ANALYZING THE FACTORS AFFECTING THE ACADEMIC

PERFORMANCE OF XAVIER UNIVERSITY SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL, TVL

STUDENTS FROM CAMIGUIN

GOGO, ERIK KNIGHT M.

HORA, LOISE RAMILLE C.

LANGCASAN, JAY ANN

MADAJE, JUMAICA S.

MINERVA, JOHN RAFAEL B.

Grade 11 - Ballecer

February 12, 2024

 TABLE OF CONTENT

TABLE OF CONTENTS………………………………………………………..2

LIST OF FIGURES……………………………………………..………….……3

CHAPTER 1……………………………………………..…..………………..…5

PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND……………………………………..…5

Introduction………………………………………………………………….5

Statement of the Problem……………………………………….………...5

Scope and Delimitations…………………………………………………..6

Scope……………………………………………………………..

Delimitations…………………………………………………….

Significance of the Study………………………………………………….7

Definition of terms…………………………………………………………..7

CHAPTER 2………………………………………………………………………9

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES……………………..9

Theoretical Framework…………………………………………………….9

Walberg’s Theory……………………………………………………….9

Conceptual Theory…………………………………………………………10

Input-Process-Output Framework (IPO)……………………………10

Review of related literature and Studies…………………………..……11

Local………………………………………………………………….…..11

Foreign…………………………………………………………………....13

Review of Related Literature……………………………………………...14

Local……………………………………………………………….….….14

Foreign…………………………………………………………………...16

CHAPTER 3…………………………………………………………………...….20
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY………………………………………………...20

Research Design ……………………………………………………………20

Respondents of the study ……………………………………………….…20

Sampling Procedure ……………………………………………………...…21

Research Instruments…………………………………………………….…22

Validity and Reliability……………………………………………………….22

Validity ……………………………………………………………………

Reliability…………………………………………………………………

Ethical Considerations……………………………………………..………..22

REFERENCE LIST……………………………………………………………….
LIST OF FIGURES
 CHAPTER 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

This chapter includes introduction, statement of the problem, scope

and delimitations, significance of the study and definition of terms.

Introduction

Background of the Study

Many students right now, especially in senior high school, struggles to

accomplish their assignments, activities, and projects. There are factors that

may be the reason why students struggle to finish school activities. Academic

performance is defined as a student's ability to complete academic

assignments, and it is assessed using objective criteria such as final course

grades and grading point average (Carroll, & Garavalia, 2004; Naser, &

Hamzah, 2018; Olivier et al., 2019, as cited in Matalka and Dwakat, 2022).

One of the most important issues in regard to academic performance is

related to those students who have scholarship. More deeply, the issues of

scholarship students and their social, economic, and academic conditions in

the scholarship countries have received the attention of researchers in

different fields. (Al-Mousa, 2009; Farah, 2021, as cited in Matalka and

Dwakat, 2022). As scholars there are grades that need to be maintained to

continue the scholarship. And to achieve this, students must focus on their

studies. But, there are circumstances where students lose their focus because

of their personal issues or problems. All of these might be hard to those

students who came from Camiguin. Schools from Camiguin, especially public

schools, have different ways of teaching. Students may have difficulties

adjusting to a new environment around them, and also living in a dorm for the
whole duration of their senior high school life. Their expectations of the new

environment may also be the cause why they tend to struggle on

understanding their lessons. That is why this study focuses on factors

affecting the academic performance of students who are from Camiguin of

Technical Vocational and Livelihood students.

Statement of the Problem

This research aims to analyze the parents and school related aspects

affecting academic performance of Xavier University Senior High School, TVL

students from Camiguin. Researcher’s study will scrutinize the impact of

external factors that are related to school such as peer relationships, and

student’s participation that affect the student’s academic performance. The

researcher’s goal is to clarify the ways in which these factors interact with the

educational system to influence student’s overall development. This study

aims to establish a basis for focused interventions and policies that can

enhance and improve a student's academic performance. By thoroughly

analyzing these factors, this research seeks to identify patterns, correlations,

and potential causal relationships that can inform the development of targeted

interventions, policies, and support mechanisms aimed at enhancing the

academic performance and development of TVL students from Camiguin.

Research Questions

● How can parental involvement affect a student's education?

● How do school related factors such as peer relationships and student’s

participation affect the academic performance of a student?

