Name: MD MISTER ISMAILY Roll No: 2214511796

Program: MBA Semester: Ⅲ

Course Name: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Course code – DMBA301

Assignment Set – 1

Q1
Introduction
Research involves applying scientific methods to carefully evaluate and study a specific topic
or research subject. American sociologist Earl Robert Babbie defined research as "a
systematic inquiry aimed at describing, explaining, forecasting, and controlling the observed
phenomenon." It uses both deductive and inductive reasoning.
Meaning Of Research
Deductive approaches confirm the observed occurrence, whereas inductive methods examine
an observed event. Deductive techniques are more frequently linked with quantitative
analysis, while inductive procedures are more closely tied with qualitative research.
The following are the goals of research:
Find new and prospective clients.
Recognise current clientele.
Set reasonable objectives.
Create successful market strategy.
Handle business obstacles.
Create a plan for the growth of your company.
Determine fresh commercial prospects.
Categories Of Investigation
Research approaches can be broadly classified into two categories: qualitative and
quantitative.
Every strategy has its own special characteristics and methods for obtaining data.
Approaches that are qualitative
Asking open-ended, conversational questions is a crucial step in the data collection process
for qualitative research. The responses obtained are essentially non-numerical. By employing
this method, one can better comprehend the ideas and motivations of participants.
Types of qualitative techniques include:
Concentration groups
Individualized interviews
Study conducted from an anthropological standpoint
Text Interpretation
A Case Study Example
Methods that are quantitative
Quantitative methods centre on numbers and quantifiable forms. It employs a methodical
approach to investigating events or information. It offers responses to questions that bolster
connections with measurable variables in order to explain, forecast, or control a phenomenon.
Here are a few instances of quantitative methods:
survey-based research
Studies that are descriptive
Examining associations
Making sure your data is rigorous, logical, well-founded, and objective is crucial.
Accurate: devoid of errors and containing all relevant data.
Trustworthy: same results can be attained by other researchers carrying out similar
investigations.
Timely: collected and updated within the appropriate time frame.
Comprehensive: Provides all the data needed to support your business decisions.

Conclusion
“Creative and systematic work undertaken to increase the stock of knowledge" is the
definition of research. It is typified by a focus on limiting the sources of bias and inaccuracy
and entails the collection, arrangement, and evaluation of data to improve comprehension of a
subject. The way biases are controlled and taken into account sets these tasks apart.
Q2
Introduction
Information will be acquired in order to assess and make decisions on a certain firm, sales,
etc. Using this data will facilitate judgments about the performance of a certain business.
Principal Techniques for Gathering Data
Primary data, also known as raw data, are first-hand information obtained by surveys,
experiments, or direct observations.
Methods for Gathering Quantitative Data
Methods for Gathering Qualitative Data
Techniques for Compiling Numerical Information
It is predicated on mathematical operations carried out in multiple formats, including
measures of mean, median, and mode, regression and correlation analysis, and closed-ended
questions.
Techniques for Compiling Qualitative Data
It doesn't involve any mathematical computations. Certain aspects of this process are
intangible and cannot be quantified. This process of gathering qualitative data involves the
use of surveys, observations, case studies, interviews, and other techniques.
The Observation Method
The method of observation is used in behavioural science research. This strategy adheres to a
planned methodology. Numerous inspections and restrictions apply to it.
Interview Technique
The method of obtaining data by means of vocal responses. There are two approaches, one of
which is through a personal interview: The interviewer must ask the subject questions
directly during this process.
Interview over the Phone: This method involves calling a subject to ask questions or get their
thoughts verbally in order to obtain information.
Question-Based Method
Using this method, the questions are mailed to the respondent. After reading the questionnaire
and responding, they need to mail it back. A quality survey should contain the following
components:
Short and simple
Must be coherent in sequence
Make adequate space for answers.
Use precise, technical language.
Schedules
The enumerations are appointed expressly to fill the schedules. It elucidates the aims and
purposes of the investigation and may resolve any misunderstandings that arose.
Techniques for Compiling Secondary Data
Secondary data is information that has been obtained by someone other than the original user.
It suggests that the information is already available and has been examined by someone.
Secondary data can be found in books, journals, periodicals, newspapers, and other materials.
The information may be public or unpublished.
You can find publicly available data in a number of locations, such as
Official releases
Documentation available to the public
documents that include historical data and statistics
Trade and technical journals; business records
Not made public information includes
Notebooks Memoirs, unseen letters, etc.

