A.P 8 2nd Quarter Quiz 2 Reviewer

World during age of transition
What defines the Middle Ages?

• The "Middle Ages"
- is a term used to describe the period between the end of the late
classical age and the time of the Renaissance. The most common
starting point for the Middle Ages begins around the year 500 CE,
with the most common end point being around 1500
•Western half of the Roman Empire was invaded by the different

Germanic kingdoms.
•It led to changes in government, economy and culture.
•Merchants, from land and sea, were affected by the invasions.
Business collapsed, money became scarce. Therefore, Europe
collapsed as an economic center.
•Due to uncontrolled trading, people were move from urban areas

(cities) to rural areas.
•Invaders were illiterate, therefore Roman knowledge was lost.
•Mixture of German and Roman speaking people ushered the
development of new words and phrases.
• Latin began to change, French, a Latin language, evolve to Spanish
and other Roman based languages.
Holy Roman Empire

•Germanic tribes founded kingdoms in the former provinces of Italy,
Gaul, Britain, Spain and France.
•Tribes were not familiar with cities.
•Their tradition stressed loyalty, and bravery to their tribes.
•Church is the only institution that survived the fall of the Roman
Empire.
•It became the provider of order and security.
Government Changes
 Society was bound together by family ties and personal loyalty.
Unwritten laws and traditions governed the Germanic people.
 A Germanic chief leads a group of warriors – wherein they pledge
their loyalty to him.
The Rise of the Franks

•After the Western Empire fell, different tribes
Established kingdoms.
CLOVIS I
•He defeated the last Roman army in Gaul in 486 CE. Then he took
several more Germanic kingdoms.
• By 530 CE, the Franks had more control in the land in areas now
known as France and Germany.
•He converted to Christianity that led to partnership between
Frankish kingdom and the Church.
RISE OF THE FRANKS

•Many Germanic tribe converted to Christianity. These new
converts were settled in the former lands of the Roman Empire.
Missionaries also assisted in spreading Christianity.
•The Franks grew rich from their conquests but they never
established a strong government.
•They divided the Frankish kingdom into smaller
kingdoms during 700 CE.
CHARLES MARTEL
•He reunited the Frankish kingdoms. His name is also known as
Charles the Hammer.
•He is also known as the mayor of the palace, which he became
more powerful.
•He extended the kingdom from north to south and east.
•He defeated the Muslim invaders at the Battle of Tours. This
victory saved the Christianity in Northern Europe.
PEPIN THE SHORT
•Son of Charles Martel.
•He became the “king by the grace of God” when he won the
approval of the king.
DONATION OF PEPIN
•Also known as Papal State at the present.
•He even turned over to the papacy a part of the territory in Italy
that the Lombards controlled.
End of Pepin the Short

•Pepin the Short died but he left a strong Frankish kingdom to his
two sons, Carloman and Charles. Charles seized power of the
entire kingdom after his brother’s death in 771 CE.
CHARLEMAGNE
•He became king when he was about 26 years old.
•He was a devout Christian who wanted to build
Christian empire in Europe.
•Charlemagne defeated a crowd that assaulted the Pope and in turn
Pope Leo III crowned him as emperor.
Charlemagne in Government
 It did not have a strong government structure.
 In battles, he depended on his nobles and not on his professional
army.
 He sent royal agents to counties to supervise them.
 He had a close supervision of his kingdom. He visited every part
of his kingdom regularly.
 He served as judge in different cases, arranged arguments and
satisfied faithful followers.
Charlemagne in Culture
 He encouraged law and learning.
 He enjoyed music and set up a library and school.
 He invited English, German, Italian and Spanish scholars for
himself, and for his many sons and daughter and others.
 He ordered monasteries to open schools that trained future
monks and priests.
 Monasteries were ordered to expand their libraries. Monks
labored to make handwritten copies of classical Greek and Latin
books.
TREATY OF VERDUN
(843 CE)
•When Charlemagne died, his grandsons had quarrels that divided
the empire.
•Charles the Bald and Louis the German fought for an empire.
•This treaty divided the empire into three kingdoms. Carolingian
kings lost power soon after the treaty.
•Central authority broke down and in the absence of a good
leader, there came about a new system of governance and
landholding.
Summative:
•The treaty dividing the empire of Charlemagne was
known as ____________.
•Barbaric conversion to ________________
signaled the alliance of the state and the church.
•The Pope anointed ________ as the “king by the grace
of God”.
•The loss of the Muslims in the Battle of ___________
spared Spain from the control of the Muslims.
Church & crusades

Church in the Middle Ages
•Faith in God is an accepted fact of life during this era.
•A church was a prominent feature in the medieval ages.
But it is not just a place of worship, it is also a powerful
institution with its own government, laws, courts and
taxation.
•Some tasks of the Church were to convert non-Christians
and the other was adapting church organizations to new
conditions.
•A lot of important men helped people to convert them to
Christianity such as Augustine in England, Patrick in Ireland and
others.
CHURCH AND SOCIETY