Scope and Delimitations

This research aims to analyze the factors influencing the academic

performance of TVL students from Camiguin. By utilizing qualitative research

methods such as interviews, focus group discussions, and observations, this

study seeks to provide a comprehensive exploration of these factors within

the specific context of Camiguin students. However, it is important to

acknowledge certain delimitations inherent to this study. Firstly, the research

will be geographically confined to — Andrew L. Gotianon Center for Integrated

Technologies (ALGCIT) limiting the generalizability of findings to other

schools. Secondly, the study will specifically target Grade 11 and 12 students

from Camiguin enrolled in the TVL track, excluding one (1) student from the

group. Additionally, while efforts will be made to ensure diverse representation

among participants, the sample size may be limited by logistical constraints.

Despite these delimitations, this research endeavors to offer valuable insights

in enhancing the academic performance and educational experience of

students from Camiguin. The duration of this study is only during the second

semester of this school year 2023-2024.

Significance of the Study

This study seeks to find out and analyze the factors that affect the

academic performance of TVL students from camiguin. This study might find a

way on how to improve their self confidence despite all the obstacles to the

following beneficial:

Students: This will help them to come up with solutions to their problems that

hinders their studies. Also, some of the students are still confused about what

really are the reasons why they cannot focus on their studies and they have to

immediately know it to find a solution to it.

Teachers: They should know if their students are well and understand their

lessons. Students have different characteristics, some of them do not quickly

understand their teachers’ lesson. Teachers must be aware of this to adjust

their way of teaching. Teachers should often approach their students if they

are doing well or is there anything that bothers them. This will help to avoid
misunderstanding and scolding the students without knowing they are going

through.

Definition of terms

Definition 2.1(conceptual definition)

● Peer relationships- provide a unique context in which children learn a

range of critical social emotional skills, such as empathy, cooperation,

and problem-solving strategies.

● Societal expectations- are behaviors that are widely considered by a

social group such that they tend to increase social acceptance by the

group.

● Parental involvement- the active, ongoing participation of a parent or

primary caregiver in the education of a child.

Definition 2.2(operational definition)

● Peer relationships- this study aims to know the impact of peer

relationships to the learnings of Xavier University Senior High School

TVL students from Camiguin.

● Societal expectations- what will be the effect of social expectations on

the students, especially when it does not reach their expectations how

the group of people will accept them.

● Parental involvement- the effect of the parent’s involvement to the

student’s education.
 CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter shows the Theoretical Framework, Conceptual

Framework, Review of Related Studies, and Review of Related Literature.

Theoretical Framework

This study incorporates viewpoints, theories, and eminent academics

that are directly pertinent to the researcher's inquiry. A theory of educational

production developed by Walberg clarifies the role that parents play in these

dynamics. This theory analyzes variables that affect learning outcomes and

accomplishments. These variables include socio-emotional elements

including peer groups, school culture, classroom climate, student-teacher

interactions, and parental support based on the student's social and economic

standing (Sumbilon and Valmorida, 2023). Parents' support plays a crucial

role in affecting the learning outcomes and achievements of the students. It

helps the students and adolescents to encourage achieving their goals in life.

It will also help the students to cope up with emotional problems and manage

emotions.

On the other hand, the overall viewpoints of both staff and students are

reflected in the school culture. According to research, a supportive school

environment lowers violence, boosts academic success and attendance rates,

and supports the mental and physical health of students as well as teacher

retention. A positive school environment and culture come together to create

a positive learning environment. As a result, the entire educational setting

gains several immediate and long-term advantages (Camara, 2019).

According to John Dewey's theory of learning, social environments are

the source of all learning. In this way, knowledge is created by society using

the experiences we have had. The "educational process has two sides—one

is psychological and the other is sociological," as Dewey states (Cloke, 2023).

According to the theory, a school's learning environment is created by

the interaction of several elements, such as academic programs, student

safety, the school community, and institutional setting, all of which have an

effect on students' cognitive, behavioral, and psychological development.

Therefore, the school climate, in whatever form it takes, affects students'

outcomes in the classroom, including their academic achievement, both

directly and indirectly (Gregory, Cornell, & Fan, 2011 as stated by Kwabena

and Baafi, 2022).

Conceptual Framework

Input-Process-Output Framework (IPO)

Figure 1: IPO framework that shows the factors that affect the Academic

Performance of students from Camiguin and how it will affect them.

Review of related Literature and Studies

Review of Related Studies

Local

As stated by Nabuya et al (2019), the Higher Education Academy,

Quality of Assessment Research Center, (2008) All undergraduate students,

including full-time and part-time, who are registered at participating institutions

regarding the education they received in their last year of school by employing

it makes those technically complex sources simpler and quicker. It has

demonstrated how pupils are much less enthusiastic about assignment

evaluation and feedback than about additional facets of their educational

journey.

