Nrupathunga University

Department of Computer Science

VI Sem BSc (NEP) 2023-24
Statistical Computing and R Programming Language Lab
Manual
Part-A
1. Program to demonstrate Mathematical functions in R

# Define variables a and b

a <- 10
b <- 5

# Addition
sum_ab <- a + b
cat("Addition:", sum_ab, "\n")

# Subtraction
diff_ab <- a - b
cat("Subtraction:", diff_ab, "\n")

# Multiplication
prod_ab <- a * b
cat("Multiplication:", prod_ab, "\n")

# Division
div_ab <- a / b
cat("Division:", div_ab, "\n")

# Exponentiation
exp_ab <- a ^ b
cat("Exponentiation:", exp_ab, "\n")

# Square Root
sqrt_a <- sqrt(a)
cat("Square Root of a:", sqrt_a, "\n")
 # Trigonometric Functions
angle <- 45 # in degrees

# Sine
sin_val <- sin(angle * (pi / 180))
cat("Sine:", sin_val, "\n")

# Cosine
cos_val <- cos(angle * (pi / 180))
cat("Cosine:", cos_val, "\n")

# Tangent
tan_val <- tan(angle * (pi / 180))
cat("Tangent:", tan_val, "\n")

# Logarithmic Functions
x <- 100

# Natural Logarithm
ln_x <- log(x)
cat("Natural Logarithm of x:", ln_x, "\n")

# Common Logarithm (Base 10)

log_x <- log10(x)
cat("Common Logarithm (Base 10) of x:", log_x, "\n")

# Random Number Generation

random_num <- runif(10, 0, 1) # Generate 10 random numbers between 0 and 1
cat("Random Number:", random_num, "\n")

OUTPUT:

# Define variables a and b

> a <- 10
> b <- 5
>
> # Addition
> sum_ab <- a + b
> cat("Addition:", sum_ab, "\n")
Addition: 15
>
> # Subtraction
> diff_ab <- a - b
> cat("Subtraction:", diff_ab, "\n")
Subtraction: 5
>
> # Multiplication
> prod_ab <- a * b
> cat("Multiplication:", prod_ab, "\n")
Multiplication: 50
>
> # Division
> div_ab <- a / b
> cat("Division:", div_ab, "\n")
Division: 2
>
> # Exponentiation
> exp_ab <- a ^ b
> cat("Exponentiation:", exp_ab, "\n")
Exponentiation: 1e+05
>
> # Square Root
> sqrt_a <- sqrt(a)
> cat("Square Root of a:", sqrt_a, "\n")
Square Root of a: 3.162278
>
> # Trigonometric Functions
> angle <- 45 # in degrees
>
> # Sine
> sin_val <- sin(angle * (pi / 180))
> cat("Sine:", sin_val, "\n")
Sine: 0.7071068
>
> # Cosine
> cos_val <- cos(angle * (pi / 180))
> cat("Cosine:", cos_val, "\n")
Cosine: 0.7071068
>
> # Tangent
> tan_val <- tan(angle * (pi / 180))
> cat("Tangent:", tan_val, "\n")
Tangent: 1
>
> # Logarithmic Functions
> x <- 100
>
> # Natural Logarithm
> ln_x <- log(x)
> cat("Natural Logarithm of x:", ln_x, "\n")
Natural Logarithm of x: 4.60517
>
> # Common Logarithm (Base 10)
> log_x <- log10(x)
> cat("Common Logarithm (Base 10) of x:", log_x, "\n")
Common Logarithm (Base 10) of x: 2
>
> # Random Number Generation
> random_num <- runif(10, 0, 1) # Generate 10 random numbers
between 0 and 1
> cat("Random Number:", random_num, "\n")
Random Number: 0.5486608 0.3227999 0.4051977 0.2274602
0.7654666 0.3616712 0.07021952 0.9024233 0.2425885 0.901664

2. Program to demonstrate String functions in R

# Create a sample string
my_string <- "Hello, World!"

# 1. Length of the string

string_length <- nchar(my_string)
cat("1. Length of the string: ", string_length, "\n")

# 2. Convert to uppercase
uppercase_string <- toupper(my_string)
cat("2. Uppercase: ", uppercase_string, "\n")

# 3. Convert to lowercase
lowercase_string <- tolower(my_string)
cat("3. Lowercase: ", lowercase_string, "\n")

# 4. Substring
substring <- substr(my_string, start = 1, stop = 5)
cat("4. Substring (1-5): ", substring, "\n")

# 5. Split the string into words

my_string1 <- "Hello welcome to the World of R!"
words <- strsplit(my_string1, split = " ")[[1]]
words1 <- words[[1]]
words2 <- words[[2]]
words3 <- words[[3]]
words4 <- words[[4]]
words5 <- words[[5]]
words6 <- words[[6]]
words7 <- words[[7]]
cat("5. Split into words: ", words1, "\n")
cat("5. Split into words: ", words2, "\n")
cat("5. Split into words: ", words3, "\n")
cat("5. Split into words: ", words4, "\n")
cat("5. Split into words: ", words5, "\n")
cat("5. Split into words: ", words6, "\n")
cat("5. Split into words: ", words7, "\n")
 # 6. Concatenate strings
string1 <- "Hello, "
string2 <- "World!"
concatenated_string <- paste(string1, string2)
cat("6. Concatenated: ", concatenated_string, "\n")

