serious nuisance and health problems.

ExampleM3.1. The sewage lows from a primary settling tank

to a standard rate trickling fiter at a rate of5 million litres per day
having a 5-day BOD of 150 mg/l. Determine the depth and the volume
of the filter, adoptinga surface loading of 2500 /m/day and an
ef
organic loading of 165 g/m'/day. Also, determine the efficiency of the
filter uniu, using NRC formula.
Solution
Total 5-day BOD per day (5 10°x 150) 10
x
750000 g per day
Total BOD
Volume of filter media required =
Organic loading
750000 4545.5 mn
165
Total flow
Also, required surface area
Hydraulic loading
5 x10= 2000 m*
2500
S u n l a eA r u a
Depth of bed = 4545.
2000 2273 m.
Hence provide a filter depth of 2.3 m

Filter diameter = V 2000 x 4 50.5 m

50 dia.
However, provide the filter of
m

Hence actual surface area= (50) = 1963.5 mV = A x DD

Bo

A c t u a l volume = 1963.5 x 2.3 = 4516m' V

Actual organic loading, 750000 = 166.1 g/m'/day
Vol
Vol

4516
0.1661 kg/m'/day
 348
E WASTEWATER ENGINEERING
I404 J U
100 = 84.8 %
Efficiency E
I+0.44V0.1661
Examp.. 13.2. Design of standard rate trickling Jilter. Design
a circular rickling filter unit for treating 4 nmillion litres of sewage
per day, having a 5 day BOD of 160 mg/l. Also design the underdrainage
swstem as well as rotary system for the filher. Assume suitable design
data wherever required.
Solution
(a) Design of filter dimensions : While designing the plant,
the filter is designed for average flow only, while the distribution
arms and under-drainge system etc are designed for peak flow and
checked for average flow. The hydralic loading of standard rate filter
varies between 1 to 4 m'/d/m. Let us assume a hydralic loading of
2 md/m
10**
Surface area required= 4X 10)
2,
=
2000 m
Again, the organic loading of standard rate filter varies from
80 to 320 g/d/m'. Let us assume an
organic loading of 150 g/d/m'.
Now total BOD
present= (160x 10)-*x(4x 10)= 640000 g/day
Volume of filter
media 640000
required = 150
= 4266.7 m
Depth of filter =
4266.7/2000 =2.134 m. V/
Also, dia. of filter =
V 2000 x 4. 50.46 -
m
Let us
provide S0 m dia. filter unit.
Actual surface area =
(50)=
4 1963.5 m
val
Required Depth 4266.7/1963.5 =
2.173
Provide filter of 2.2 m m Hsea
depth.
Hence, actual organic
loadingg 640000 BoD

1963.5 x 2.2 A uphk

=
148.16 g/d/m'
and actual
(satisfactory)
hydraulic loading=4X 10 x 10"-8oD
1963.5
A

(b) 2.04 m/d/m* (satisfactory)

Design of rotary distributors
1. Design
of
rotary distributor is central
designed
column: As stated
for a peak earlier, the pipe of
2.0 m/s and for average velocity not lessvelocity of not greater than
peak flow factor as 2.25. than 1 m/s. Let us take
 Peak flow 2.25 x 4x10 x 10 = 0.1042 m'/sec
24 x 60 x 60
Flow area of central column = 0.1042/2 = 0.0521 m

Dia. of central column = V 0.0521 X4 = 0,2575 m

Average fow = 0.1042/2.25 = 0.0463 m'/sec
Velocity at average low = 0.0463/0.0521 = 0.89 m/sec.
This is less than the permissible value of 1 m/sec. To bring
i to the permissible value, we have to reduce the dia. of central
column. However, reduction of dia. of central column will result
be
in the increase in the velocity at the peak flow, which has to
restricted to a value of 2 m/sec. Thus, we find that both the conditions
cannot be satisfied simultancously, specially in absence of recirculation
(see example 13.5). Hence dia. central column.
provide 25 cm
2. Design of arms : Let us provide 4 arms for the rotary
reaction spray type distributor.
Peak discharge per arm = 0.1042/4 = 0.02605 m'/sec

Length of arm « 50-0.25

2
24.875
24.875 m
m

Let us 24.88 m long arms with its size reducing from

provide
3 sections
the centre to the end. For this purpose, let us provide
and the third (or
of arm, with first two sections of 8 m length
flow in these sections of each
end) section of 8.875 m length. The
to the filter area covered
arm has to be adjusted in proportion
circular filter
these lengths of the arm. Let A1, Az and As be the
by
areas covered by each length
of the arm. Let us provide for 0.34
m dia. in the centre for
the central column etc.