•Kings and feudal lords depended on educated clergy to fill
positions in their courts.
•The clergy gained great influence in political affairs.
•High church officials owned feudal lands with their own fiefs and
vassals.
•As nobles, some church officials were also vassals to a king or
other lord.
CHURCH SALVATION
•Faced with hardship of everyday life, people found comfort int
Christian teachings.
•Church taught that the alternative to salvation was eternal
suffering.
•Christians who disobeyed the church were threatened with
excommunication.
•Excommunication - the action of officially excluding someone
from participation in the sacraments and services of the Christian
Church.
CHURCH SALVATION
•In 1100 CE, the Inquisition was established to try people accused
of heresy or holding beliefs that differed from those of Church.
•If convicted, they usually burned at stake.
Contributions of the Church

•Having unity and stability especially during the Dark Ages, when
governments were weak.
•Humanitarianism – Church protected and gave charitable aid to
the weak, the poor, the sick and the homeless.
•Civilizing influence – through the effort of the missionaries,
barbarians were converted in Christianity.
•The preservation of classical culture wherein monks copied
manuscripts.
•Agriculture and industry – monks became expert farmers and
set up thriving industries.
•The Church’s emphasis on justice, mercy, brotherhood, peace,
salvation had uplifting influence.
CRUSADES
•The Seljuk Turks conquered Palestine, a part of Byzantine Empire
in the East. In 1070 CE, they took control of the shrines and started
persecuting the Christians.
Beginning of Crusades
•The appeal of Pope Urban II created excitement. Many people
took up the cross for several reasons.
•People joined the crusade as promise that they would be freed
from debts and taxes.
•Others were encouraged as they were promised to be freed from
their sins.
•Some joined because of their duty as Christians to get back the
Holy Land.
•They also wanted the fame the crusade could bring.
CRUSADES
•Wearing a red symbol of obedience to God, they joined adapting
the war cry “Deus Vult” – It is the will of God.
FIRST CRUSADE
• The first crusade was undertaken by an organized army. They
fought their way from Constantinople to Jerusalem.
• Crusaders won a narrow stirp of land stretching from Edessa to
Jerusalem. They created four Crusader States which were ruled by
a European noble.
SECOND CRUSADE
•It began to stop the Muslim resurgence in 1147 CE but it was
unsuccessful.
•Edessa was reconquered by the Turks that was led by Saladin.
•The Turks were led by Saladin and the Church called for
another crusade.
THIRD CRUSADE
•This was considered as the most famous because of the three great
rival kings took part.
•This is also known as Crusade of Kings.
•Richard I of England regain the Holy Land from Saladin and
they both agreed to a truce in 1192 CE after several battles.
•Jerusalem remained under the control of the Muslims and
Christians won the right to visit Jerusalem freely.
FOURTH CRUSADE
•They stayed in Constantinople, and divided the city with the
Venetians.
•This act shocked many western Europeans causing the loss of
respect for the ideals of crusaders.
•The crusaders captured and plundered Constantinople, the capital
of Byzantine Empire.
CHILDREN’S CRUSADE
•This is a popular crusade that swept through France and Germany.
It attracted poor people of all ages.
•Most never got farther than Italy. Many were sold as slaves.
Finally, Muslims from Egypt retook Acre, the last crusaders state.
•Muslims had won the Crusades.
EFFECT OF CRUSADES
•The Crusades failed in their primary role – the conquest of the
Holy Land. But it leave some positive effects.
INCREASED TRADE
 Europeans began to demand luxuries such as spices, sugar,
lemons, rugs, tapestries and silky woven cloth. To meet these
demands, they opened up new trade routes.
BREAKDOWN OF FEUDALISM
 While feudal lords were fighting in Palestine, kings at home
increased their authority. The desire of wealth, power and land
grew and began to close the religious ideals.
A WIDER VIEW OF THE WORLD

 The experience of crusaders expanded European horizons.
Summative:
A B
1. Second Crusade a. The Crusaders were sold as
slaves
2. Fourth Crusade b. Jerusalem was besieged for

a month
3. Children Crusade c. Edessa was reconquered.
4. Third Crusade d. Constantinople fell.
5. First Crusade e. Jerusalem was recovered.

A.P 8 2nd Quarter Quiz 2 Reviewer

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World during age of transition

What defines the Middle Ages?

•Western half of the Roman Empire was invaded by the different

•Due to uncontrolled trading, people were move from urban areas

Holy Roman Empire

The Rise of the Franks

RISE OF THE FRANKS

End of Pepin the Short

Church & crusades

CHURCH AND SOCIETY

Contributions of the Church

A WIDER VIEW OF THE WORLD

2. Fourth Crusade b. Jerusalem was besieged for

3. Children Crusade c. Edessa was reconquered.

4. Third Crusade d. Constantinople fell.

5. First Crusade e. Jerusalem was recovered.

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