flat and stable terrace with turbine floor
level --- m. The Power house shall be of RCC framed structure with brick work in form of
panels in walls. The power house is surface type with Bed Raft/Floor of Reinforced cement
concrete M20 grade. Walls of power shall be of RCC 0.6m above maximum tailrace water
or backfill level. A single leaf gate shall be provided for 2 number draft tubes Gate openings
with chain pulley arrangement for lifting. The power house shall have to be safe guarded by
providing flood protection Bund. The power house building has been dimensioned in such a
way so that full space is utilised for accommodating two number units of 4.25Mw each
along with connected arrangements of Hydro mechanical and Electro mechanical
equipment’s and the structure has been divided into three parts i.e. service bay , Machine
hall and Control room with HT/LT room. The battery bank has also been provided adjacent
to Control room and further more office and on one number wash room has also been
adjusted in the power house building.

The Layout of powerhouse building comprises of

 A machine hall consisting of a separate turbine floor and a generator floor.

 A control room housing all the electrical panels required for the operation of the units
including Ht and LT Panels.
 An unloading bay and service bay.
 Annexe space and auxiliary space for auxiliary equipment
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  Draft tube and transformer deck.
 Outdoor switchyard.
 Option of providing standby third unit of 0.5 to 1 MW is kept open at this stage in case the
Sale rate of power improves which likely may take place in future then the same can be a
more viable proposal in overall interest.

The centre of turbine is fixed taking into consideration of the hydraulic parameters of the
horizontal Francis type turbine and the minimum/Maximum tailrace water level has been
provided accordingly with respect to the bottom level of Turbine. The floor layout is so
designed to accommodate the trenches to run the power cables from the generators to
the control panels in the control bay. One number E.O.T. crane 30T capacity is provided in
the power house with facility to operate in longitudinal and transverse directions, to
handle the E and M equipment during construction as well as operation stages.

1.4.8 Tailrace Channel

This structure is used for sending the tailrace waters from power house to Source
Nallah / stream. The tail race channel has been designed as RCC structure with discharge
capacity of 40% of one unit discharge under minimum tail water condition and 120% of
full design discharge of both the turbines under normal and maximum tail water level
condition with free board of 0.6 m. The discharging capacity in each case is determined by
Manning’s formula. The channel has been designed as a rectangular RCC structure up to
the bank of the stream and thereafter on crate construction in the stream bed making it
flexible and repairable after flood seasons. The Tail pool shall as per the power house
layout arrangement wherein the two individual draft tube exits shall deliver discharge into
the pool, initial 4m in bed raft has been kept plain after which reverse grade in the bed
raft has been provided to meet the bed level of Tailrace channel so as to maintain the
minimum tailrace water level from Cavitations’ stand point. The section of tailrace pool
shall converge in accordance with Channel size. The tailrace channel shall be rectangular
in shape.

1.5 Power Evacuation

The power generated from the scheme will be transmitted to PDD sub-station at Gagangeer at
a distance of 9km from the powerhouse location. This will be done through 11/33 KV
transmission line from switch yard to the receiving station. Though ideally 11 KV
Transmission line would prove to be economical for such projects but due to the concerns of
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 system voltages in this provisions have been kept for 33 KV line while framing the estimated
cost of the project. The transmission line shall be taken through the corridor initially along
the Nallah bank with safety margins from Floods and then shall be made to cross area
comprising hilly terrain.

1.6 History and Background

Jammu and Kashmir Government for the last 5 years has been taking various steps for
power generation with the objective of the economic development of the state. This includes the
development of major power projects. Steps have been taken in the power sector for the
development of mini and micro hydropower projects. A policy has been notified with Jammu and
Kashmir Energy Development Agency having been assigned the charge of the mini-hydropower
projects up to 10 MWs.The Lashpathri-Ihydropower project is one of the projects identified by
EnCon Group for the development of hydropower scheme.

The scope of the report covers the following:

 Review and analysis of hydraulic and other field data

 Formulation of the alternatives for the water conductor system and selection of optimum
scheme from techno-economic consideration
 To carry out power studies in order to determine optimum installed capacity of the
scheme, design parameters of the generating unit and annual generation possible.
 Selection of type, number and capacity of turbine generator units.
 Formulation of the project layout comprising of approach roads, head works on the river,
water conductor system, power house, tail race, outdoor switch yard and power
evacuation
 Details of hydro scheme covering civil, mechanical and electrical aspects.
 Project cost estimates, unit cost of generation and financial analysis.
 And Implementation schedule

1.7.1 Location
The Proposed Project site can be approached through Srinagar-Ganderbal-
SonamargRoad.The road lengthto becovered involves 21 Kmfrom Srinagarupto district HQ
Ganderbal. Thereafter, the Project site is located at village Shatkari on Kangan-Sonamarg road,
44 km from Tehsil Kangan &62 km from District HeadquarterGanderbal.

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1.7.2 Communications

The project site is connected through all-weather Road from National Highway NH-1A via
Srinagar-Sonamarg.During the construction of the project existing kacha access road shall
be upgradedand shall need to be taken right up to the Powerhouse site. Existing bridle path
from Powerhouse to Forebay and to Headworks shall be strengthened for uninterrupted
access to all components. The proposed headwork’s is presently approachable from the
main roadthrough a bridle path only. However an option shall be explored to have rope way
arrangement for shifting materials to the location were road may not be made as the
project in small. However option shall be taken up and decided upon as per space made
available during the execution of Penstock and construction materials can be shifted along
the plat form created after taking up excavation of penstock alignment as such the trench
work and erection of penstock shall be managed in conjunction to the requirements of
dumping materials for construction of Diversion weir, Common De-silting basin and Forebay
to the nearby locations.

1.7.3 Population, Resources and Socio-economic conditions.

The project area is sparsely populated with the people mainly involved in small
agriculture activities. The population of nearby villages including Shatkari is around 7000.
The resources of the area are mainly green virgin forests clustered with Deodar, Kail and
Fur trees in upper catchment area. Except for water resources, no other natural resources
of any commercial significance are available in or near the project area. The forest
resources are also very limited in project area.
The forest comprises mixed jungles, mainly of pine Trees. The economy of the hill areas of
J&K is agriculture (Paddy) based. Some of the people from this area serve in bigger towns
where infrastructure for industries and commerce exists. The remaining people work on
small terraced fields. In general, the socio-economic condition of the people is poor.
Development of tourist activities can be explored as the area has got tremendous Scenic
beauties, the state tourist department is involved in various development activities of the
area which can enable locals to get involved in some works.