Conclusion
Data collection is essential to the examination of a business unit's performance since it allows
for problem solving and, when needed, the making of assumptions about specific things.
Q3
Introduction
A questionnaire is a kind of survey or research instrument made up of a series of questions or
prompts meant to directly or indirectly extract data from respondents.
Survey Questionnaire
It is a systematic approach to gathering information from a large sample of people by posing
a set of inquiries about a particular subject or goal of the study. Both open-ended and closed-
ended questions are possible, as are quantitative and qualitative answers. In order to gather
information and insights from a specific group, questionnaires are frequently used in
research, marketing, social sciences, healthcare, and many other sectors.
A great tool for collecting data is a questionnaire. Its main goal is to gather survey questions
for a certain audience and make it possible for the survey's creator to examine the results.
Creating a customized questionnaire is as easy as selecting the types of questions to ask,
personalizing the topics, and altering the questions' skip rationale.
Question Types for Surveys
Multiple-choice questions
For these questions, participants can choose from a range of possibilities. They can be used to
collect demographic data and are useful in acquiring quantitative data.
Questions with a Scale
Items are rated by respondents on a scale, such as 1 to 10. They are useful for assessing
attitudes and opinions.
Open-ended questions
By utilizing their own language, participants are able to provide more detailed and precise
answers to these questions. They are useful in getting qualitative data.
Questions on the Likert Scale
Respondents score how much they agree or disagree with a specific statement in these
questions. They are useful for assessing attitudes and opinions.
Demographic Questionnaires
These questions ask about the participant's age, gender, ethnicity, level of education, and
other personal information. They are useful for data segmentation and demographic group
analysis of the results.
Type of Question: Yes/No
These questions have two possible answers: yes or no. They are useful when attempting to
find precise, succinct answers to specific questions.
Ordering Problems
Participants are asked to rank a variety of objects in these questions based on their value or
preference. They are useful for determining priorities or preferences.
Matrix queries
Participants in these investigations are given access to a grid or matrix of possibilities. With
their assistance, data on many factors can be acquired simultaneously.
Questions with Two Responses
Two options that are inconsistent or incompatible with one another are provided in these
questions. They are effective in measuring extreme or dichotomous viewpoints.

Conclusion
These days, questionnaires are used in many different areas, including industry, government,
healthcare, and academic research. Because of advancements in computer technology and
data analysis techniques, which simplify the process of collecting and analysing data from a
large number of participants, they continue to evolve as a research tool.
 Assignment Set – 2

Q4
Introduction
An analysis is suggested in the hypothesis portion of the study, which is where all research
projects begin. The hypothesis of any study is consistent with the inferences we make from
the available data. It has been demonstrated that the concepts or points made in the
hypothesis work.
Theory
A hypothesis is an assertion made in reaction to evidence. Any investigation that transforms
the research inquiries into forecasts begins with this. Among its components are the
population, variables, and the relationships between the variables. A hypothesis that looks at
the link between two or more variables is referred to as a research hypothesis.
It is the initial step in the research process that converts observations into hypotheses,
whether or not they are true.
If anything is true or false, it should be empirically verified.
It should illustrate the relationship between the factors considered.
It must be precise, clear, and comprehensive.
Various types of theories
Negative Theory
It says that the variables under study are unaffected by one another. An assertion that two
groups or elements are independent of one another and that certain characteristics of a
population or process are the same is known as a null hypothesis. The possibility of the
alternative hypothesis must also be considered in order to refute or invalidate the null
hypothesis.
It follows that one variable has no effect on the other parameters being studied. According to
a null hypothesis, two elements or groups are unrelated to one another and share specific
features of a population or process. To disprove or reject the null hypothesis, we must assess
the likelihood of both the alternative hypothesis and the null hypothesis.
Untrue Theory
This suggests that a single variable has no effect on the other components being investigated.
A null hypothesis asserts that two elements or groups are unrelated to one another and that
certain features of a population or process are the same. To disprove or reject the alternative
hypothesis, we must assess the likelihood of both the null hypothesis and the alternative
hypothesis.
Simple Theory
Dependent and independent variables are the two different types of variables that exist. The
relationship between the independent and dependent variables is explained by a simple
hypothesis. If you fill up your bike with petrol, for example, you can go on long journeys.
Here, the bike is the dependent variable and gasoline is the independent variable.
Theory of Orientation
A directional hypothesis is a researcher's prediction about the direction—positive or negative
—of a change, relationship, or difference between two variables in a population. This
assertion is often supported by previous research, a widely recognized theory, and a sizable
amount of relevant literature. expertise in
For example, students who accurately finish their assignments and modifications can score
more than those who skip. Here, we already know the process and how it affects the outcome.
This is known as a directed hypothesis.
Complex theory
The relationship between two or more independent and dependent variables is explained by a
complex hypothesis. For example, adding gas to your bike enables you to go farther, become
a better rider, and explore new areas.
Theory Without Direction
There isn't a theory for this class. There are no predictions, in opposition to the guided
hypothesis. We can contend that there is a relationship between the factors even though
nature and prediction are unclear.
A hypothesis could be, for instance, that someone's body, mind, and skin stay young and
healthy if they exercise often.
Among additional negative effects of tobacco use are cancer promotion, blackening of the
lips, and damage to the brain.

