Class - 8 Day - 2

Computer
 What is computer
A computer is a programmable electronic
device that accepts raw data as input and
processes it with a set of instructions (a
program) to produce the result as output. It
renders output just after performing
mathematical and logical operations and can
save the output for future use. Input and
output data may contain numbers , words ,
videos , pictures and sounds .
A computer system consists of hardware and software. Software is the
information that is stored in the system. The hardware components are the
physical parts of computer .
 Computer

CPU
(Central processing unit)
Input Output
device device
CU ALU
Memory (arithmetic logic unit)
(Control unit)
Keyboard Monitor
Primary Secondary
Mouse memory memory
Projector

Scanner RAM ROM Printer

Microphone HDD DVD CD Speaker

 Input device

• A piece of equipment/hardware
which helps us enter data into a
computer is called an input
device. For example : keyboard,
mouse, etc.
 Output device

• A piece of equipment/hardware
which gives out the result of the
entered input is called an
output device. For example :
printer, monitor, etc.
 CPU

• CU (control unit) - A control

unit (CU) handles all
processor control signals. It
directs all input and output
flow.
• ALU(Arithmetic logic unit )
– ALU is a digital circuit
used to perform arithmetic
( + , - , * , / ) and logic
operations.
CPU
 Memory

1. Primary Memory : Primary Memory is the

internal memory that stores the data and
instructions of the CPU. It is volatile in nature
(data is lost when the power is disconnected).

RAM and ROM are the main two types of primary memory.
 1. Primary Memory

• RAM (Random Access Memory) -

RAM stands for random access
memory. It is called “random
access” because the technology
allows the computer to temporarily
store and access data immediately.
 1. Primary Memory

• ROM(Read Only Memory) -

Read Only Memory (ROM) is a
type of computer memory that
is used to permanently store
data that can not be modified .
 Memory

2. Secondary Memory : Secondary memory is computer

memory that is non-volatile, persistent and not
immediately accessible by a computer or processor.
Example – HDD, DVD , CD

• it can be accessed or retrieved even after the computer

is turned off.
• It can store data and programs for extended periods of
time.
HDD - Hard Disk Drive CD - Compact Disk DVD - Digital Versatile Disk
Number system
 Number System

Non-Positional Number System Positional Number System

Decimal, Binary, Octal and

Roman Number System
Hexadecimal Number System
 Number System

Decimal Binary Octal Hexadecimal

number number number number

Base 10 Base 2 Base 8 Base 16

( ) 10 ( )2 ( )8 ( ) 16
Decimal number Binary number Octal number Hexadecimal number
( ) 10 ( )2 ( )8 ( ) 16

0 0 0 0 10 A
1 1 1 1 11 B
2 2 2 12 C
3 3 3 13 D
4 4 4 14 E
5 5 5 15 F
6 6 6
7 7 7
8 8
9 9
Conversions
A . Decimal to binary Conversion
 A . Decimal to binary Conversion
(15)10 = (?)2 (16)10 = (?)2
 A . Decimal to binary Conversion
(47)10 = (?)2 (64)10 = (?)2
A . Decimal to binary Conversion
(100)10 = (?)2
A . Decimal to binary Conversion
A(2) . binary to Decimal Conversion
Formula : ……23 x N + 22 x N + 21 x N + 20 x N
 A(2) . binary to Decimal Conversion
Formula : ……23 x N + 22 x N + 21 x N + 20 x N
 A(2) . binary to Decimal Conversion
Formula : ……23 x N + 22 x N + 21 x N + 20 x N

(100)2 = (?)10 (10)2 = (?)10

 A(2) . binary to Decimal Conversion
Formula : ……23 x N + 22 x N + 21 x N + 20 x N

(111)2 = (?)10 (1101)2 = (?)10

 A(2) . binary to Decimal Conversion
Formula : ……23 x N + 22 x N + 21 x N + 20 x N

(1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1)2 = (?)10
 A(2) . binary to Decimal Conversion
Formula : ……23 x N + 22 x N + 21 x N + 20 x N
b. Decimal to octal Conversion
 b. Decimal to octal Conversion
(15)10 = (?)8 (16)10 = (?)8
 b. Decimal to octal Conversion
(47)10 = (?)8 (64)10 = (?)8
b. Decimal to octal Conversion
(100)10 = (?)8
b. Decimal to octal Conversion
B(2) . octal to Decimal Conversion
Formula : ……83 x N + 82 x N + 81 x N + 80 x N
 B(2) . octal to Decimal Conversion
Formula : ……83 x N + 82 x N + 81 x N + 80 x N
 B(2) . octal to Decimal Conversion
Formula : ……83 x N + 82 x N + 81 x N + 80 x N