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1.7.4 Topography
The source Nallah viz.Lashpathri Nallah joined by other small sub-tributaries of the
catchment forms one of the direct tributaries of River Sindh. It starts from Mountain peaks
having Latitude 34º20’18.64″ N and Longitude 75º8′44.23″ E and elevation of 4550 m
above MSL . The LashpathriNallah is perennial flow Nallah fed by glacial / snowmelts. The
Nallah is flanked by steep mountain slopes on either side or traverses through Shatkari
and other nearby villages negotiating a length of 9 km up to headwork's site. The bed
gradient of the Nallah is fairly steep encountering a number of rapids in negotiating a fall
of 1572 m up to Headworks Site.
The lower slopes are under dry crop cultivation. The portion above the winter snowline of
elevation 3050m feeds the Nallah by snow and glacier melt. Minimum discharge in the
Nallah occurs during November, December, January & February. Relatively high flows
during summer months are contributed by snowmelt as well as rainfall in the catchment.
The stream has got characteristics of its own with available rugged terrains in the
catchment having very low discharges in winters starting from November and relatively
high discharges in comparison to the other streams.

1.8 Climate

The climate of Jammu and Kashmir varies greatly owing to its rugged topography. In the south in
the Jammu region the climate is typically monsoon very hot and can reach up to 45°C.
Towards north in the Kashmir Valley across from the Pir Panjal range, South Asian
monsoon is no longer a factor and most precipitation falls in the spring from southwest
cloud bands. Because of its closeness to the Arabian Sea, Srinagar receives as much as
average 1200 millimetres of rain from this source with March to May being the wettest
months with around 100 millimetres per month. Winter precipitation falls in the form of
snow depending upon altitude and other meteorological conditions. As the catchment is
located in high altitudes the maximum temperature does not go beyond 320C, the winters
being severe with minimum temperature of -50C.

1.7 River System

LashpathriNallah, asub tributary of River Sindh and is one of the small drainage line joined
by a number of rivulets and smaller tributaries draining Middle Himalayas Pir Panjal range.
The catchment is wooded in higher reaches and has steeper slopes with the forest line

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 meeting small hillocks and dunes of fertile land mostly barren of any vegetation. At the foot
of these mountains rugged Karewa land cut by gullies with relatively moderate slopes.

1.8 Hydrology
For correct estimation of hydrology and selection of proper site for the power plant,
especially in case of a hill schemes, about 18 months’ time are required for recording the
discharge of two seasons. For the purpose of preparation of the Project Report and with a
view to reduce the duration of project development, lean discharge is calculated by
correlation of the discharge data having similar geographical and geological features based
on the catchment area.
Lashpathriis a perennial Nallah starting from an altitude of 4550m of Glacier peaksabove
MSL (Glacier) and is joined by a number of small tributaries. The precipitation in the area
is seasonal/flashy rainfall during summer and spring: The run-off contributed by melting
of snow starts increasing from March-April and gradually reaches its peak in the month of
July and August. This gradual increase in the runoff from March to August coincides with
the increasing trend of air temperature. In October the discharge starts diminishing and
by the remaining months of the winter, the discharge fluctuates and shows a minimum
discharge sometime in the month of Nov, Dec and Jan.
Due to low winter temperatures, the glacial sources of the Nallah freezes. However, the
water continues to flow underneath. Total catchment area of the Nallah up to the
proposed diversion site has already and previously has been established to be 35 Sq Km.
This has been confirmed by satellite imagery and internet maps. An Ordinary Gauge and
discharge station has been installed in 2012to measure the discharge in Lashpathritill
August2014.
Nearly two and a half years discharge data has been used to formulate the project
report. Firm discharge series from 2012 to 2014 has been used for dependability and
optimization calculations. During the stage of execution, the hydro- logical data series will
be updated further for computing the dependability of the discharge, the ten daily mean
discharges have been tabulated and unrestricted energy has been calculated.
The 10 – daily discharges of the 75% dependable year have been used to arrive at the
optimum and the best beneficial installed capacity of 8.5MW.

1.9 Site Selection

LashpathriNallah has a varying grade from the source up to Diversion site. In between
there are some riparian demands even on downstream of the project site as such a total

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 resaved quantity of water i.e. 0.4 Cumecs has been take into account to result in
selection of site at proposed location, wherein the diversion site has been proposed to
downstream of irrigation canal take of point..
The proposed headwork’s has been selected based on the ideal site concept where
the width of the stream is optimum i.e. not too wide to result in high costs and not too
narrow to endanger the diversion and intake structures. The headwork’s site has been
fixed at appropriate location.The alignment of the water conductor and penstockin
particular has been fixed on the available contour all along nearby to Nallah Bank, which
involves minimum cut/ fill. The alignment has also been fixed keeping in view the
minimum dislocation of residential houses and populated areas.In fact there is no
involvement of any houses/ buildings along the alignment. Forebay and Power House
have also been suitably located based on available space to minimise cost on account of
heavy cut/ fill.

1.10 Discharge and Gauge observation

Being a small tributary historical discharge data is not available for this particular
site. However the Consultant has been observing discharges at a nearby site of
Headwork’s for previous two and half years. The discharges have been updatedfor last
three years (2012-2014) resulting in a firmed up data for the last two and half yearsnear
the proposed headwork’s.

1.11 Project Purpose

1.12.1 Needs
Inadequate power infrastructure has been the major factor for the underdevelopment of
the State. The local area of Lashpathri is economically backward with no industrial
development. Lashpathri - IMini-hydropower project if followed by appropriate policy of
economic development will act as trigger for the economic development of the villages
providing avenues for the villages.

1.12.2 Objectives of the Scheme

Envisaged by Government of Jammu and Kashmir such schemes will provide a

platform for the villages of various kinds of economic opportunities including cottage
industry and other economic areas with installation of such projects. The development of
power potential will also facilitate better educational opportunities. This will also reduce

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 the local populations’ dependence on firewood improving the environment and conserve
the ecosystems of the area. In fact JAKEDA has been planning to develop the renewable
energy from Mini Hydel Projects up to 10 MWS, as is being promoted by other potential
states of the country. The need is to meet the electricity demands in our country through
Environmental friendly means scheme will provide a platform for the villages for various
kinds of economic opportunities including cottage industry and other economic areas. The
development of power potential will also facilitate better educational opportunities.
Business development will enhance over all business scenario in the state as such projects
are being launched in every nook and corner of the state and will generate local
employment and shall provide work and jobs to locals of the area. With un limited
advantages from such projects will not explore the utilisation of energy which is otherwise
going waste but shall also improve overall power set-up of the state which is bringing
electricity from outside at rates which sometimes go un affordable for the state, in
particular during winter when the demand is high in the state, These projects can got
implemented in very quick time with very few environmental issues. It shall not help
Government directly but shall also involve good number of Business class groups towards
the development of state.