A =a [(8.17)- (0.17)1
= 209.61 m
(8.17)| 611.73 m
Ar a [(16.17)
- =
=

As =a |(25)
-

(16.17)1 = 1142.07 m
Sum = 1963.41 m

Check: Total arca, A =« [(25)

-

(0.17)1 = 1963.4 m
areas served by each section of arm are:
Hence proportionate

Pay A
x100 209.61x
1963.41
100 =10.67%
611.73
611.73 x 100 = 31.16%
Paz = x 100 1963.41

100=O3 A1 1142.07 xX 100

100 =58.17%
58.17%
=

Pay
Pas x 1963.41
Total= 100%
 Discharge through cach arm = 0.02605 m'/sec. The flow throuph
velocity in the arm, at peak fow, should be less than 1.2 ms.
Design of first section of the arm
Discharge = 0.02605 m/scc
Design velocity = 1.2 m/s
Area required 0.02605
0 . 0 2 1 7 1 m'
1.2

Dia. required =V 0.02171 x4_016 m

Hence provide 170 mm dia.
Design of second section
Discharge 100 10.6x 0,02605 0.02327
100 m'/sec =

Area 02
required =

1.2
l =
0,.01939 m2

Dia. required V 0.01939

A =0.1571 m
Hence provide 160 mm dia.
Design of third section

Discharge 100-(10.67+31.16)],x0.02605
100
=
0.01515 m'/sec
Area required 0.01515/1.2 0.012625 m
= =

and Dia. required= V .012625 x 40

0.1268 m
Hence provide 130 mm dia.
Thus, each arm is made up of
of 8 m
length and 170 mm dia, the three sections the first section
m and of 160 second section of
mm dia, and the
last section of 8.875 m length 8
of 130 mm dia. length and
3. Design
a coefficient
of orifices Let us provide 12 mm dia.
of orifices with
equal to 1.5 m. discharge (Ca) cqual to 0.6 and head tlow causing
Discharge through each orifice
=Ca.av 2gh
0.6
x(0.012 V2 x 9.81 x 1.5
3.6813 x
10* m/sec.
No. of orifices
required in each arm =.
0.02605
3.6813x10-4
 No. of orifices (n) in cach section of the arm will be as under.

First section, n= 10.67 x 71 =7.58, say 8

Second section, 31.16

n2 =
* 100 x 71 22.12, say 22

Third section, n^ = 58.1771

100
=
41.3, say 41

Total =71
The spacing ($) of orifices in each section will be as
under
First section, 800
S1 = 100 cm c/c
8
Second section, s2 = 22 36.36 cm c/c
Third section, S3 =
21.65 cm c/c.
41
(c) Design of underdrainage system
Peak flow = 0.1042 m'/sec.
Let us provide central channel of rectangular section, fed by
radial laterals of semi-circular section discharging into the central
channel. The radial laterals, laid at a slope of 1 in 40, will be in
the form of under-drain block lengths containing semi-elliptical open-
ings.
() Design of rectangular effluent channel
The velocity of flow should not be less than 0.75 m/s at peak
instantaneous hydraulic loading or not less than 0.6 m/s at average
instantaneous hydraulic loading.
Let us provide a flow velocity of 1 m/s at peak flow.
Peak flow 0.1042 m'/sec
.Area of channel =0.1042/1 = 0.1042 m
Let us provide a width of 0.25 m
0.1042
Depth =
Depth 0.25 0.4168
Let us provide a width of 0.25 m and a depth of 0.40 m
SOthat
Area A = 0.25x 0.4 = 0.10 m
Actual velocity = 0.1042/0.1l = 1.042 m/sec.
0.10
R= 0.0952
(0.25 +2 x 0.4)
The bed slope of the channel is determined by Mannings formula:

