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8051 Microcontroller Architecture

Let's see the internal architecture of 8051 Microcontroller represented in form of block diagram
as shown below:

Basic components present internally inside 8051 Microcontroller architecture are:

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CPU (Central Processing Unit): CPU act as a mind of any processing machine. It synchronizes
and manages all processes that are carried out in microcontroller. User has no power to control
the functioning of CPU. It interprets the program stored in ROM and carries out from storage and
then performs it projected duty. CPU manage the different types of registers available in 8051
microcontroller.

Interrupts: Interrupts is a sub-routine call that given by the microcontroller when some other
program with high priority is request for acquiring the system buses the n interrupts occur in
current running program.

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Interrupts provide a method to postpone or delay the current process, performs a sub-routine
task and then restart the standard program again.

Types of interrupt in 8051 Microcontroller:

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Let's see the five sources of interrupts in 8051 Microcontroller:

Timer 0 overflow interrupt - TF0

Timer 1 overflow interrupt - TF1

External hardware interrupt - INT0

External hardware interrupt - INT1

Serial communication interrupt - RI/TI

Memory: For operation Micro-controller required a program. This program guides the
microcontroller to perform the specific tasks. This program installed in microcontroller required
some on chip memory for the storage of the program.

Microcontroller also required memory for storage of data and operands for the short duration. In
microcontroller 8051 there is code or program memory of 4 KB that is it has 4 KB ROM and it also
comprise of data memory (RAM) of 128 bytes.

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Bus : Bus is a group of wires which uses as a communication canal or acts as means of data
transfer. The different bus configuration includes 8, 16 or more cables. Therefore, a bus can bear
8 bits, 16 bits all together.
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Types of buses in 8051 Microcontroller:

Let's see the two types of bus used in 8051 microcontroller:

Address Bus: 8051 microcontrollers is consisting of 16 bit address bus. It is generally be

used for transferring the data from Central Processing Unit to Memory.

Data bus: 8051 microcontroller is consisting of 8 bits data bus. It is generally be used for
transferring the data from one peripherals position to other peripherals.

Oscillator: As the microcontroller is digital circuit therefore it needs timer for their operation. To
perform timer operation inside microcontroller it required externally connected or on-chip
oscillator. Microcontroller is used inside an embedded system for managing the function of
devices. Therefore, 8051 uses the two 16 bit counters and timers. For the operation of this timers
and counters the oscillator is used inside microcontroller.

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