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 Civil Engineering Structures

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6.0 Civil Engineering Structures

6.1 Project Layout Planning

The location of the project has been carefully done after the study of the following
parameters in view of the revision carried out:

a) Suitability analysis of the different components of the hydropower scheme

b) Ecological and environmental sensitivities of the site
c) Optimal civil cost of the works
d) Geological & Geomorphology of the area.

6.1.1 All components of the project including the diversion weir, intake and approach
channel, de-silting tank, forebay, penstock, switchyard, powerhouse and tail race
have been located on the right bank of LashpathriNallah on the basis of
topographical, geological, soil, ecological and environmental study. The layout
has been fixed to maximize the exploitation of available discharge and head.

6.1.2 Diversion weir site has been proposed at appropriate location on the topographic
survey sheet on a stable and relatively flat bed slope of the Nallah.

6.1.3 The location of Intake, Forebay and the alignment of , de-silting tank, and
penstock are primarily based on the basis that power channel has been avoided
due to reasons discussed in preceding Para’s and topography of the area using
the optimum hydraulic computation in adopting it as a penstock scheme.

6.1.4 Although many possibilities of the water conductor system alignment exist but the
final alignment has been based on the most efficient and cost effective system
after studying the geology, topography and hydraulic features in case of present
proposal. RCC Box Contraction has been recommended for water conductor up to
De-silting Tank. The Forebay and De-silting Tank shall be one Structure with
design features for its purpose have been taken care independently as per the
requirement as per general norms. The proposed alignment is based on the
techno-economic comparisons of all the possibilities available at the site and to
avoid certain UN avoidable encumbrances.

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 6.1.5 Components of the Scheme

Following are the principal components of scheme.

a. Diversion weir
b. Intake structure
c. Approach channel
d. De-silting tank
e. Forebay
f. Escape Bowl / Pipe
g. Power house
h. Tailrace Channel
i. Switchyard

These are discussed in below:

6.2 Diversion Weir

Alternatives considered

The width of the stream at this location at pond level elevation of 3122.8 m is 25.0 m. The
abutments are of hard shingle boulder strata still necessary support at the ends has
been provide. The intake structure is at the end of the trench weir adjacent to the right
bank. The trench is below the bed level El 3120 with a top width of 2.0 m and bottom
width 2.0 m as well and a depth uniformly varying from 1.0 m at the right abutment to
3.0 m at the right abutment where the intake structure is located. A trash rack grill has
been provided on top of the trench opening sloped in the flow direction so that stones
and pebbles do not settle but would roll away with the stream flow. The trench itself is
provided with a bed slope of 1 in 12.5 in the flow direction of the diverted water so that
sufficient velocity is generated to carry away heavy silt that may find entry into the
trench through the trash opening. The intake structure is located on the right bank
sufficiently away from the midstream so that the regime of the river is not affected
during normal high flood level conditions. Two openings are provided in the intake
structures, one of 2.0m x 1.80m for carrying the design discharge through to the de-
silting tank and the other of size 1x1 m with shingle flushing pipe 500mm diameter

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 forcarrying directly the silt collected in the trench weir to a suitable location in the
stream downstream. The intake opening is designed to carry 150% of the design
discharge, which works out to be 6.38Cumecs to allow for the additional requirements
for flushing silt at De-silting Tank and an overload discharge. Entry to these ducts is
controlled by gates operated from the top of the intake structure. The intake structure
permits the release of water to the desired extent. The top of the intake structure has
been kept at El 3120 m. The 0.5m opening is continued as MS Pipe to terminate at a
suitable location in the river at a level above the normal HFL. Such a location is met
within length of pipe.

The protection works in the river bed both upstream and downstream of the weir
consist of wire boulder crates 1500 mm x 1500 mm x 1500 mm in size and PCC concrete
M15 Blocks of size 1500mmx1500mmx900mm size. These are extended on the
upstream and on the downstream. Concrete toe walls, one on the upstream and two on
the downstream of the trench of different heights as per requirement serve as a
safeguard against dislodging of the blocks and consequent erosion.

Lashpathri - Ialternatives of gated weir, trench type weir, boulder weir and RCC weir
were considered. For steep rivers a feature of the Himalayan Rivers fully gated weirs
are not suitable, as they are prone to damages due to rolling bed load and the flashy
floods. Trench weirs herein has been adopted and it is envisaged that it should be able
to perform optimally though may get filled-up with debris during storm flows, But will
not be a matter of concern in the long run as may be simultaneously cleaned very easily.
Further the abutment work has been adopted to be in crate work with concrete grouting
on front face, the concrete as such will protect the wire mesh from tearing.

6.2.1Design

The height of Trench type weir is governed by the full supply depth of water in approach
channel and elevation of bed at the start of this channel. The entry of rolling stones and
boulders into approach channel is proposed to be restricted as it shall have tendency to
roll over the Trench covered with reasonably strong Trash rack on it. Thus,

Invert level of intake at end of weir = Bed Level at start of Feeder channel +0.2m.

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The water diverted by the weir is fed into a rectangular, gated intake structure. This intake
structure is located on the right bank of the weir. The location of the intake structure has
been selected ensuring that the regime of the stream is not disturbed. The intake structure
performs the following functions.

i. Regulation of the discharge for power generation irrespective of the discharge

flowing in the river
ii. Acting as an abutment for the right bank of the weir.

On the upstream side of the Nallah at right bank and just adjacent to the Trench weir a
stone Masonry wall has been proposed which guide the flow and will safeguard the Intake
well including the initial part of Feeder channel.

6.2.2 Design of Trenchweir

8.12
Design Discharge = Cumecs
3125.00
Pond Level = m
3128.58
Highest Flood Level = m
Average bed level at Diversion site 3125.00
= m
Width of stream 15.00
= m

Calculations for size of Trench Weir

B = (Q/(E1 x E2 x Cd x L x (2gE)1/2)
I

E= (Q/CL)2/3 Ii

Where,

Q is Diverted Discharge in Cumecs

L is Width of Stream
E1 = ratio of opening/Total area of trash rack
surface over trench = 0.5
E2 is area of opening in the trash rack likely to be
clogged = 0.5

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 L is length of weir across stream

E is specific Energy at any section of stream in the

trench weir
B is width of Trash rack (width of Trech weir at
top)
C is cofficient of Discharge for Broad crested weir
= 1.53

Cd Cofficient of Discharge through opening = 0.46

E = Specific Energy , from Equation (ii) = 0.5

B= Width of Trash rack (Trench weir width at top)
, from Eq. (i) = 1.50 m
Provide, width of 2 m from practical
consideration, then width per metre providing 0.4
m/sec
Allowable velocity through Trash rack opening.
(From, Q/0.4L) = 1.353 m