Conclusion
A hypothesis is a conjecture that researchers formulate in light of the limited information at
their disposal. Forecasts are derived from research questions at this first stage of the study
process. Other types of hypotheses include the Directional Hypothesis and the Null
Hypothesis. There are four different kinds of hypotheses: simple, complicated, non-
directional, and causal and associative. We conduct our tests or studies in line with the theory
we develop.
Q5
Introduction
Although reports usually cover a wide range of topics, their primary purpose is to disseminate
information on a particular issue to a particular target market.
Study Report
The main goal of research reports is to give marketers the necessary details about a study so
they may take it into account when developing new strategies.
Researchers and statisticians compile recorded data after analyzing the data gathered through
organized study, typically in the form of surveys or qualitative approaches.
The following sections are found in a research report:
Overview: Context and Synopsis
Practical Methods
Results obtained from the Analysis Conclusion of the Discussion
Components of a Research Report
When launching a new feature or service, research is crucial. In a market like this, a company
needs to make the right decisions at the right times to stay relevant and provide new products
that satisfy customer needs.
There are seven crucial components to a successful research report:
Research Report Summary: The report should have a brief summary that covers the entire
objective and a rundown of the findings. A brief explanation of each of the numerous
components of the research is included in the report summary. The report's main points
should all be easy enough for the reader to understand.
Research Introduction: The primary goal of any report is the researcher's intended outcome.
He or she can address answers related to this goal in the introductory section and develop a
thesis statement that will be covered in an attempt to give a comprehensive response. The
question "What is the current situation of the goal?" is one that must be answered in this
section. In the opening of the research report, provide details on the organization's
achievement or lack thereof in achieving the goal following the implementation of the study
design.
Research Methodology: This, the most important, section of the report contains all of the
important information. Readers can learn more about the topic and assess the quality of the
provided material, and other market researchers can validate the research. This means that in
order to make this section highly helpful, every study topic must be discussed in great detail.
Information must be expressed chronologically in accordance with its importance and
priority.
Research Results: This section of the results will include the calculations used to achieve the
goal and a succinct overview of the outcomes. The exposition that comes after data analysis
is usually found in the report's discussion section.
Conclusion
After assessing the data gathered through systematic study, researchers or statisticians
synthesize recorded data for research reports.
Q6
Introduction
While surveys can be conducted in a variety of ways, the most common types are paper or
online questionnaires. A survey is a method for gathering information from a sample of
individuals by posing relevant questions with the aim of understanding populations as a
whole.
Take a look
A group of people can be surveyed in order to gather information by posing questions to
them. Surveys can be carried out by a variety of methods, such as telephone interviews, paper
and pencil interviews, online questionnaires, and in-person interviews.
The main goal of a survey is to collect representative data of the community being polled so
that researchers may make well-informed decisions or draw conclusions. For an online survey
to be effective, the questions should be clear, concise, and objective. Avoid using loaded or
leading questions that could influence respondents' answers.
No of Farmers No of Farmers Who Total
Own Farms Rented Farms
Using Fertilizers 50 50 100
Not Using Fertilizers 30 70 100
Total 80 120 200

The same as Ha: μ1 < μ2 is Ha: μ1 – μ2 < 0.

Ha: μ1 – μ2 > 0 is equivalent to Ha: μ1 > μ2.
Ha: μ1 - μ2 ≠ 0, is equivalent to Ha: μ1 ≠ μ2.
Therefore, it is necessary to identify the acceptance or rejection zones in order to test the
hypotheses. The two differences' significance may vary depending on many factors.
p1 – p2
⸻
√p1*ꝗ1 + p2*ꝗ2
pˆ1 = proportion of success in sample one
pˆ2 = proportion of success in sample two qˆ = 1 – pˆ1
qˆ2 = 1 – pˆ2
n1 = size of sample one
n2 = size of sample two
p1=80/200 = 0.4
p2=120/200 = 0.6
q2=1-p2=1-0.6=0.4
n2=100
R:|Z|> 3.84
The Z observed value, or rejection value, is 1.4. It is impossible to calculate the owners'
fertilizer use.

Conclusion

By using surveys, researchers can collect essential information and insights from a specific
target group that will support their decision-making and strategy development. Researchers
that create effective surveys that are pertinent, understandable, and concise can obtain reliable
and beneficial data to support their objectives.