According to Albarico et al (2023), student academic performance also

plays a critical role in producing the exceptional quality individuals who will

become leaders and manpower of a particular country, consequently

responsible for the country's social and economic development. Student

achievement in a variety of academic subjects is based on their academic

performance. Teachers and school administrators use graduation scales, test

results, and classroom performance to measure student achievement.

academic students' learning abilities, family background, peer pressure,

instructor quality, and learning infrastructure all have an impact on success.

The researchers aimed to determine the various elements that

commonly impede students' capacity to effectively communicate their

emotions through the usage of the English language. The ability to

communicate in English is crucial at the moment. For this reason, learning the

language is essential for communicating globally. Writing and speaking will

improve our ability to interact with others.from nations across the globe. The

English language is additionally necessary for the spread of knowledge. Most

websites on the internet utilize English as a medium. It serves as the press's

principal language. More than any other language, authors favor using

English. in authoring newspapers and novels (De Los Santos, 2022).

As mentioned by Nazareno et al (2021). Sociodemographic elements

including age, gender, and socioeconomic status is one of the variables that

affects the choice of job path. Another important consideration when picking a
job route is academic achievement. Additionally, they recommended that

pupils who can handle challenging academic workloads typically select a

professional path that would be a profession requiring several years of

schooling. In the interim, Students who don't have enough mental capacity

could be better suited for professions needing less extensive And challenging

educational tasks.

Academic achievement of students can be considered a crucial aspect

of education that the entire system of education centers around. stated that

academic achievement of students is a major goal for both teachers and

institutions, since it dictates the degree of success or failure encountered by

an academic institution. Nonetheless, a number of factors affect how well

pupils achieve academically. Academic achievement is typically measured by

continuous assessments and the student's overall cumulative grade point

average (CGPA). Academic performance can be defined as the degree to

which an institution, a teacher, or a student achieves long- or short-term

educational goals (Johnson et al, 2023).

As stated by Mata (2020), considering the analysis of previous studies

investigated, the relationship between academic performance does not yield a

strong prediction. Grit and academic achievement may not always be directly

correlated, but is thought to be necessary for success and happiness in later

life and contentment with life. They discovered that, beyond the other factors

examined, grit was the most accurate indicator of which cadets will persevere.

throughout the first difficult summer.

Foreign
 As indicated by Arango and Labo, (2020). The American basic

education system is not the same as state by state. There are only technical

and academic as well as other kinds of schools. Most of those who select the

academic path are those who intend to continue to university. Vocational and

technical education is a component of instruction that enables students to

acquire both measurable abilities and a foundational understanding of science

that might be converted into financial gains. Having completed the necessary

vocational technical education (VTE) abilities and their relevance will aid in

implementing complicated technologies that stimulate growth and productivity

improvement processes. The systems of vocational technical education in the

majority of countries have made significant progress.

According to Alani and Hawas (2021) that there exist numerous forms

of connections and links between teachers and students through courses,

with the latter's perceived usefulness being related to the former's academic

achievement. These variables, which have a significant impact on pupils'

academic achievement, span from environmental to economic to social to

psychological, according to numerous literature reviews. Student academic

performance has also been influenced by other elements, such as the

importance of course experience, effort, motivations, and learning strategies.

Research has found that a variety of institutions worldwide have poor

academic performance due to incidental variables. Furthermore, the majority

of these research concentrates on three aspects of students' performance:

institutional, teacher, and personal characteristics.

Review of Related Literature

Local
 Formal and informal education are facing a new challenge as virtual

environments are being created by new technology to manage learning and

academic accomplishment. Recent research, however, emphasizes the

significance of affective and motivational functions in developing coherent

models to explain academic accomplishment and learning. The change in

emphasis from the traditional cognitive model to the self-regulated learning

model has suggested a new direction for the study of the variables influencing

students' success or failure in school. Self-regulated learning models aim to

incorporate students' behavioral, cognitive, and socio affective elements.

These models explain the reciprocal links between the various elements that

make up good learning at all academic levels and provide a direct connection

between learning and motivation, emotions, self-actualization, and volition.

(Pienda, 2017)

According to Maganga (2016), the lack of teaching and learning

resources as well as the scarcity of teachers had an impact on students'

academic performance. Nonetheless, research revealed that among the

factors influencing students' academic performance in English language are

poverty, large class sizes, teachers' responsibilities, poor home support

environments, inadequate teaching and learning environments in classrooms,

and the presence of incompetent, underqualified, and untrained teachers who

skip teaching some difficult topics in the syllabus. Students' efforts and prior

education.