Width required for 50% clogging criteria = 2.707 m

Which is less than provided width , hence safe,

Provided width = 2 m

Level of Trench weir at top is fixed at E1 = 3125

Check for discharge capacity of Trench weir

Design Discharge = 8.12 Cumecs

Top width of Trench weir (T) = 2 m

Let water depth along channel be = d

Area =Txd = 2 xd
Velocity head at the end of Trench hσ is given as,

hσ = n/(n+1) xA/2T

where n, is constant depending upon bottom

profile of channel = 0.5

hσ = n/(n+1) xA/2T = 0.167 xd

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 The corresponding discharge is given as Q=
Ax Sqrt(2gh)

where A = 2 xd

g = 9.81

h = 0.167 xd

Q is Diverted Discharge in Cumecs = 8.12 Cumecs

Depth of flow at start (d) = 1.715

Provided (d) = 1.715 m

Depth provided at Inatke end(TW) = 3.4 m

Check for adequacy of waterway

Average Depth = 2.55731 m

Area =Txd = 5.114621 sq m

Wetted perimeter (P) = 7.11 m

slope provided = 0.1124

which is = 1 8.9

Using manings formula with value of n = 0.018

Mannings Formula is

Q =A* R2/3S1/2/n

Q = 76.434 Cumecs

Safe

Check for adequacy of capacity with 50% clogging

Average depth = 1.27 m

Area = 2.55 sq m

Wetted perimeter (P) = 4.55 m

Therefore Discharge from Mannings formula = 32.40 Cumecs

OK

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 Calculations' of Levels at Intake for water
conductor

Pond Level = 3125.00

Size of opening at entry of water conductor

Width = 2.3 m

Flow Depth = 1.8 m

Velocity = 1.96 m/sec

Invert of start of WCS = 3121.8 m

Design Calculations

Pond Level = 3125 m

Level at Trench weir end = 3121.6 m

Sill of Flushing Duct = 3121 m

FSL at start of WCS = 3123 m

Highest Flood Level = 3128.58 m

6.3 Supply Channel

6.3.1 General
Since the de-silting basin has been proposed very near to The Diversion weir as such
supply channel/approach shall found to be very short length. The total length involved is
42.6 m, this has been ended at allocation to suit the location of de-silting basin at RD
42.63m. The supply channel has been provided with Rectangular section of RCC Box
with internal dimensions ofBox as 1.8x1.8 m.The Concrete section shall produce velocity
of flow as 1.52 m/sec producing a full supply depth of 1.4m in the RCC Box. The bed
grade of the channel is 1 in 550 m/m and the roughness coefficient of 0.018 has been
adopted for Concrete section. Since the de-silting basin has been provided near Intake
structure and due tosteep bed gradient in main stream, as such only a length of
42.6metres has got involved in supply channel. This has even facilitated the flushing of

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 de-silting basin into main stream above the HFL of source stream at its exit in nearby
location. The RCC Box channel has been preferred as per site conditions to facilitate this
type of construction and in addition due to the topography of the stretch along which
alignment has been fixed.

About 20% of the water shall be used for flushing the silt back to the source Nallah through
the silt- flushing duct at De-silting Basin; thereby the supply channel shall a design
discharge of 7.54Cumecs which also includes 10% over load requirement wherein it has
already been adopted that 10% discharge shall also be absorbed in the free board of the
channel which has been put at 0.4 metres.

The RCC Box shall be placed on firm ground over lean concrete 75 mm thick which will
provide base for the placement of Reinforcement steel.

The alignment has been adopted as per contour alignment of channel reach to involve
minimum cutting but at the same time stability of plat form by providing cushion to the
RCC Box on hill downside has duly been taken care.

6.4 De-silting Tank

6.4.1 Generals
Formost part of the year silt content in LashpathriNallah water is almost insignificant with the
silt factor of 6-6.5. Monsoons have very marginal effect on the flow in Nallah but in
storms it carries boulders, small stones / pebbles and silt particles. . Since it is
proposed to keep bed level of shingle flushing duct below the invert of water
conductor system by 0.6m, boulders /pebbles and debris shall not enter the Supply
channel and only the silt particles suspended in water shall enter the approach
channel. These silt particles need to be removed from water before its entry into
Forebay For this purpose considering project capacity a simple single bay de-silting tank
has been proposed. Flushing of silt shall be done through 400 mm Diameter MS pipe
and shall discharge back into main stream above HFL.

The location of de-silting basin has been adopted in a location wherein comparatively
plain terrain is available and is placed very near tointake structure, the deepest level in
de-silting ductas shown in drawing, wherefrom silt flushing pipe has been proposed to

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 carry away the silt to meet Nallah (above HFL) with sufficient grade in pipe line. The
effort has been made to minimise the length of flushing pipe, as it has been observed
that during the operation of projects the longer lengths of flushing pipes has the
tendency to get choked making cleaning an uphill task and at times impossible
particularly when the diameter is small. Therefore the basin has been fixed at location
as shown in General Layout, starting at RD 42.6m, as discussed above the structure
shall be constructed in direct connection to the Forebay with design parameters as per
the requirement. The Basin will involve upstream transition only and flow shall pass over
a partition wall having with of crest as 6.0 metres which is found sufficient to carry
design discharge needed in to Forebay. The terrain wherein the common structure is
proposed is in traces form as such though some deep cutting is involved for attaining
the required levels is found manageable should not be of any difficulty for executing the
same.

It is recommended as per the guide lines to remove silt particles of size 0.2mm and
above through the process in which flow through velocity and moderate settling
velocities have been adopted as 0.197m/sec and 0.025m/sec respectively. The length of
the main tank is worked out to be 25.0 m with de-silting basin width of 6.0 m, the depth
of flow called as Full Supply depth of water is 4.26m.All these dimensions have been
adopted in such a way so as to suit the site conditions besides requirements from
Forebay stand point.

6.4.2 Design of De-silting Basin

Discharge for Desilting Tank = 7.54 Cumecs

Smallest particle size to be removed
= = 0.2 mm and above
Max. Flow through velocity, V
= a x d1/2

Where,

d, Particle size to be removed in mm

a, Factor varying with particle size
shall be = 44

Therefore Velocity, V shall be = 0.197 m/sec

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 for the assessed silt load and particle
size the settling velocity shall be, V2 = 2.7 cm/sec

Let the width of Tank be = 9 M

Depth required shall be = 4.26 M

Moderate settling velocity shall be
after making adjustment for
turbulence in flow = 2.53 cm/sec

= 0.0253 m/sec
Therefore, Settling length of Tank
shall be = 33.1 M

Provided length of Tank = 38 M

Length of upstream Transition with
splay, 1:6 = 11.1 M

Length of downstream Transition = 0.00 M

Total length of Desilting Tank = 49.1 M

6.4.2.1 The de-silting basin for this scheme is proposed at RD 100 with 12.6m upstream
Transition..

6.4.2.2 No transition (contraction) has been provided as the flow is proposed to flow
with same width of Forebay structure over a sharp crested weir which is of width
found sufficient to carry maximum discharge...

