U N I T- 3

A R R AY
&
STRUCTURE
 • Arrays

SYLLABUS
• One dimensional arrays
• Two dimensional arrays
• Multi dimensional arrays
• Strings: Declaring and Initializing
strings
• Operations on strings
• Arrays of strings
• Structures
• Nested structure
• Array of Structure
• Unions
• Typedef
• enum
STRINGS
• Unlike many other programming languages, C does not have a String type to easily create string variables.
Instead, you must use the char type and create an array of characters to make a string in C. Strings are used for
storing text/characters.
• A string is a series of characters treated as a single unit. A string may include letters, digits and various special
characters such as +, -, *, / and $.
• String literals or string constants in C are written in double quotation marks as follows:
– “1000 Main Street” (a street address)
– “(080)329-7082” (a telephone number)
– “MIT ADT University” (a city)
• Syntax:-
– char fname[4];
• The above statement declares a string called fname that can take up to 3 characters. It can be indexed just as a
regular array as well.
– fname[]={‘t’,’w’,’o’};
• Generalized syntax is:-
– char str[size];
OPERATIONS ON STRINGS
• Access Strings
char abc[] = “MIT ADT";
printf("%c", abc[0]);
// Output - H
• Modify Strings
char abc[] = " MIT ADT ";
abc[0] = 'J';
printf("%s", abc);
// Outputs – JIT ADT instead of MIT ADT
• Another Way Of Creating Strings
char abc[] = {‘M', ‘I', ‘T', 'l',' ', ‘A', ‘D', ‘T'};
printf("%s", abc);
OPERATIONS ON STRINGS
• Access Strings • Another Way Of Creating Strings
char abc[] = “MIT ADT"; char abc[] = {‘M', ‘I', ‘T',' ', ‘A', ‘D', ‘T'};
printf("%c", abc[0]); printf("%s", abc);
// Output - H • Declare a string
• Modify Strings char s[5];
char abc[] = " MIT ADT "; • Initialize strings
abc[0] = 'J'; char c[] = "abcd";
printf("%s", abc); char c[50] = "abcd";
// Outputs – JIT ADT instead of MIT ADT char c[] = {'a', 'b', 'c', 'd'};
char c[5] = {'a', 'b', 'c', 'd'};
READ STRING FROM THE USER
• If we declare a string by writing char str[100];
• The scanf() function reads the sequence of characters until it encounters whitespace (space,
newline, tab, etc.).
• The string can be read using scanf() by writing scanf(“%s”,str);
• Although the syntax of scanf() function is well known and easy to use, the main pitfall with this
function is that it terminates as soon as it finds a blank space.
• Then str can be read from the user by using three ways;
Example scanf() to read a string
– Using scanf() function #include <stdio.h>
– Using gets() function int main()
{
– Using getchar(), getch(), or getche() function repeatedly
char name[20];
printf("Enter name: ");
scanf("%s", name);
printf("Your name is %s.", name);
Enter name: MITADT University return 0;
Your name is MITADT. }
CONTI..
• The next method of reading a string a string is • The string can also be read by calling the
by using gets() function. The string can be read getchar() repeatedly to read a sequence of
by writing single characters (unless a terminating
gets(str); character is encountered) and simultaneously
storing it in a character array as follows:
• gets() is a function that overcomes the
int i=0;
drawbacks of scanf().
char str[10],ch;
• The gets() function takes the starting address
of the string which will hold the input. The getchar(ch);
string inputted using gets() is automatically while(ch!=’\0’)
terminated with a null character. {
• Example: str[i]=ch; // store the read character in str
char str[10]; i++;

printf(“Enter a string\n”); getch(ch); // get another character

gets(str); }
str[i]=’\0’; // terminate str with null character
WRITING STRING
• The string can be displayed on screen using • It terminates the line with a newline character
three ways: (‘\n’). It returns an EOF(-1) if an error occurs and
1. Using printf() function returns a positive number on success.
2. Using puts() function • Finally the string can be written by calling the
3. Using putchar() function repeatedly putchar( ) function repeatedly to print a
sequence of single characters.
• The string can be displayed using pintf() by
writing p int i=0;
char str[10]=”PPS”;
• The next method of writing a string is by using
the puts() function. The string can be displayed while(str[i]!=’\0’)
by writing: {
– puts(str); putchar(str[i]);
– printf(“%s”,str); i++;
// print the character on the screen
CONTI..
Read a string using gets() and print it
gets() and puts()
#include<stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
int main(){
char name[50];
printf("Enter your name: "); Enter your name: MIT ADT University
Your name is: MIT ADT University
gets(name); //reads string from user
printf("Your name is: ");
puts(name); //displays string
return 0;
}
LIBRARY STRING FUNCTIONS
#include <stdio.h>
• strlen() - calculates the length of a string #include <string.h>
int main () {
• strcpy() - copies a string to another char str1[12] = "Hello";
• strcmp() - compares two strings char str2[12] = "World";
char str3[12];
• strcat() - concatenates two strings int len ;