QARA"sva
 we have
N 0.018 (say),
Taking si/2
x 0.10 (0.0952)23.
0.1042 0.018
.1042

120
Say I in
From which 123
the central eflluent
channel of width 25
Hence, provide and lay the chann
level of lateral,
cm below the
and depth
40
in 120.
at a slope of 1
radial laterals
(i) Desigm of of I in 40. The
radial under-drains
at a slope
Let us lay in rows, discharging into
under-drain block length can be placed
the laterak
channel. In order to ensure proper ventilation,
the effluent
to run approximately
half full,
are designed
a/A = 0.25
extrapolation
Corresponding to this, we get, from Table 4.8, by
0.194 and r/R
= 0.68)
d/D = 0.298, q/Q =

at peak flow 2 0.75 m/s

Now permissible velocity
q/a = 0.75

But ARsa and 9a"s

or

Equating () and (i) and noting that 0.68, we get

075 '-(068
From which =0.9699
or
R s=0.9699
Taking W =0.015 and noting that R = D/4 and S = 1/40 we get
"_
0.015 4 1 0.9699

From which D 0.112 m.

Hence provide 12 cm dia. semi-circular drain blocks.
'Discharge Q through a circular sewer of D =0.12 m s
given by
Q 0015 0.12(02
V40
= 0.01151 m/sec
 Hence 9 =
0.194Q= 0.194 x 0.01151 =0.00223 m'/sec.
No. of laterals= 0.1042 = 46.7 4 7 laterals.
0.00223
Check for velocity at peak flow
a =
0.254= 0.25 (0.12)
x
4
= 2.827 x 10 m*
V =1=. 0.00223 0 . 7 8 9 m/sec.
a
2.827x 10

Check for
(>0.75 required)
velocity at
average flow
Average discharge =
90.1042
2.25
=
0.0463 m'/sec

Average discharge per lateral, q = 0.0463 0.000985 m'/sec

47
0.000985 = 0.0856
0.01151
Corresponding to this value of q/0, we get, from Table 4.8,
by extrapolation,
d
0.1984 and 0.1415
D A
Hence a =0.1415 x (0.12) = 1.6 x
10"3'm
Jav 0.000985
Vav
aav 1.6 x 10-3
= 0.615 m/s (> 0.6 required)
Hence provide 47 radial laterals of semi-circular section, of
12 cm dia., laid at a slope of 1 in 40, each discharging into the
rectangular effluent channel of width 25 cm and depth 40 cm.
 CONVENTIONAL
BETWEEN
TABLE 13.4. COMPARISON
FILTERSS
RATE TRICKLING
AND HIGH

Convenlional or low rule

High rate fiter
Characteristics
Siler
1. 1.8 to 2.4 m 1.2 to 1.8 m
Depth of media
2. 10 to 30
Hydraulic loading 1 to 4

(md/m) (including
recirculation)
3 Organic loading 500 to 1000
as 5-day 80 to 320
BOD in g/d/m (excluding recirculation)
4 Recirculation system Usually not provided, but| Always provided.
can be provided if
the| Recirculation ratio 1:1to
hydraulic load does not| 4:1
exceed thelimit
5 Volume of bed 5 times 1
6. Interval of dosing 5 minutes. The sewage 15 seconds. Sewageis
is applied at intervals. thus applied continuou-
sly.
7. Slcughing Intermittent Continuous
8. Cost of operation More Less
9. Land required More Less
10. Characteristics of final Contains BOD $20 mg/l;| Contains BOD 230 mg/l:
effluent it is highly nitrified
into it is not fully nitrified.
nitrate stage.
11. Secondary sludge
Highly oxidized, Black| Not fully oxidized
colour, having light fine| brownish black
colour
particles containing fine particles
Advantages of high rate filters
 Example 13.3. Determine the size of a high rate trickling filer
for the following data :
(i) Sewage flow = 5 mLLd
(ii) Recirculation ratio = 1.5
(ii) BOD of raw sewage 230 mg/l
=

(iv) BOD removal in primary clarifier 3 0 %6

() Final effluent BOD desired 25 mg/l
=
 Solution.