6.4.2.3 Along the centreline of de-silting tank, a trench 0.60 m wide with its depth increasing
from the beginning to the end has been provided for passing the silt which shall be
flushed through MS pipe 500 mm diameter back to LashpathriNallah by opening the
sluice Valve. Most likely regular operation of De-silting basin shall be in some of the
summer months only.

6.5 Forebay
Forebay has the basic purpose of providing water regulation in case of load rejection
fulfilling the immediate water demand at the start of generating units. For Lashpathri
- Imini-hydropower project it is proposed to provide a minimum storage volume above

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 Minimum Draw down Level (MDDL) for 120 seconds at the Maximum water demand
of 6.38Cumecs including additional discharge of 20% needed for two machinesworking
at 120% load. Required storage capacity is766m3. The proposed Forebay Tank shall be
rectangular in shape of Size 40 x 9.6 m size with an overall depth of 8.27m in Forebay
pool. However bed of Forebay has been adopted in slope as per requirement. The FSL
and MDDl in Forebay shall 3122.58m and 3120.58m respectively. The placement of
Forebay has been considered in line with Geology of the location into terraces of land
with created platform to limit internal width of Forebay to 9.0metres. The structure
has been developed as a common structure with De-silting Basin and shall be provided
with Intake arrangement having Forebay pool with provisions for silt flushing
arrangement and Intake service gate to control flow into long penstock length of
1800m.

The Forebay Tank shall be of RCC grade M20 and shall have an Escape Bowl as
well which could have been avoided in this case but has been included from
environmental point of view along with laying of Escape arrangement kept in form of
a short length of Escape Pipe and is constructed in monolithic to the structure with
height equal to the Forebay pool height. In Forebay depressed part called as Forebay
pool has been provided to accommodate height of bell mouth which in this case is1.36
m fixed in proportion to the penstock diameter of 0.85 m, further bottom sill of 0.44m
and Water seal measuring from FSL to MDDL which will avoid any vortex formation in
pool along with creation of live storage. The Forebay pool is also equipped with Trash
rack arrangement for full height of Intake to avoid and Trash entry into penstock. An
air vent pipe of 300 mm diameter will be fixed downstream of Intake service gate in
the Intake wall. Design of Forebay has purely been made of section to suite site
conditions and also to suit the De-silting Basin requirements as per the requirements
of the scheme, which shall involve a overall cutting depth of 4 to 8 metres and with
available soil condition should not of any major concern.

There shall not be an upstream Forebay Transition as discussed above that

Water shall be directly taken from the de-silting Tank having same width as that of
Forebay.

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 6.5.1 Design of Forebay

Discharge Q = 6.38 Cumec

Design Discharge = 6.38 Cumec

Diameter of Penstock = 1.60 m

Full Supply Level at Entry = 3122.58 m

Assuming MDDL = 3120.58 m

Therefore operating depth = 2 m

Provided operating depth = 2 m

Bell Mouth Height H = 2.56 m

Bottom Sill .2h+.25 = 0.66 m

Min. Water seal = 2.05 m

Bed Level of Pool of Forebay = 3115.32 m

Free Board = 1 m

Overall depth of Pool = 8.27 m

Allow Storage i.e Capacity of Forebay = 2 Minutes

Allow Storage =

Discharge Q = 6.38

Required Storage Capacity = 766 Cum

Take Water depth as = 2 m

Min Draw down Level at Forebay = 3120.58 m

Surface Area of Fore Bay = 383 m

Let Length of Forebay be = 40 m

then width of Forebay = 9.6 m

Adopted width = 9.6 m

Therefore Live storage of Forebay = 766 Cum

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 Hence Overall Size of Fore Bay is ok

6.5.2 Design of escape pipe in the Forebay

In the scenario of load rejection all the incoming water shall be allowed to have
free fall from the escape pipe and this water shall be diverted to
LashpathriNallah near Forebay itself as the system is flowing under pressure
beyond this point. MS escape pipe of 500mm, diameter will be sufficient to
prevent damages that may occur to the Forebay tank in case the overflow is not
properly guided. The pipe flow shall be directly dropped intoNallah over Big
boulders available in the Nallah. Further it has been proposed to have Spillway
Bowl at Forebay itself which shall collect and guide flow into the said Escape
pipe. Free flow MS pipe has been proposed as the discharge is small besides
being a mini Hydel project as proves to be very economical solution for such
projects and has been the modern trend working on successfully in place of
conventional Spillways for such projects.The MS pipe shall be made of 6mm
thick MS plates and is proposed to be rested on RCCSaddle blocks.

6.5.3 Design of Escape at Forebay.

Design of Escape at Forebay.

Design Discharge Q = 6.38 Cumecs

Provide Head Over Crest H = 0.5 M

We know Q = 1.7*L*H1.5 =
Where L is length of Crest in
m. =
Applying above equation
Length of Crest L = 10.6 m
Therefore Provide Sharp
Crested spill over of Length = 10.6 m

Full supply Level of Forebay = 3122.58 m

Head over Crest = 0.5 m

Max Level of Flow in Forebay = 3123.08 m

Top of Forebay = 3123.08 m

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 Freeboard for Escape = 0.5 m

Keeping in view the above parameters an Escape bowl of internal size 5.2x2.5
metre is proposed with height as per actual depending up built up section at
its location adjacent to Forebay, however the overall height shall not be less
than 4.0 metres. The above provided section is found to be safe for delivering
the free-fall flow over crest into MS Escape pipe.

6.5.4Free Flow Escape Pipe Design.

Since the pipe alignment has been chosen along near Forebay to direct flow into Nallah as
such the grade of pipe has been taken into account to work out the diameter of this free flow
pipe. The gradient is found to be varying along the length of pipe line as such at this stage the
mildest grade has been considered in determining the pipe diameter. The pipe line shall be
rested on saddle blocks and shall be kept buried.

Design discharge =6.38 Cumec

Roughness coefficient =0.012

The mildest grade in pipe is 1:1.

With circular section properties from Manning’s formula velocity V will be 13. m/Sec at peak
load rejection. Depth of flow has been fixed at 80% full criteria having most efficient flow.
Depth of water in free flow pipe shall be around 500 mm.