# 7. Replace a substring
replaced_string <- gsub("World", "R", my_string)
cat("7. Replaced: ", replaced_string, "\n")

# 8. Check if a string contains a substring

contains_substring <- grepl("Hello", my_string)
cat("8. Contains 'Hello': ", contains_substring, "\n")

OUTPUT:

# Create a sample string

> my_string <- "Hello, World!"
>
> # 1. Length of the string
> string_length <- nchar(my_string)
> cat("1. Length of the string: ", string_length, "\n")
1. Length of the string: 13
>
> # 2. Convert to uppercase
> uppercase_string <- toupper(my_string)
> cat("2. Uppercase: ", uppercase_string, "\n")
2. Uppercase: HELLO, WORLD!
>
> # 3. Convert to lowercase
> lowercase_string <- tolower(my_string)
> cat("3. Lowercase: ", lowercase_string, "\n")
3. Lowercase: hello, world!
>
> # 4. Substring
> substring <- substr(my_string, start = 1, stop = 5)
> cat("4. Substring (1-5): ", substring, "\n")
4. Substring (1-5): Hello
>
> # 5. Split the string into words
> my_string1 <- "Hello welcome to the World of R!"
> words <- strsplit(my_string1, split = " ")[[1]]
> words1 <- words[[1]]
> words2 <- words[[2]]
> words3 <- words[[3]]
> words4 <- words[[4]]
> words5 <- words[[5]]
> words6 <- words[[6]]
> words7 <- words[[7]]
> cat("5. Split into words: ", words1, "\n")
5. Split into words: Hello
> cat("5. Split into words: ", words2, "\n")
5. Split into words: welcome
> cat("5. Split into words: ", words3, "\n")
5. Split into words: to
> cat("5. Split into words: ", words4, "\n")
5. Split into words: the
> cat("5. Split into words: ", words5, "\n")
5. Split into words: World
> cat("5. Split into words: ", words6, "\n")
5. Split into words: of
> cat("5. Split into words: ", words7, "\n")
5. Split into words: R!
>
> # 6. Concatenate strings
> string1 <- "Hello, "
> string2 <- "World!"
> concatenated_string <- paste(string1, string2)
> cat("6. Concatenated: ", concatenated_string, "\n")
6. Concatenated: Hello, World!
>
> # 7. Replace a substring
> replaced_string <- gsub("World", "R", my_string)
> cat("7. Replaced: ", replaced_string, "\n")
7. Replaced: Hello, R!
>
> # 8. Check if a string contains a substring
> contains_substring <- grepl("Hello", my_string)
> cat("8. Contains 'Hello': ", contains_substring, "\n")
8. Contains 'Hello': TRUE

3. 1. Program to demonstrate Matrix Problems as described

below

# Create two example matrices

matrix_A <- matrix(1:6, nrow = 2)
matrix_B <- matrix(7:12, nrow = 2)

# Print the matrices

print("Matrix A:")
print(matrix_A)
print("Matrix B:")
print(matrix_B)

# Matrix Addition
matrix_sum <- matrix_A + matrix_B
print("Matrix Addition Result:")
print(matrix_sum)

# Matrix Subtraction
matrix_diff <- matrix_A - matrix_B
print("Matrix Subtraction Result:")
print(matrix_diff)

# Matrix Multiplication
matrix_product <- matrix_A * matrix_B
print("Matrix Multiplication Result:")
print(matrix_product)

# Transpose of Matrix A
matrix_A_transpose <- t(matrix_A)
print("Transpose of Matrix A:")
print(matrix_A_transpose)

# Inverse of Matrix A (if possible)

if (ncol(matrix_A) == nrow(matrix_A)) { # Ensure it's square before computing the
determinant
if (det(matrix_A) != 0) {
inverse_matrix_A <- solve(matrix_A)
print("Inverse of Matrix A:")
print(inverse_matrix_A)
} else {
print("Matrix A is singular and cannot be inverted.")
}

# Determinant of Matrix A
determinant_A <- det(matrix_A)
print(paste("Determinant of Matrix A:", determinant_A))
} else {
print("Matrix A is not square and determinant cannot be computed.")
}

# Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors of Matrix A (if it's square)

if (nrow(matrix_A) == ncol(matrix_A)) {
eigen_A <- eigen(matrix_A)
eigenvalues_A <- eigen_A$values
eigenvectors_A <- eigen_A$vectors
print("Eigenvalues of Matrix A:")
print(eigenvalues_A)
print("Eigenvectors of Matrix A:")
print(eigenvectors_A)
} else {
print("Matrix A is not square and does not have eigenvalues or eigenvectors.")
}

# Matrix Concatenation (Horizontally)

matrix_concatenated <- cbind(matrix_A, matrix_B)
print("Matrix Concatenation (Horizontally):")
print(matrix_concatenated)