Student performance is impacted by social, psychological, economic,

environmental, and personal factors. Student academic performance

measurement has drawn a lot of interest in the past; it is one of the toughest
areas of academic literature. These variables, which differ from person to

person and nation to nation, have a significant impact on students' academic

success.(Melody, 2019)

Learner-based variables such as the home and surroundings, the

students' interest, the device they use, and the internet connection have a

moderate impact on the academic achievement of Grade 11 TVL students

enrolled in online learning. In the meanwhile, a number of school- and

teacher-based elements, including learning resources, information sharing,

and assistance from administrators, have a significant impact on students'

academic achievement. These elements include instructor competency,

coaching, and monitoring ( Darantinao, 2023).

Foreign

As stated by Shukor and Husaini (2023), Oman's official figures show a

sharp annual increase in the number of students who fail to graduate on time

and college dropouts. Oman's goal of higher education was hampered by

these issues. These figures should be of concern to all parties involved in

Oman's higher education system. The findings showed that the most

important variables affecting students' academic achievement are low entry

grades, family support, accommodations, gender, grade on prior assessment,

grade on internal evaluation, GPA, and e-learning activity.

As stated by Rumberger (2014), the quality of the learning

environment, both at home and in school, plays a crucial role in shaping

academic outcomes. Factors such as classroom size, teacher-student

relationships, availability of resources, and school culture influence student

motivation, engagement, and ultimately, performance.

 The senior research aimed to investigate factors that affect the

personal and school related factors on the academic performance of

students. Affected by the student's age, duration of study time, parents'

educational levels, teaching and learning resources, school administration,

rules and regulations, teacher advancement, motivation to learn, distance

from home to school, and student's attitude toward learning in school (Endale

and Terefe, 2019).

As mentioned by Endedijk, Breeman, Caspar, Hendrickx, & Mainhard

(2022). Students' social, academic, and behavioral development are all

impacted by their relationships with classmates and teachers. The way that

teachers interact with their students can have an impact on how well or poorly

children develop in their peer connections. Since student behavior is known to

impact both kinds of relationships, we took it into consideration. In addition,

factors including the type of informants, educational level, and good versus

negative features of relationships were taken into consideration in the design

of the study. The findings indicated that peer interactions were particularly

predicted by negative features of the teacher-student relationship. Also, the

importance of the teacher-student interaction. The relationship between

behavior among students and peer relationships was partially mediated. Peer

relationships in the classroom can be positively impacted by teachers limiting

or minimizing negative features in their relationships with students who have

behavioral issues.

Effective instruction and productive learning procedures are ensured by

prompt, considerate communication, adaptable as well as interdisciplinary

cooperation, student-centered teaching and supervision among educators.

Personal characteristics of students are not just one element that influences

their accomplishments; they consistently participate in the campus community

that surrounds them, and that either increases or decreases their likelihood of

success. (Määttä and Uusiautti,2018)

In order to increase students' learning outcomes and inspire them,

educational institutions that use traditional teaching methods must incorporate

the collaborative learning strategy. This will spark students' interest and

motivate them to participate actively in their studies. The results of structural

equation modeling (SEM) evaluation demonstrate that social factors—such as

social presence, connection with professors and peers, and use of social

media—have a favorable impact on student involvement and active

collaborative learning, which in turn affects their academic performance.

(Qureshi et al, 2021).

According to Jeynes (2024), the findings of a meta-analysis on the

parental expectations component of parental participation and its connection

to urban adolescents' academic outcomes are presented in this research.

Parental expectations receive particular emphasis since, in numerous

previous research, they have been identified as the most important factor

influencing parental engagement. 54 quantitative studies that looked at the

connection between students' academic success and the parental

expectations component of parental participation are included in this

meta-analysis. Based on the data, it was found that students from various age

groups, races, genders, and nations had statistically significant effects.

Significant outcomes were also observed in the best-caliber research.

 As stated by Evans, Nketiah, & Koranteng (2021), in any educational

system, senior high school learners' strong academic achievement is of

utmost importance. While many elements have been studied and found to

influence students' academic success, many issues still exist. A review of the

literature in this field will help to close the gaps and identify areas requiring

additional study, which will significantly improve the situation. The literature on

senior high school students' academic achievement and the several elements

influencing their performance was reviewed for this paper using a qualitative

review approach. The study clarified how these elements have a negative

effect on academic achievement and the necessity of reducing them in order

to raise students' academic standing. The results of the study showed that

truancy has a significant and occasional effect in order to address the needs

and aspirations of learners, the study suggests that variables including

missing class, parental education and income levels, textbook accessibility

and availability, libraries, practical labs, food preparation, and teachers should

be routinely assessed and modified.

CHAPTER 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter contains the methods or procedures that the researchers

will use to conduct the study. This chapter will help the researchers to identify
the most appropriate research design, sampling technique, and data

collection and analysis method.