6.7 Tailrace

A very short Tailrace channel has been adopted in this project. This shall be in form of
rectangular RCC channel beyond Common RCC Pool. The Bed width of channel adopted is
5.5m with a freeboard of 0.6m as per requirement, the channel shall meet to source Nallah
above the HFL at its end. The design discharge for Tailrace has adopted as 6.38 Cumec which
includes 20% additional overload discharge as well. The Full supply depth in channel will be
0.7 metres which shall produce a maximum tailrace water level of EL 3126m. The bed grade in

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channel is proposed to be1 in 500 and minimum water depth with plant running at minimum
possible generation shall be 0.25m in to provide minimum tail water level of EL 3127m. The
channel shall be protected by providing Gabion wall protection in view floods protection
measure near the stream.

6.7.1 Hydraulic Design of Tailrace Channel.

Discharge Q = 6.38 Cumecs

Coefficient of rugosity n = 0.018

Side slopes = Vertical

Free board = 0.6 m

Bed Grade = 1 500

= 0.002000

Area = =BD+0.5d2

Assumed Bed width of Canal = B = 5.5 m

Assume depth of channel = D = 0.7 m

Area = 3.85 sm

Wetted Perimeter = 6.90 m

Hydraulic mean Radius = 0.56 m

velocity , V = (R2/3 S1/2)/n

= 1.68 m/sec

Where,

R2/3 = =0.678m

S1/2= =0.045

Calculation for passing of Discharge

= 3.85

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 X1.68

=6.48cumec

Which is ok

6.8 Penstock

6.8.1 General
Penstock — a pipe used for the conveyance of water under pressure from forebay tank
to the turbine – is proposed to be of MS Grade B. IS 2062, is proposed to be adopted
for Lashpathri - Imini hydropower project. The penstock installation proposed is
embedded with backfill of suitable earth got from excavation with well-
designedconcrete support at bed to suit the buried penstock and on the bends anchor
blocks have been proposed.

The radius of curvature in penstock profile is proposed to be three times the

diameter of the penstock for efficient hydraulic flow and the bends are proposed to
have successive segments of curved portion with optimum deflection angles avoiding
sharp changes in the direction of flow. Air vent is proposed to be provided in the
intake wall of Forebay avoiding the development of negative pressures also
accelerating the draining. No surge shaft is used as pressure rise shall be taken care
by thickness of penstock and pressure relief arrangements as Francis Turbine stands
adopted in view of available circumstances. The speed rise in turbine shall be taken
care as has already been discussed with leading manufacturer of Turbines in India
who have proposed to adopt Francis Turbine in this case.

The main penstock shall be of 1.6 metre dia. to produce a economical

velocity of 5.5m/sec, the penstock has been proposed to made of ferrules 2 metre in
length or as worked as per availability of plate sizes with varying thickness from 28mm
to 8mm . At this point the entire length of penstock is proposed kept underground by
way of backfilling. The bifurcation diameter has been worked on identical velocity
procedure and is worked out to be 1.132m. The length of branch for each pipe shall be
15 metres and this part of the penstock shall be embedded with proper treatment to

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 avoid any rusting. Max allowable water hammer pressure has been adopted to be
50%, against which the thickness of penstock has been worked out.

The penstock will have a smooth entry of flow at forebay by providing well
designed bell mouth.

6.8.3 Pressure Rise

The design of penstock is also dependent upon water hammer—a phenomenon of
sudden pressure rise. In the operation of the hydropower plants the gradual change in
flow cannot be guaranteed as the governing apparatus or plant operator rapidly
opens or closes the inlet value with the change in velocity leading to the corresponding
changes in the kinetic energy. The change in kinetic energy gives rise to the pressure
surges in the penstock with the phenomenon being referred to as the ‘water hammer.’
The size of momentary pressure surges can be significant and in case these exceed the
static pressure will lead to the burst of the pipes or leading to the reduction of
pressure below the ambient pressure causing the pipes to collapse.

The parameter used to indicate the circumstances under which the water hammer
should be considered is called the critical time.

6.8.4 Design of Penstock

Design Head of penstock = 182.58 m

Economical Dia. of penstock from empirical formula "D" =( P/H)0.466

Where D = Penstock Dia. in feet.

P= Rated HP.

H= Rated Head in feet.

Therefore Diametre of penstock. =

P= 13211.2 HP

H= 599.02 Feet

P/H = 22.05

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 D= 4.23 Feet

So, Diameter of penstock = 1.29 m

Also Dia. D= 5.821(P/H)0.4043

Where, P= Installed capacity in MW.

H= Design Head in Metre

P/H = 0.05

Therefore D = 1.79 m

Hence chosen Diameter between the two values as = 1.6 m

Sectional area = 2.01 m2

Velocity in penstock = 3.17 m/sec

Pressure Rise in Penstock

Max. Water Level at Forebay = 2945.5 M

Design Discharge for main penstock = 6.38 Cumecs

Penstock Diameter = 1.6 m

Area pf Penstock = 2.01 m2

Velocity in Penstock = 3.17 m/sec

Lowest Level of Penstock = 2939.2 m

Internal Steady Head = 6.30 m

Check for Pressure rise

Taking Thickness of Liner t = 28 mm

Diameter of penstock d = 1600 mm

Ratio of d/t = 57.14285

Pipe line constant in ft. unit K = av/2gh = 2.8

V= Velocity = 3.17 m/sec

h= steady head =

Time line constant t= 10 Sec

Gate closure

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 Length of penstock L = 1830 m

Time constant factor =

aT/2L = 3.08

Where from manual constant a (for above d/t ratio)= 3700

Ratio of pressure rise to initial steady head 2.K.P = 26.044

reading from allievi chart P = 0.45

where P is read from allievi chart.

Hence pressure rise = 84.5%

Max allowable pressure rise in penstock = 40%

Hence Ok

Calculation for Thickness of Penstock Pipe

Gross Head = 6.30 m

Stress in steel = 1050 kgs/cm2

Diameter of penstock = 1600 mm

Pressure rise due to water hummer = 2604.4 .%

Total Head = 170.38 m

Pressure = 17.037 kgs/cm2

Thickness of steel liner =

From Equation , PxD/2×σ = 12.98 mm

where P pressure, D ia Dia in cm =

Add for corrosion and abrasion = 1.5 mm

Thickness of pipe for main penstock = 14.48 mm

Provide thickness of pipe = 28 mm

Safe
The penstock thickness is provided as 28mm and 8 mm thickness in two equal divisions for
entire length from start of Power house to Forebay.

6.9 Economic Diameter of Penstock

Economic diameter of penstock has been calculated on the basis of empirical formulae
derived on the basis of parametric study of the existing power projects in India.