5 mLd; BOD concentration= 230 mg/l

Q
10- 31
Total BOD present=(5 x 10') x (230 x 10)x
= 1150 kg/day.
30 %
BOD rcmoval in primary tank =

BOD left in sewage entering the filter unit Is

W 1150 x 0.7= 805 kg/day.
Desired BOD concentration in effluent = 25 mg/
Total BOD left in efflucnt = 5 x 25 = 125 kgday
Hence BOD removed by ilter = 805 - 125 = 680 kg/day

Efficiency of filter
BODremovalx 100
Total BOD present
680
E = x 100 = 84.47%
of 805
given by NRC equation is
But efficiency,
E =. 100 .(13.13)
1+0.44VW7VF
W= total BOD applied to filter = 805 kg/day
where
filters.
V= Volume of filter (m') in the first stage
F = recirculation factor
1+R 1+1.5 = 1.89

(1+0.1R (1 +0.1 x 1.5)

100
84.47
1+0.44 V 805/(Vx 1.89)
From which V 2439.5 m*
filter as 1.8 m.
Let us assume the depth
Surface area of filter = 2439.5=
1.8
1355.28 m*
1355.28 m

Hence dia. of filter

=
V 1355.28
355.28 x4
X4 = 41
41.5 m.
rate filter of 41.5 m dia,
Hence provide a single stage highrecirculation ratio of 1.5
with a
and 1.8 m deep filter media,
an equivalent
standard rate filler for the
Example 13.4. Design
without recirculation.
data of example 13.3,
Solution recirculation, F = 1
For standard rate filter having no

100
84.47 =-
+0.44 V 805/V
140.44V805/V= 1.1838
From which V 4610.7 m
media equal to 2 m,
Providing a depth of filter
 NTTRIN,
Surface arca = 4610.7/2 = 2305.3

Dia. of filter = V2305 x 4 = 54.18 m.

54.2 mm dia
Hence provide a standard rate filter of 54.2 dia
m dcep filter media. and
Example 13.5. Design a high rale single stage trickling
for reating the following wastewater of a 1own having a popula sille
of 40000 persons
(a) Domesic sewage 150 lpcd having 200 mg/l ot
(b) Industrial wastcwater ( BOD
0.25 million itres per day hav.
day havi
o00 mg/l of BOD.
Assume the following:
) BOD removal in primary clarifier = 35%
(ü) Permissible organic loading of Jilter = 8000 kglhec-m d

(excluding recirculaled sewage

(ii) Recirculation ratio = 1.0
(v) Permmissible surface loading = 160 mL/heclday
(including recirculated sewage)
Also, detemine the efficiency of the filter and BOD of the effluent
Solution. Domestic sewage= (150 x 40000) 10"°= 6000 m dav
Industrial wastewater = 0.25 x 10° litres/day= 250 m/day
Total BOD of domestic sewage= (150 x 40000 x 200) 19
= 1200 kg/day

Total BOD of industrial wastewater= (0.25x10°x600) 10

= 150 kg/day
Total BOD of combined flow = 1200 + 150 1350 kgday.
Hence BOD applied to the filter is
W 1350 x 0.65 = 877.5 kg/day.
Total BOD removed
. Filter volume V=-
permissible organic loading
877.x 10 =1096.9 m
8000
)

Also, total volume of wastewater influent, Q=60%00+250

6250 m'/day
Now total inflow, including recirculation +
=
(1 R)
=
(1 + 1) 2 x 6250
= =
12500 m°/day
Filter area = Total volume of flow
Permissible surface loading
Here, permissible surface loading per day = 160 mL/hectai mL/hectarc
(160 x
10) x la= 16 m'/m*
10
 Filler area =
=
16
781.25 m ..(2)

Hence, dia. of filter = V 81.25 x 4131.54 m

However, provide a tank of 32 m dia.
surface
Actual area =
(32)=804.24 m
Hence filter depth = 1096.9/804.25 = 1.364 m.
Provide The depth of media cqual to 1.4 m.