# Creating a new matrix "tmp"

tmp <- matrix(c(10,-10,10), nc=3, nr=15)
# Print the matrix "tmp"
print("Matrix tmp:")
print(tmp)

# Find the transpose of the matrix "tmp"

tmp_transpose <- t(tmp)
print("Transpose of Matrix tmp:")
print(tmp_transpose)

# Find the product of Transpose of matrix "tmp" and original matrix "tmp"
tmp_product <- tmp_transpose %*% tmp
print("Product of Transpose of Matrix tmp and Matrix tmp:")
print(tmp_product)

# Print the matrix with 0 entries

matE <- matrix(0, nr = 6, nc = 6)
print("Matrix with 0 entries:")
print(matE)

# Print the matrix with the values of column and row numbers
matE <- abs(col(matE) - row(matE))
print("Matrix with values of column and row numbers:")
print(matE)

# Intialize the values of row and col -1 to 1 using abs

matE[abs(col(matE) - row(matE)) == 1] <- 1
print("Matrix with initialized values:")
print(matE)

OUTPUT:

# Create two example matrices

> matrix_A <- matrix(1:6, nrow = 2)
> matrix_B <- matrix(7:12, nrow = 2)
>
> # Print the matrices
> print("Matrix A:")
[1] "Matrix A:"
> print(matrix_A)
[,1] [,2] [,3]
[1,] 1 3 5
[2,] 2 4 6
> print("Matrix B:")
[1] "Matrix B:"
> print(matrix_B)
[,1] [,2] [,3]
[1,] 7 9 11
[2,] 8 10 12
>
> # Matrix Addition
> matrix_sum <- matrix_A + matrix_B
> print("Matrix Addition Result:")
[1] "Matrix Addition Result:"
> print(matrix_sum)
[,1] [,2] [,3]
[1,] 8 12 16
[2,] 10 14 18
>
> # Matrix Subtraction
> matrix_diff <- matrix_A - matrix_B
> print("Matrix Subtraction Result:")
[1] "Matrix Subtraction Result:"
> print(matrix_diff)
[,1] [,2] [,3]
[1,] -6 -6 -6
[2,] -6 -6 -6
>
> # Matrix Multiplication
> matrix_product <- matrix_A * matrix_B
> print("Matrix Multiplication Result:")
[1] "Matrix Multiplication Result:"
> print(matrix_product)
[,1] [,2] [,3]
[1,] 7 27 55
[2,] 16 40 72
>
> # Transpose of Matrix A
> matrix_A_transpose <- t(matrix_A)
> print("Transpose of Matrix A:")
[1] "Transpose of Matrix A:"
> print(matrix_A_transpose)
[,1] [,2]
[1,] 1 2
[2,] 3 4
[3,] 5 6
>
> # Inverse of Matrix A (if possible)
> if (ncol(matrix_A) == nrow(matrix_A)) { # Ensure it's square before computing the determinant
+ if (det(matrix_A) != 0) {
+ inverse_matrix_A <- solve(matrix_A)
+ print("Inverse of Matrix A:")
+ print(inverse_matrix_A)
+ } else {
+ print("Matrix A is singular and cannot be inverted.")
+ }
+
+ # Determinant of Matrix A
+ determinant_A <- det(matrix_A)
+ print(paste("Determinant of Matrix A:", determinant_A))
+ } else {
+ print("Matrix A is not square and determinant cannot be computed.")
+}
[1] "Matrix A is not square and determinant cannot be computed."
>
> # Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors of Matrix A (if it's square)
> if (nrow(matrix_A) == ncol(matrix_A)) {
+ eigen_A <- eigen(matrix_A)
+ eigenvalues_A <- eigen_A$values
+ eigenvectors_A <- eigen_A$vectors
+ print("Eigenvalues of Matrix A:")
+ print(eigenvalues_A)
+ print("Eigenvectors of Matrix A:")
+ print(eigenvectors_A)
+ } else {
+ print("Matrix A is not square and does not have eigenvalues or eigenvectors.")
+}
[1] "Matrix A is not square and does not have eigenvalues or eigenvectors."
>
> # Matrix Concatenation (Horizontally)
> matrix_concatenated <- cbind(matrix_A, matrix_B)
> print("Matrix Concatenation (Horizontally):")
[1] "Matrix Concatenation (Horizontally):"
> print(matrix_concatenated)
[,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [,5] [,6]
[1,] 1 3 5 7 9 11
[2,] 2 4 6 8 10 12
>
> # Creating a new matrix "tmp"
> tmp <- matrix(c(10,-10,10), nc=3, nr=15)
>
> # Print the matrix "tmp"
> print("Matrix tmp:")
[1] "Matrix tmp:"
> print(tmp)
[,1] [,2] [,3]
[1,] 10 10 10
[2,] -10 -10 -10
[3,] 10 10 10
[4,] 10 10 10
[5,] -10 -10 -10
[6,] 10 10 10
[7,] 10 10 10
[8,] -10 -10 -10
[9,] 10 10 10
[10,] 10 10 10
[11,] -10 -10 -10
[12,] 10 10 10
[13,] 10 10 10
[14,] -10 -10 -10
[15,] 10 10 10
>
> # Find the transpose of the matrix "tmp"
> tmp_transpose <- t(tmp)
> print("Transpose of Matrix tmp:")
[1] "Transpose of Matrix tmp:"
> print(tmp_transpose)
[,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [,5] [,6] [,7] [,8] [,9] [,10] [,11] [,12] [,13] [,14] [,15]
[1,] 10 -10 10 10 -10 10 10 -10 10 10 -10 10 10 -10 10
[2,] 10 -10 10 10 -10 10 10 -10 10 10 -10 10 10 -10 10
[3,] 10 -10 10 10 -10 10 10 -10 10 10 -10 10 10 -10 10
>
> # Find the product of Transpose of matrix "tmp" and original matrix "tmp"
> tmp_product <- tmp_transpose %*% tmp
> print("Product of Transpose of Matrix tmp and Matrix tmp:")
[1] "Product of Transpose of Matrix tmp and Matrix tmp:"
> print(tmp_product)
[,1] [,2] [,3]
[1,] 1500 1500 1500
[2,] 1500 1500 1500
[3,] 1500 1500 1500
>
> # Print the matrix with 0 entries
> matE <- matrix(0, nr = 6, nc = 6)
> print("Matrix with 0 entries:")
[1] "Matrix with 0 entries:"
> print(matE)
[,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [,5] [,6]
[1,] 0 0 0 0 0 0
[2,] 0 0 0 0 0 0
[3,] 0 0 0 0 0 0
[4,] 0 0 0 0 0 0
[5,] 0 0 0 0 0 0
[6,] 0 0 0 0 0 0
>
> # Print the matrix with the values of column and row numbers
> matE <- abs(col(matE) - row(matE))
> print("Matrix with values of column and row numbers:")
[1] "Matrix with values of column and row numbers:"
> print(matE)
[,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [,5] [,6]
[1,] 0 1 2 3 4 5
[2,] 1 0 1 2 3 4
[3,] 2 1 0 1 2 3
[4,] 3 2 1 0 1 2
[5,] 4 3 2 1 0 1
[6,] 5 4 3 2 1 0
>
> # Intialize the values of row and col -1 to 1 using abs
> matE[abs(col(matE) - row(matE)) == 1] <- 1
> print("Matrix with initialized values:")
[1] "Matrix with initialized values:"
> print(matE)
[,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [,5] [,6]
[1,] 0 1 2 3 4 5
[2,] 1 0 1 2 3 4
[3,] 2 1 0 1 2 3
[4,] 3 2 1 0 1 2
[5,] 4 3 2 1 0 1
[6,] 5 4 3 2 1 0
4. Write a Program to print the Sudoko in 3*3 matrix game
with three numbers