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 Discharge in Penstock = 6.38 Cumecs
Discharge in Cusecs = 225.33 Cusecs
Gross Head available = 182.58 m
Head with Water Hammer Pressure (30%) = 333.95 m 1095.63
velocity in Penstock , from Q=Av = Q/A

Area of Penstock = Л/4xD2

Velocity in terms of Q and D = 4Q/ЛD2
Therefore, Velocity V = 286.85
D2
Using Scobey's formulae, Power losses for 1000 rfts. (Scobey's formulae)
V= D0.58xhf0.526
Ks0.526
hf0.526 Ks.526Xv
D0.58

Therefore hf = KsxV1.9/D1.1x(1/1000)
0.34 286.85 x 1
D2xD1.1 1000
4.9
15.89 ÷ D
(Per Rft.)
Penstock Length = 6004.23 rft
Total hf = 95383.61 ÷ D4.9
Entrance Loss
0.2xve2

Entrance Loss = 2g

Where, Ve is Entrance velocity = 1.67 x Penstock velocity

Entrance Area = 1.67 x 3.142 D2
4
which is = 1.31 x D2
Ve =Q/A = 225.33 x D2
1.31
which is = 171.8 x D2
Entrance loss ,he = 91.7 ÷ D4

Bend Loss

hb = KV2/2g

Taking value of k = 1.26

Therefore from above hb = 0.0196 x 286.85 sq

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 D2

1610 ÷ D4

Cost of Power loss annually QHLfR x 8760

15

..= 101327.3 x HL

Entrance Friction Total

4 4.9
Diametre D Loss Bend Loss D Loss Loss Power Loss

Feet 91.7 1610 95383.61 101327.307

4 4 4.9
D D D

0.4 1.31 2.97 30.9 542.7 3.8 25173.8 25747.4 2608912618.1

0.5 1.64 7.24 12.7 222.3 11.3 8435.1 8670.0 878510366.1

0.6 1.97 15.02 6.1 107.2 27.6 3452.2 3565.5 361286855.3

0.7 2.30 27.82 3.3 57.9 58.8 1622.0 1683.2 170553919.7

0.8 2.62 47.47 1.9 33.9 113.1 843.1 879.0 89065887.0
0.9 2.95 76.03 1.2 21.2 201.5 473.4 495.8 50238902.1
1 3.28 115.88 0.8 13.9 337.6 282.5 297.2 30114375.0
1.1 3.61 169.67 0.5 9.5 538.6 177.1 187.1 18961259.3
1.2 3.94 240.30 0.4 6.7 824.9 115.6 122.7 12433546.3
1.3 4.27 330.98 0.3 4.9 1221.1 78.1 83.3 8435846.3
1.4 4.59 445.18 0.2 3.6 1755.7 54.3 58.1 5892090.9
1.5 4.92 586.66 0.2 2.7 2461.9 38.7 41.6 4219631.2
1.6 5.25 759.46 0.1 2.1 3377.7 28.2 30.5 3088438.2
Thickness of penstock t = WHD/2ns
P = Water pressure including water hammer is WH
s= stresses in steelPermmissible
D = Dia of pen stock
n= efficiency 0.9
s = 2400 kgs/cm2 or 34000 PSI
Absolute
Dia Min. Thk. Thk. Corrosion T.Thk. In
Feet .03D+.05 .04D 0.063
0.4 1.3124 0.089372 0.052496 0.063 0.115496
0.5 1.6405 0.099215 0.06562 0.063 0.12862
0.6 1.9686 0.109058 0.078744 0.063 0.141744
0.7 2.2967 0.118901 0.091868 0.063 0.154868
0.8 2.6248 0.128744 0.104992 0.063 0.167992
0.9 2.9529 0.138587 0.118116 0.063 0.181116
1 3.281 0.14843 0.13124 0.063 0.19424

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 1.1 3.6091 0.158273 0.144364 0.063 0.207364
1.2 3.9372 0.168116 0.157488 0.063 0.220488
1.3 4.2653 0.177959 0.170612 0.063 0.233612
1.4 4.5934 0.187802 0.183736 0.063 0.246736
1.5 4.9215 0.197645 0.19686 0.063 0.25986
1.6 5.2496 0.207488 0.209984 0.063 0.272984

Annual Annual Total

cost of Cost of cost per
Thickness- Penstock- power year-
Dia In Lacs loss-Lacs Lacs
1.312 0.115 77.880 26089.126 26167.01 0.4
1.641 0.129 108.413 8785.104 8893.52 0.5
1.969 0.142 143.370 3612.869 3756.24 0.6
2.297 0.155 182.751 1705.539 1888.29 0.7
2.625 0.168 226.558 890.659 1117.22 0.8
2.953 0.181 274.790 502.389 777.18 0.9
3.281 0.194 327.446 301.144 628.59 1.0
3.609 0.207 384.527 189.613 574.14 1.1
3.937 0.220 446.033 124.335 570.37 1.2
4.265 0.234 511.964 84.358 596.32 1.3
4.593 0.247 582.320 58.921 641.24 1.4
4.922 0.260 657.101 42.196 699.30 1.5
5.250 0.273 736.306 30.884 767.19 1.6

Hence the economical diameter is provided in accordance with the requirements as per
economical diameter worked out above which is 2.8 metres as the penstock length is quiet
long.

6.9.1 Penstock bifurcations

Two turbines have been proposed with the single penstock of 1600 mm diameter
bifurcated near the upstream end of the power house. The dia. of the bifurcated
penstocks working out 1132mm based on the equal velocity criteria for least hydraulic
disturbance.

Bifurcation of Penstock

Design discharge 6.38 cumec

Adopt Velocity in branch pipe = 3.170 m/sec

Discharge passing through each pipe = 3.19 Cumecs

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 Cross section Area. 1.005 m 2

So Diameter of each branch = 1.132 m

length of each branch 15 m

Adopted diameter of branch pipe shall be = 1132mm

6.9.2 Anchor Blocks and Saddle Piers

These support piers and thrust blocks have the function of providing necessary forces
to a rigid pipe to check undesired movement.

6.9.2.1 Anchor Blocks

These are needed at every change of direction and at intermediate points and also if
the distance between any two exceeds 150 m. As per IS: 5330-1984 the Anchor blocks
are required to hold pipe at intervals along its length for:

 Prevention of line sliding down the hill

 Control the direction of expansion
 Resist the unbalanced hydrostatic forces at the change of direction of the pipeline and
 Prevent pipe movement as a consequence of the water hammer

The possible forces on the Anchor blocks include:

i. Hydrostatic pressure on exposed end of the pipe

ii. Hydrodynamic forces acting along the axis of the pipe on each side of the bend
iii. Forces due to dead weight of the pipe and the weight of the water uphill and downhill

The foundation of the Anchor blocks shall be designed so that the maximum pressure on
the foundation shall not exceed the allowable bearing capacity of the soil determined as
specified in IS 1904-1978. The permissible bearing capacity shall be increased in
accordance with IS: 1893-1975 for seismic condition.