E 100
Efficiency. 1+0.44 V W/VF
Here W = 877.5 kg/day
V Volume of filter = 804.25 x 1.4 = 1125.95 m
F= Recirculation factor
1+R 1+1 =1.653
(1+0.1R) (1+0.1 x 1)

E 100
1+044V877.5/1125.95 x 1.653
76.8%

BOD of effluent =
/ 100 76.8 x 877.5
100
203.6 kg/day
Total volume of effluent = 6250 m'/day
203.6 x 10 (mg)=32.58 mgl
BOD concentration
(6250x 10) ()
Example 13.6. A single stage filter designed
is for an organic
hectare metre per
10000 kg of BOD in raw sewage per
loading of 1.2. This filter treats a flow of
4
day with a recirculation ratio of
BOD of 220 mg/l. Using NRC forula,
mLd of raw sewage with a
determine the strength of the ejluent.
Solution.
=
(4 x 10") x (220 x 10*)
Total BOD of raw sewage
= 880 kg/day
Total BOD of raw sewage
Required filter vol. Permissible BOD Ioading

880 10 880 m
=

TOCO0
clarifier removes 35% of BOD.
Let us assume that primary
to filter= 0.65 x 88) = 572 kg.
BOD of influent applied
 The efficiency of filter is given by
100
E
1+0.44V W/VF
7 8
Here W 572 kg/day. (1o0-18 8)
V= Volume of filter = 880 m JoO
1+R
F Recirculation factor = .

(1+0.1RR
1+1.2 = 1.754
(1+0.1 x 1.2)
Total BOD of effluent = (1 - 0.789) x 572 . (10-t3
120.85 kg.
BOD concentration of effluent
Total BODD -078
Sewage volume
120.85 x 10° - 30.21 mg/l
4x 10
Example 13.7. Instend of single stage plant of Example 13.6,
it is proposed to use a two stage plant. The total volume of the filter
remains the same as that of single-stage plant, with filter volume of
each stage equal to half of the total volume. The recirculation ratio
for each is 1.2. What will be the BOD of the plant effluent?
filter
Solution
For each filter, R = 1.2 and hence F= 1.754
For the first stage, efficiency is given by Eq. 13.13.
E =- 100
1+0.44V W/VF
where W total BOD applied to first stage filter
= 572 kg/day
V= volume of first stage filter = 880/2 = 440 m
F 1.754
100 = 72.53%
E-
572
1044 V 440x 1.754
Amount of BOD lest in the effluent from the first stage
filter= 572 (1 - 0.7253) = 157.15 kg/day.

For the second stage filter, efficiency is given by Eq. 13.14

100
E 0.44
1+1-eV W
VF
where W 157.15 kg/day and V= 880/2 = 440 m
 F' = 1.754
e =
E/100 =
0.7253
E' 100 -= 58.05%
0.44 V157.15/(440 x 1.754)
T-0725
Total BOD of cffluent from the plant= 157.15 (1-0.5805)
= 65.95 kg/day

BOD concentration of effluent= 65.95*x 10 =

16.48 mg/l
4x 10
Example 13.8 Design a single stage Bio-filter to produce an
effhuent having max. BOD concentration of 50 mg/, for a flow of
Sewage of 4 millon litres per day containing BOD of raw sewage of
:20 mgll. Make suitable assumptions.
Solution
BOD of raw sewage=(4 x 10°) x (320 x 10 ) = 1280 kg/day
Let us assume that the primary clarifier removes 35% of BOD
of raw sewage. Total BOD of filter innuent = 0.65 x 1280 832k
Permissible total BOD of effluent= (4 x 10') x (50 x 10)
200 kg
Total BOD to be removed by the filter=832-200=632 kg
Efficiency of filter, E = 632
x 100 = 75.96%
832
Again, let us assume an organic loading of 0.8 kg/day/m' (ie.
between 500 to 1000 g/day/m')
. Volume of filter required = 632/0.8= 790 m
Again, E = 100
1+0.44V W/VF
where W 832 kg/day
V =790 m'
E 75.96

. 75.96 = 100
1+0.44 V 832/792 F
From which F 2.0356
1+R
2.0356.
(1+0.1R)
Solving this by trial, we get R 1.85