# Assign a matrix with zero entries

sudoku <- matrix(0, nrow = 3, ncol = 3)
print(sudoku)

sudoku[1, 1] <- 3
sudoku[2, 2] <- 2
sudoku[3, 3] <- 1

is_valid <- function(row, col, value) {

if (value %in% sudoku[row, ] || value %in% sudoku[, col]) {
return(FALSE)
}
return(TRUE)
}

for (row in 1:3) {

for (col in 1:3) {
if (sudoku[row, col] == 0) {
for (value in 1:3) {
if (is_valid(row, col, value)) {
sudoku[row, col] <- value
break
}
}
}
}
}

print(sudoku)

OUTPUT:

# Assign a matrix with zero entries

> sudoku <- matrix(0, nrow = 3, ncol = 3)
> print(sudoku)
 [,1] [,2] [,3]
[1,] 0 0 0
[2,] 0 0 0
[3,] 0 0 0
>
> sudoku[1, 1] <- 3
> sudoku[2, 2] <- 2
> sudoku[3, 3] <- 1
>
> is_valid <- function(row, col, value) {
+ if (value %in% sudoku[row, ] || value %in% sudoku[, col]) {
+ return(FALSE)
+ }
+ return(TRUE)
+ }
>
> for (row in 1:3) {
+ for (col in 1:3) {
+ if (sudoku[row, col] == 0) {
+ for (value in 1:3) {
+ if (is_valid(row, col, value)) {
+ sudoku[row, col] <- value
+ break
+ }
+ }
+ }
+ }
+ }
>
> print(sudoku)
[,1] [,2] [,3]
[1,] 3 1 2
[2,] 1 2 3
[3,] 2 3 1

>

5. A. Write an R program to perform following operations on Dataframes

1. Write a R program to create an empty data frame

Part 5.A: Create an empty dataframe

# Create an empty dataframe with specified column types

df <- data.frame(
Ints = integer(),
Doubles = double(),
Characters = character(),
Logicals = logical(),
 Factors = factor(),
stringsAsFactors = FALSE
)

# Print the structure of the empty dataframe

print("Structure of the empty dataframe:")
print(str(df))

OUTPUT:

# Create an empty dataframe with specified column types

> df <- data.frame(
+ Ints = integer(),
+ Doubles = double(),
+ Characters = character(),
+ Logicals = logical(),
+ Factors = factor(),
+ stringsAsFactors = FALSE
+ )
>
> # Print the structure of the empty dataframe
> print("Structure of the empty dataframe:")
[1] "Structure of the empty dataframe:"
> print(str(df))
'data.frame': 0 obs. of 5 variables:
$ Ints : int
$ Doubles : num
$ Characters: chr
$ Logicals : logi
$ Factors : Factor w/ 0 levels:
NULL