6.9.2.2 Saddle Piers

The force created by the weight of the portion of pipe and enclosed water supported by
the pier is divided into two components:

Parallel to the pipe

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 Perpendicular to the pipe

Since the support pier is not designed to resist significant longitudinal forces and remains
therefore unaffected by the component of this weight parallel to the pipe. IS 11639 Part-I
have been followed for the design of saddle supports.

For Lashpathri - Iproject the spacing between any two saddles, structural stability and
safety against sliding and overturning have been found in order in respect of the fact that
maximum pipe line shall be laid underground by way of back filling .

6.10 Power House

6.10.1 General
The layout of the power house has been prepared as per relevant IS Codes including IS
12800 (Part 3); 1991.

The consultants propose to have a surface power house on a relatively plain terrain and are
large enough to accommodate the electrical and mechanical equipment. The site for the
power house is geologically stable on the right bank of the river. The power house is indoor
type so that all erection and maintenance of the machines is done within the power house
itself.

The size of the power house has been arrived at after the detailed layout plan of the units,
control panels and service space and other requirements. The size and location of the power
house also takes into consideration the surface drainage, ventilation, lighting etc. The location
of the gantry columns has been based on the economy and the machine layout.

The location of power house site and the fixing of the machine hall floor level and the
setting level of turbines is also determined by the HFL and minimum tail water level in the
stream with the machine floor having been kept above the HFL ensuring that the power
house is not flooded.

6.10.2 Design of Power House

Power house design has been divided into two units:

a. Superstructure

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 b. Substructure

The major components of superstructure are:

i. Roof
ii. Roof support system
iii. Gantry Girder
iv. Gantry Columns
v. Cross Beams or Braces
vi. Panel Walls
vii. Floor

Forces on the superstructure are:

Dead Loads: This includes the self load of the structure and permanent superimposed
loads

Live Loads: For roof and floor as per IS:4247

Wind Loads: As per IS: 875

Crane loads: Weight of the fully loaded crane and longitudinal and lateral impact
forces.

Seismic Forces: Using IS: 1893

Water Pressure and earth pressure wherever applicable.

6.10.3 Permissible Stresses

The permissible stresses for the design of the superstructure are taken as per IS: 456
for RCC and IS: 800 for structural steel. These have been increased for different
combination of loads in accordance with IS: 4247.

S. No Load Combinations Permissible increase

in stresses
1 DL+LL+moving crane loaded to half of its capacity 8%
+normal TWL
2 DL+LL+moving crane loaded to half of its capacity 25%
+temperature +normal TWL and wind load
3 DL+LL+moving crane loaded to half of its capacity 25%
+temperature+ normal TWL

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 4 DL+LL+un loaded standing 33.3%
Crane+temperature++earthquake+ maximum TWL
(annual)
5 DL+LL+moving crane loaded to half of its 33.3%
capacity+temperature+ TWL(maximum possible)
6 DL+temporary construction load 25%

The permissible stresses for rivets, bolts, etc are increased by 25% only in all the cases
from serial 2 to 6.

In view of the site conditions, location, power house size and the economy in the
construction truss of structural steel with CGI sheeting has been proposed. The
thickness of the sheets has been determined on the spacing of the purlins. The CGI
sheets shall conform to IS: 277. It is laid on purlins and is secured by hook bolts 8 to 10
mm diameter spaced at 400 mm Centre to centre. Joints along the length have an
overlap of 150 mm and joints along the sides of the sheet overlap two corrugations
and rivets /screws have been proposed at 300 mm c/c. The holes will be provided
through the ridge and curved washers have been provided to prevent leakages.

6.10 .4 Roof Supports

The purlins rest on structural steel trusses with the spacing of the trusses being
determined by the spacing of RCC columns in the layout of the power house.

6.10.5 Gantry Beams

The gantry beams of RCC have been proposed from the economy of construction.
These beams have been designed for moments, shear forces and thrust transmitted to
it by the longitudinal frame when the crane is positioned in the scenario of worst
effect.

6.10.6 Columns
From the economy of construction and the speed of construction RCC columns are
ideally suited to the site. Columns are subject to moments in longitudinal and
transverse directions and direct thrusts and are designed for biaxial bending and direct
thrust using the design procedure of IS: 4247-Part II and the reinforcement as per

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 IS:456. The columns are supported by RCC raft floor to ensure that the pressure below
the base is limited to safe bearing capacity.

6. 10.7 Panel Walls

Panel walls have been proposed of brick masonry spanning between the columns and
beams and the thickness being 225 mm.

6.10.8 Substructure
This is the part of the structure below the machine hall floor and is proposed to be

rigid gravity structure. The stability analysis therefore considers the following:

a. Overturning and bearing pressure

b. Shear friction factor

c. Floatation

The analysis is done in both longitudinal and transverse directions and the loads for

design are as:

a. Dead load of structure including embedded parts

b. Main equipment loads such as turbines, generators, transformers etc.

c. Crane loads including horizontal thrust

d. Live loads

e. Wind loads as per IS: 875

f. Penstock thrust including water hammer

g. Weight of water acting on the substructure i.e. in scroll case, draft tube etc.

h. Back-fill pressure

i. Water pressure due to TWL

j. Uplift pressure

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 k. Pull of conductor if fixed on building

l. Seismic forces in accordance with IS: 1893.

6.11 Generator Floor

The generator floor is designed to carry the load of machines, live load and any other thrust
transferred through turbines, generators or any other machine. It has been designed as
RCC raft with openings/pits as required for equipment and the cable trenches.

6.12 Tailrace Channel

Out flow from two numbers draft tube openings shall be flown into a common tailrace
pool which shall finally be led to the stream through a tail channel. The channel shall be
RCC structure or random rubble masonry structure. The channel is designed to have a
discharging capacity of 40%% of one unit discharge under minimum tail water level
condition and 120% of full design discharge of both the turbines under normal and
maximum tail water level
conditions. The discharging capacity in each case is determined by Manning's formula
which shall be rectangular in shape with RCC bed raft laid in reverse slope in pool, to
form the crest at its end. The crest level has been provided in conjunction to the flow
depth in Tailrace Channel to maintain minimum tailrace water level during lowest
power generation from the plant during lean flow condition to avoid cavitations’ of
turbines. Tail race channel shall be directly connected to the converged pool. This
structure is used for sending the tailrace waters from power house to Source stream.
The tail race channel has been designed as RCC structure with for required discharge
capacities with free board of 0.6 m. The channel has been designed as a rectangular
RCC structure up to the bank of the stream and thereafter on crate construction in the
stream bed making it flexible and repairable after flood seasons. The size of the tail race
is 3.6m wide with the full length made of RCC with Tailrace pool size as shown in
Drawing. The FSD in the channel shall be 0.7 metres at a bed grade of 1 in 800.

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