/* copy str1 into str3 */

strcpy(str3, str1);
printf("strcpy( str3, str1) : %s\n", str3 );
strcpy( str3, str1) : Hello
/* concatenates str1 and str2 */
strcat( str1, str2): HelloWorld
strcat( str1, str2);
strlen(str1) : 10 printf("strcat( str1, str2): %s\n", str1 );

/* total lenghth of str1 after concatenation */

len = strlen(str1);
printf("strlen(str1) : %d\n", len );

return 0;
}
1. STRCPY():
• It is used to copy one string to another string. The content of the second string is copied to the content of the
first string.
• Syntax:
char strcpy(char destination, char source);
• Example:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h> str1 = MIT ADT University
str2 = MIT ADT University
int main() {
char str1[20] = "MIT ADT University";
char str2[20];
// copying str1 to str2
strcpy(str2, str1);
//printf("Source String = %s\n" , str1) ;
//printf("Target String = %s\n" , str2) ;
puts(str2); // MIT ADT University
return 0;
}
1. STRCPY():
It is used to copy one string to another string. The content of the second string is copied to the content of
the first string.
Syntax:
char strcpy(char destination, char source);

#include <stdio.h> #include <stdio.h>

#include <string.h> #include <string.h>
int main() { int main() {
char str1[20] = "MIT ADT University"; char str1[20] = "MIT ADT University";
char str2[20];
char str2[20];
// copying str1 to str2
// copying str1 to str2
strcpy(str2, str1);
strcpy(str2, str1);
printf(“str1 = %s\n" , str1) ;
puts(str2); // MIT ADT University printf(“str2 = %s\n" , str2) ;
return 0; return 0;
} }
MIT ADT University str1 = MIT ADT University
str2 = MIT ADT University
2. STRLEN():
The strlen() function calculates the length of a given string.
Syntax:
char strlen (name of the string);

#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
int main()
{ string= welcome length=7
string= string world length=12
char abc[]="welcome";
int len1,len2;
len1= strlen(abc);
len2= strlen("string world");
printf("string= %s length=%d\n",abc,len1);
printf("string= %s length=%d\n", "string world ",len2);
return 0;
}
3. STRCAT():
It is used to concatenate i.e, combine the content of two strings.
Syntax:
strcat(string 1, string 2);

#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h> Source String = Dear Students
int main() Target String = Hello Dear Students
{
char source[] = "Dear Students ";
char target[30]="Hello ";
strcat(target , source);
printf("Source String = %s\n" , source) ;
printf("Target String = %s\n" , target) ;
return 0;
}
4. STRCMP():
It is used to compare the contents of the two strings. If any mismatch occurs then it results the
difference of ASCII values between the first occurrence of 2 different characters.

Syntax:
int strcmp(string 1, string 2);

Example:
char mystr_a[10] = “Hello”;
char mystr_b[10] = “Goodbye”;
– mystr_a == mystr_b; // NOT allowed! The correct way is
if (strcmp(mystr_a, mystr_b ))
printf ("Strings are NOT the same.");
else
printf( "Strings are the same.");
Here it will check the ASCII value of H and G i.e, 72 and 71 and return the difference 1.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>

int main()
{
char string1[] = "Hello World";
char string2[]= "Of Programming";
int i,j,k; 0-732
i=strcmp (string1, "Hello World");
j=strcmp (string1, string2);
k=strcmp (string1, "Hello");
printf(“%d%d%d\n” , i,j,k) ;
return 0;
}
5. STRCHR():
• This function is used to determine the existence of a character in a string.
• It is used to find a character in the string and returns the index of occurrence of the
character for the first time in the string.
Syntax:
strchr(s1,’m’);

Will locate the first appearance of the character ‘m’ in string s1.
strchr(cstr);

Example:
char mystr[] = "This is a simple string";
char pch = strchr(mystr,‘s’);

The output of pch is mystr[3]

strrchr(s1,’m’);
Will locate the last appearance of the character ‘m’ in string s1.
6. STRSTR():
• It is a two –parameter function that can be used to locate a sub-string in a string.
• It is used to return the existence of one string inside another string and it results the starting
index of the string.

Syntax:
strstr(str1, str2);
strstr(s1,s2);
strstr(s1,”ABC”)

Example:
Char mystr[]="This is a simple string";
char pch = strstr(mystr,“simple”);
here pch will point to mystr[10]
C PROGRAM TO FIND STRING LENGTH
WITHOUT STRLEN
#include <stdio.h> printf("Length of \"%s\" = %d\n", s, length);
int string_length(char []); return 0;
int main() }
{ int string_length(char s[])
char s[1000]; {
int length; int c = 0;
printf("Input a string\n"); while (s[c] != '\0')
gets(s); c++;
length = string_length(s); return c;
}