Part 5.B: Create a dataframe from given vectors

# Create a dataframe from given vectors

name <- c('Anastasia', 'Dima', 'Katherine', 'James', 'Emily', 'Michael', 'Matthew', 'Laura',
'Kevin', 'Jonas')
score <- c(12.5, 9, 16.5, 12, 9, 20, 14.5, 13.5, 8, 19)
attempts <- c(1, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 1, 1, 2, 1)
qualify <- c('yes', 'no', 'yes', 'no', 'no', 'yes', 'yes', 'no', 'no', 'yes')

print("Original data frame:")

print(name)
print(score)
print(attempts)
print(qualify)

df <- data.frame(name, score, attempts, qualify)

print(df)

OUTPUT:

# Create a dataframe from given vectors

> name <- c('Anastasia', 'Dima', 'Katherine', 'James', 'Emily', 'Michael',
'Matthew', 'Laura', 'Kevin', 'Jonas')
> score <- c(12.5, 9, 16.5, 12, 9, 20, 14.5, 13.5, 8, 19)
> attempts <- c(1, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 1, 1, 2, 1)
> qualify <- c('yes', 'no', 'yes', 'no', 'no', 'yes', 'yes', 'no', 'no',
'yes')
>
> print("Original data frame:")
[1] "Original data frame:"
> print(name)
[1] "Anastasia" "Dima" "Katherine" "James" "Emily" "Michael"
"Matthew"
[8] "Laura" "Kevin" "Jonas"
> print(score)
[1] 12.5 9.0 16.5 12.0 9.0 20.0 14.5 13.5 8.0 19.0
> print(attempts)
[1] 1 3 2 3 2 3 1 1 2 1
> print(qualify)
[1] "yes" "no" "yes" "no" "no" "yes" "yes" "no" "no" "yes"
>
> df <- data.frame(name, score, attempts, qualify)
> print(df)
name score attempts qualify
1 Anastasia 12.5 1 yes
2 Dima 9.0 3 no
3 Katherine 16.5 2 yes
4 James 12.0 3 no
5 Emily 9.0 2 no
6 Michael 20.0 3 yes
7 Matthew 14.5 1 yes
8 Laura 13.5 1 no
9 Kevin 8.0 2 no
10 Jonas 19.0 1 yes

Part 5.C: Get the structure of a given dataframe

# Given dataframe
exam_data <- data.frame(
name = c('Anastasia', 'Dima', 'Katherine', 'James', 'Emily', 'Michael', 'Matthew', 'Laura',
'Kevin', 'Jonas'),
score = c(12.5, 9, 16.5, 12, 9, 20, 14.5, 13.5, 8, 19),
attempts = c(1, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 1, 1, 2, 1),
qualify = c('yes', 'no', 'yes', 'no', 'no', 'yes', 'yes', 'no', 'no', 'yes')
)

# Print original dataframe and its structure

print("Original dataframe:")
print(exam_data)
print("Structure of the said data frame:")
print(str(exam_data))

OUTPUT:

# Given dataframe
> exam_data <- data.frame(
+ name = c('Anastasia', 'Dima', 'Katherine', 'James', 'Emily',
'Michael', 'Matthew', 'Laura', 'Kevin', 'Jonas'),
+ score = c(12.5, 9, 16.5, 12, 9, 20, 14.5, 13.5, 8, 19),
+ attempts = c(1, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 1, 1, 2, 1),
+ qualify = c('yes', 'no', 'yes', 'no', 'no', 'yes', 'yes', 'no', 'no',
'yes')
+ )
>
> # Print original dataframe and its structure
> print("Original dataframe:")
[1] "Original dataframe:"
> print(exam_data)
name score attempts qualify
1 Anastasia 12.5 1 yes
2 Dima 9.0 3 no
3 Katherine 16.5 2 yes
4 James 12.0 3 no
5 Emily 9.0 2 no
6 Michael 20.0 3 yes
7 Matthew 14.5 1 yes
8 Laura 13.5 1 no
9 Kevin 8.0 2 no
10 Jonas 19.0 1 yes
> print("Structure of the said data frame:")
[1] "Structure of the said data frame:"
> print(str(exam_data))
'data.frame': 10 obs. of 4 variables:
$ name : chr "Anastasia" "Dima" "Katherine" "James" ...
$ score : num 12.5 9 16.5 12 9 20 14.5 13.5 8 19
$ attempts: num 1 3 2 3 2 3 1 1 2 1
$ qualify : chr "yes" "no" "yes" "no" ...
NULL

Part 5.D: Reorder a given dataframe by column name

# Given dataframe
exam_data <- data.frame(
name = c('Anastasia', 'Dima', 'Katherine', 'James', 'Emily', 'Michael', 'Matthew', 'Laura',
'Kevin', 'Jonas'),
score = c(12.5, 9, 16.5, 12, 9, 20, 14.5, 13.5, 8, 19),
attempts = c(1, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 1, 1, 2, 1),
qualify = c('yes', 'no', 'yes', 'no', 'no', 'yes', 'yes', 'no', 'no', 'yes')
)