Research Design

Phenomenological design

This study used a qualitative approach for conducting this research. It

is essential for determining trends and averages, formulating hypotheses,

examining causality, and extrapolating findings to larger populations

(Bhandari, 2023). Qualitative research enables the researchers to collect data

such as the factors affecting the academic performance of the students. To

collect these data, the researcher has conducted the collecting of data

through survey questionnaires. By conducting this study the researchers will

have a profound understanding of the factors such as, the experiences of

students from Camiguin who are studying as scholars of Andrew L. Gotianun

Sr. Center for Integrated Technologies, Xavier University Ateneo de Cagayan.

The research design of this study is a phenomenological approach since the

researchers are going to identify the factors that affect the students from

Camiguin by their live experience.

Respondents of the Study

This study focuses on students from Camiguin who are enrolled at

Xavier University Ateneo de Cagayan and are scholars of the Andrew L.

Gotianun Sr. - Center for Integrated Technologies (ALGCIT) for the academic

year 2023-2024. With a population size of 159 students, a sample mean of

35, and a sample size 25. The researchers plan to gather data from a sample
of these students, excluding one researcher. The research methodology

involves administering survey questionnaires to all the students from

Camiguin who meet the specified criteria. This approach allows the

researchers to collect data directly from the target population, providing

insights into their experiences, opinions, or behaviors relevant to the study's

objectives. By utilizing a survey method and targeting a specific population,

the researchers aim to obtain representative data that can be analyzed to

draw conclusions or make observations about the research topic. This

approach ensures that the findings can be applied to the population of

interest, in this case, the Camiguin students at Xavier University who are

scholars of Andrew L. Gotianun Sr. - Center for Integrated Technologies

(ALGCIT) for the academic year 2023-2024.

Sampling Procedure

In this study, the researchers selected Camiguin learners who meet the

specific study-relevant aspects by applying a purposive sampling strategy.

The researchers aim to concentrate on a particular group of the population

that has traits or experiences that are of interest, the researchers commonly

select for purposeful sampling. In this case, when choosing the 25 Camiguin

pupils, the researchers most likely had a set of requirements in mind.

Researchers gather in-depth data from people who are most relevant to

the study goals through the use of purposeful sampling, which may produce

deeper and more insightful findings.

Research instrument
For the purpose of gathering data from respondent’s replies, the researchers

will employ survey questionnaires. The survey questions should take fewer

than ten minutes to complete, yield repeatable findings, and measure what

the researchers intended to measure. The questionnaire will determine first

the respondent’s grade and their chosen specialization. Then, the question

“How can parental involvement affect a student's education? How do school

related factors such as peer relationships and student’s participation affect the

academic performance of a student?”.

Validity and Reliability

Validity

The researcher’s survey questionnaire work perfectly for the research, the

survey questions are relevant to the research objectives and effectively

capture the factors affecting the academic performance of TVL (Technical

Vocational and Livelihood) students. Specific measures will be taken to

assure the quality and reliability of the data collected through survey

questionnaires in order to ensure the validity of the research instrument. First

and foremost, consideration will be taken when developing survey questions

to make sure they are clear, concise, and clearly related to the study goal of

determining the variables impacting TVL students’ academic achievement. In

order to complete the survey in less than ten minutes, each question will be

prepared to elicit clear and measurable responses while taking into account

the time limit of the respondents. Second, before the questions are widely

distributed, a pilot test will be carried out with a limited sample of TVL
students to evaluate the questions’ comprehensibility and clarity as well as to

validate their capacity to measure the intended constructs with accuracy.

Reliability

The researchers used different methods to check the reliability of the study

like analyzing the phenomena that this study is investigating. This will help the

study to check if the instrument maintains the consistency. Also, the

researchers did the test-retest assessment. This method allows the

researchers to scrutinize the consistency of the instrument’s performance

under different conditions, whether it is within the same set of questions.

Ethical Considerations

Before conducting this study, the researchers will first ask permission to the

specific person who is chosen to be the participants of the study. After

acquiring the needed permission from the chosen respondents, the

researchers will formally inform that. The interview will be purely research and

the confidentiality of the answers will be kept between the respondents and

researchers.

Additionally, the researchers will make sure that each participant gives their

informed consent after fully disclosing the goals, dangers, and advantages of

taking part in the study. Participants will be made aware of their free

withdrawal policy from the study at any moment. Furthermore, controls will be

implemented to ensure the confidentiality and identity of the participants. The

goal of this focus on ethical norms is to protect each participant's rights,

well-being, and sense of importance throughout the research process.

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