(25)8 = (?)10 (16)8 = (?)10

 B(2) . octal to Decimal Conversion
Formula : ……83 x N + 82 x N + 81 x N + 80 x N

(73)8 = (?)10 (111)8 = (?)10

C. Decimal to hexadecimal Conversion
(78)10 = (?)16 (98)10 = (?)16

16 78 14 E 16 98 2
4 6

(78)10 = (4E)16 (48)10 = (62)16

C. Decimal to hexadecimal Conversion
(48)10 = (?)16 (63)10 = (?)16
C. Decimal to hexadecimal Conversion
(74)10 = (?)16 (85)10 = (?)16
C. Decimal to hexadecimal Conversion
(111)10 = (?)16
C. Decimal to hexadecimal Conversion
(111)10 = (?)16

16 111 15 F
6

(111)10 = (6F)16
Computer Network
computer network : A computer network is a system that connects two or more
computing devices for transmitting and sharing information. Computing devices
include everything from a mobile phone to a server. These devices are connected
using physical wires such as fiber optics, but they can also be wireless.
 Basic Terminologies of Computer Networks :
Network: A network is a collection of
computers and devices that are connected
together to enable communication and data
exchange.

Nodes: Nodes are devices that are connected

to a network. These can include computers,
Servers, Printers, Routers, Switches, and
other devices.

Protocol: A protocol is a set of rules and

standards that govern how data is
transmitted over a network.
 Advantages of Computer Networks :

Resource Sharing : Resource

Sharing is one of the important
applications of Computer
Networking. You can share a single
software among Multiple users. We
can also share Hardware Devices
via this technique.
 Advantages of Computer Networks :

Online Education : Computer

Networking has revolutionized
education by providing online
learning platforms, distance
education, and virtual
classrooms.
 Advantages of Computer Networks :

Remote Working : Networking

technologies have enabled
remote working, allowing
employees to work from home
or other locations outside of the
office. This has become
especially important during the
COVID-19 pandemic.
 Types of Computer Networks

1. Personal Area Network (PAN)

2. Local Area Network (LAN)
3. Campus Area Network (CAN)
4. Metropolitan Area Network
(MAN)
5. Wide Area Network (WAN)
 Types of Computer Networks
1. Personal Area Network (PAN)
:
Personal Area Network (PAN) is the
computer network that connects
computers/devices within the range of an
individual person. As PAN provides a
network range within a person’s range
typically within a range of 10 meters(33
feet) it is called a Personal Area Network. A
Personal Area Network typically involves a
computer, phone, tablet, printer, PDA
(Personal Digital Assistant) and other and
other entertainment devices like speakers,
video game consoles, etc.
 Types of Computer Networks
2. Local Area Network (LAN) :
It is a computer network that covers a
relatively small area such as within a
building or campus of up to a few
kilometers in size. LANs are generally
used to connect personal computers
and workstations in company offices to
share common resources, like printers,
and exchange information. A number
of experimental and early commercial
LAN technologies were developed in
the 1970s.
 Types of Computer Networks
3. Campus Area Network (CAN) :
Campus Area Network (CAN) is a group of interconnected Local Area
Networks (LAN) within a limited geographical area like school campus,
university campus, military bases, or organizational campuses and corporate
buildings etc. A Campus Area Network is larger than Local Area Network
but smaller than Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) and Wide Area
Network (WAN). This Campus Area Network also called as Corporate Area
Network. Sometimes this network is also referred as Residential Network or
ResNet as it is only used by residents of specific campus only.
 Types of Computer Networks
3. Campus Area Network (CAN) :
Campus Area Network is network
of interconnected Local Area
Networks where these LANs are
connected via Switches and
routers and create a single
network like CAN. Campus Area
Network covers areas of around 1
to 5 km range and it can be both
wired or wireless connectivity.
 Types of Computer Networks
4. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) :

MAN stands for Metropolitan Area Network. It is a computer network that

connects number of LANs to form larger network, so that the computer
resources can be shared. This type of network covers larger area than a LAN
but smaller than the area covered by a WAN which is designed to extend over
the entire city. MAN is specially designed to provide high-speed connectivity
to the users in which the speed ranges in terms of Mbps. The architecture of
MAN is quite complicated hence , it is hard to design and maintain.
 Types of Computer Networks
4. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) :
 Types of Computer Networks
5. Wide Area Network (WAN) :
WAN stands for Wide Area Network. It is
a computer network that covers a large
geographical area consisting of two or
more LANs or MANs. These networks are
established with
leased telecommunication circuits, in
which two sides which are connected have
routers that connect the LAN of both sides
together in a network to facilitate
communication.
 Types of Computer Networks
5. Wide Area Network (WAN) :