# Print original dataframe

print("Original dataframe:")
print(exam_data)

# Reorder dataframe by column name

exam_data <- exam_data[c("name", "attempts", "score", "qualify")]
print("Reorder by column name:")
print(exam_data)

OUTPUT:
# Given dataframe
> exam_data <- data.frame(
+ name = c('Anastasia', 'Dima', 'Katherine', 'James', 'Emily',
'Michael', 'Matthew', 'Laura', 'Kevin', 'Jonas'),
+ score = c(12.5, 9, 16.5, 12, 9, 20, 14.5, 13.5, 8, 19),
+ attempts = c(1, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 1, 1, 2, 1),
+ qualify = c('yes', 'no', 'yes', 'no', 'no', 'yes', 'yes', 'no', 'no',
'yes')
+ )
>
> # Print original dataframe
> print("Original dataframe:")
[1] "Original dataframe:"
> print(exam_data)
name score attempts qualify
1 Anastasia 12.5 1 yes
2 Dima 9.0 3 no
3 Katherine 16.5 2 yes
4 James 12.0 3 no
5 Emily 9.0 2 no
6 Michael 20.0 3 yes
7 Matthew 14.5 1 yes
8 Laura 13.5 1 no
9 Kevin 8.0 2 no
10 Jonas 19.0 1 yes
>
> # Reorder dataframe by column name
> exam_data <- exam_data[c("name", "attempts", "score", "qualify")]
> print("Reorder by column name:")
[1] "Reorder by column name:"
> print(exam_data)
name attempts score qualify
1 Anastasia 1 12.5 yes
2 Dima 3 9.0 no
3 Katherine 2 16.5 yes
4 James 3 12.0 no
5 Emily 2 9.0 no
6 Michael 3 20.0 yes
7 Matthew 1 14.5 yes
8 Laura 1 13.5 no
9 Kevin 2 8.0 no
10 Jonas 1 19.0 yes

Part 5.E: Find elements present in two dataframes

# Given dataframes
a <- c("a", "b", "c", "d", "e")
b <- c("d", "e", "f", "g")

print("Original Dataframes:")
print(a)
print(b)

# Find elements present in both dataframes

result <- intersect(a, b)
print("Elements which are present in both dataframes:")
print(result)

OUTPUT:
# Given dataframes
> a <- c("a", "b", "c", "d", "e")
> b <- c("d", "e", "f", "g")
>
> print("Original Dataframes:")
[1] "Original Dataframes:"
> print(a)
[1] "a" "b" "c" "d" "e"
> print(b)
[1] "d" "e" "f" "g"
>
> # Find elements present in both dataframes
> result <- intersect(a, b)
> print("Elements which are present in both dataframes:")
[1] "Elements which are present in both dataframes:"
> print(result)
[1] "d" "e"

Part 5.F: Call the air quality dataset, check whether it is a

dataframe, and order it by the first and second column
# Call the air quality dataset
data <- airquality

# Check whether it is a dataframe

print("Original data: Daily air quality measurements in New York, May to September 1973.")
print(class(data))
print(head(data, 10))

# Order the entire data frame by the first and second column
result <- data[order(data[,1], data[,2]),]
print("Order the entire data frame by the first and second column:")
print(result)

OUTPUT:

# Call the air quality dataset

> data <- airquality
>
> # Check whether it is a dataframe
> print("Original data: Daily air quality measurements in New York, May to
September 1973.")
[1] "Original data: Daily air quality measurements in New York, May to
September 1973."
> print(class(data))
[1] "data.frame"
> print(head(data, 10))
Ozone Solar.R Wind Temp Month Day
1 41 190 7.4 67 5 1
2 36 118 8.0 72 5 2
3 12 149 12.6 74 5 3
4 18 313 11.5 62 5 4
5 NA NA 14.3 56 5 5
6 28 NA 14.9 66 5 6
7 23 299 8.6 65 5 7
8 19 99 13.8 59 5 8
9 8 19 20.1 61 5 9
10 NA 194 8.6 69 5 10
>
> # Order the entire data frame by the first and second column
> result <- data[order(data[,1], data[,2]),]
> print("Order the entire data frame by the first and second column:")
[1] "Order the entire data frame by the first and second column:"
> print(result)
Ozone Solar.R Wind Temp Month Day
21 1 8 9.7 59 5 21
23 4 25 9.7 61 5 23
18 6 78 18.4 57 5 18
76 7 48 14.3 80 7 15
147 7 49 10.3 69 9 24
11 7 NA 6.9 74 5 11
9 8 19 20.1 61 5 9
94 9 24 13.8 81 8 2
137 9 24 10.9 71 9 14
114 9 36 14.3 72 8 22
73 10 264 14.3 73 7 12
20 11 44 9.7 62 5 20
13 11 290 9.2 66 5 13
22 11 320 16.6 73 5 22
50 12 120 11.5 73 6 19
3 12 149 12.6 74 5 3
141 13 27 10.3 76 9 18
138 13 112 11.5 71 9 15
51 13 137 10.3 76 6 20
144 13 238 12.6 64 9 21
148 14 20 16.6 63 9 25
151 14 191 14.3 75 9 28
14 14 274 10.9 68 5 14
16 14 334 11.5 64 5 16
82 16 7 6.9 74 7 21
95 16 77 7.4 82 8 3
143 16 201 8.0 82 9 20
12 16 256 9.7 69 5 12
15 18 65 13.2 58 5 15
152 18 131 8.0 76 9 29
140 18 224 13.8 67 9 17
4 18 313 11.5 62 5 4
8 19 99 13.8 59 5 8
49 20 37 9.2 65 6 18
87 20 81 8.6 82 7 26
153 20 223 11.5 68 9 30
130 20 252 10.9 80 9 7
47 21 191 14.9 77 6 16
132 21 230 10.9 75 9 9
113 21 259 15.5 77 8 21
135 21 259 15.5 76 9 12
108 22 71 10.3 77 8 16
28 23 13 12.0 67 5 28
145 23 14 9.2 71 9 22
110 23 115 7.4 76 8 18
44 23 148 8.0 82 6 13
131 23 220 10.3 78 9 8
7 23 299 8.6 65 5 7
142 24 238 10.3 68 9 19
133 24 259 9.7 73 9 10
74 27 175 14.9 81 7 13
136 28 238 6.3 77 9 13
105 28 273 11.5 82 8 13
6 28 NA 14.9 66 5 6
38 29 127 9.7 82 6 7
149 30 193 6.9 70 9 26
19 30 322 11.5 68 5 19
111 31 244 10.9 78 8 19
24 32 92 12.0 61 5 24
129 32 92 15.5 84 9 6
64 32 236 9.2 81 7 3
17 34 307 12.0 66 5 17
78 35 274 10.3 82 7 17
97 35 NA 7.4 85 8 5
2 36 118 8.0 72 5 2
146 36 139 10.3 81 9 23
31 37 279 7.4 76 5 31
48 37 284 20.7 72 6 17
93 39 83 6.9 81 8 1
41 39 323 11.5 87 6 10
67 40 314 10.9 83 7 6
1 41 190 7.4 67 5 1
112 44 190 10.3 78 8 20
104 44 192 11.5 86 8 12
134 44 236 14.9 81 9 11
116 45 212 9.7 79 8 24
29 45 252 14.9 81 5 29
139 46 237 6.9 78 9 16
128 47 95 7.4 87 9 5
77 48 260 6.9 81 7 16
63 49 248 9.2 85 7 2
90 50 275 7.4 86 7 29
88 52 82 12.0 86 7 27
109 59 51 6.3 79 8 17
92 59 254 9.2 81 7 31
79 61 285 6.3 84 7 18
81 63 220 11.5 85 7 20
66 64 175 4.6 83 7 5
91 64 253 7.4 83 7 30
106 65 157 9.7 80 8 14
98 66 NA 4.6 87 8 6
40 71 291 13.8 90 6 9
126 73 183 2.8 93 9 3
118 73 215 8.0 86 8 26
120 76 203 9.7 97 8 28
68 77 276 5.1 88 7 7
125 78 197 5.1 92 9 2
96 78 NA 6.9 86 8 4
80 79 187 5.1 87 7 19
85 80 294 8.6 86 7 24
89 82 213 7.4 88 7 28
122 84 237 6.3 96 8 30
71 85 175 7.4 89 7 10
123 85 188 6.3 94 8 31
100 89 229 10.3 90 8 8
127 91 189 4.6 93 9 4
124 96 167 6.9 91 9 1
69 97 267 6.3 92 7 8
70 97 272 5.7 92 7 9
86 108 223 8.0 85 7 25
101 110 207 8.0 90 8 9
30 115 223 5.7 79 5 30
121 118 225 2.3 94 8 29
99 122 255 4.0 89 8 7
62 135 269 4.1 84 7 1
117 168 238 3.4 81 8 25
60 NA 31 14.9 77 6 29
58 NA 47 10.3 73 6 27
53 NA 59 1.7 76 6 22
107 NA 64 11.5 79 8 15
25 NA 66 16.6 57 5 25
54 NA 91 4.6 76 6 23
59 NA 98 11.5 80 6 28
65 NA 101 10.9 84 7 4
57 NA 127 8.0 78 6 26
56 NA 135 8.0 75 6 25
103 NA 137 11.5 86 8 11
61 NA 138 8.0 83 6 30
72 NA 139 8.6 82 7 11
150 NA 145 13.2 77 9 27
52 NA 150 6.3 77 6 21
119 NA 153 5.7 88 8 27
35 NA 186 9.2 84 6 4
10 NA 194 8.6 69 5 10
36 NA 220 8.6 85 6 5
102 NA 222 8.6 92 8 10
34 NA 242 16.1 67 6 3
43 NA 250 9.2 92 6 12
55 NA 250 6.3 76 6 24
115 NA 255 12.6 75 8 23
83 NA 258 9.7 81 7 22
42 NA 259 10.9 93 6 11
37 NA 264 14.3 79 6 6
26 NA 266 14.9 58 5 26
39 NA 273 6.9 87 6 8
32 NA 286 8.6 78 6 1
33 NA 287 9.7 74 6 2
75 NA 291 14.9 91 7 14
84 NA 295 11.5 82 7 23
46 NA 322 11.5 79 6 15
45 NA 332 13.8 80 6 14
5 NA NA 14.3 56 5 5
27 NA NA 8.0 57 5 27

6. Write an R program to Toss 2 coins using a sample

function that demonstrates probability distribution
for 100 trials.

coin <- c("HH", "HT", "TH", "TT")

result <- NULL
for (i in 1:1000) {
result[i] <- sample(coin, size = 2, replace = TRUE)
print(result[i])
}
flips <- table(result)
flips
result1 <- as.data.frame(flips)
result1
# Plot Line graph
plot(result1$result, result1$Freq,
type = '2', # line type
lwd = 2, # width of line
col = "red",# color of line
las = 1, # orientation of tick-mark labels
ylim = c(50, 1000), # range of y-axis
xlab = "number of tosses", # x-axis label
ylab = "relative frequency") # y-axis label
abline(h = 0.5, col = 'gray50')

# Plot Bar Graph

barplot(result1$Freq, names.arg = result1$result, col = "red")
 OUTPUT:
"TH"
[1] "HT"
[1] "HT"
[1] "HT"
[1] "TH"
[1] "TT"
[1] "HH"
[1] "HH"
[1] "TH"
[1] "HT"
[1] "HT"
[1] "TT"
[1] "TT"
[1] "TH"
[1] "TH"
[1] "HH"
[1] "TT"
[1] "TH"
[1] "TT"
[1] "HH"
[1] "TT"
[1] "TH"
[1] "TT"
[1] "HH"
[1] "TH"
[1] "TT"
[1] "TT"
[1] "HT"
[1] "TH"
[1] "HH"
[1] "TH"
[1] "HT"
[1] "HH"
[1] "TT"
[1] "HT"
[1] "TH"
[1] "TH"
[1] "HH"
[1] "HH"
[1] "HH"
[1] "TT"
[1] "TT"
[1] "TH"
[1] "HH"
[1] "TH"
[1] "HH"
[1] "TT"
[1] "HT"
[1] "HH"
[1] "TH"
[1] "TH"
[1] "TH"
[1] "TT"
[1] "HT"
[1] "HT"
[1] "HT"
[1] "HH"
[1] "TT"
[1] "TH"
[1] "TH"
[1] "TH"
[1] "TT"
[1] "TH"
[1] "HT"
[1] "HH"
[1] "TT"
[1] "TT"
[1] "TT"
[1] "HT"
[1] "HH"
[1] "HT"
[1] "HH"
[1] "TT"
[1] "TH"
[1] "HH"
[1] "HT"
[1] "TH"
[1] "HH"
[1] "TH"
[1] "HH"
[1] "TH"
[1] "HH"
[1] "TH"
[1] "HH"
[1] "TH"
[1] "TT"
[1] "HT"
[1] "TH"
[1] "HT"
[1] "HH"
[1] "HH"
[1] "HT"
[1] "HT"
[1] "TH"
[1] "TH"
[1] "TT"
[1] "TT"
[1] "TT"
[1] "HH"
[1] "TH"
[1] "TT"
[1] "TH"
[1] "TH"
[1] "HH"
[1] "HH"
[1] "HT"
[1] "HH"
[1] "TH"
[1] "TH"
[1] "TH"
[1] "HT"
[1] "HT"
[1] "HH"
[1] "HH"
[1] "TT"
[1] "TH"
[1] "TT"
[1] "HH"
[1] "HH"
[1] "HT"
[1] "HH"
[1] "HH"
[1] "TH"
[1] "TT"
[1] "TT"
[1] "HH"
[1] "TH"
[1] "TT"
[1] "HH"
[1] "TH"
[1] "TH"
[1] "HT"
[1] "TH"
[1] "TH"
[1] "TH"
[1] "HH"
[1] "TH"
[1] "TT"
[1] "HH"
[1] "TH"
[1] "HT"
[1] "TT"
[1] "TH"
[1] "TT"
[1] "HH"
[1] "TH"
[1] "HT"
[1] "HH"
[1] "TT"
[1] "HH"
[1] "HT"
[1] "TH"
[1] "TH"
[1] "TH"
[1] "TH"
[1] "HH"
[1] "TH"
[1] "HT"
[1] "TT"
[1] "HH"
[1] "TT"
[1] "HH"
[1] "TH"
[1] "HH"
[1] "HT"
[1] "TT"
[1] "TT"
[1] "TT"
[1] "TH"
[1] "TT"
[1] "TH"
[1] "HH"
[1] "TT"
[1] "TT"
[1] "TH"
[1] "TH"
[1] "HT"
[1] "TT"
[1] "TH"
[1] "TH"
[1] "HH"
[1] "HT"
[1] "TT"
[1] "TH"
[1] "HH"
[1] "TT"
[1] "HH"
[1] "HT"
[1] "TT"
[1] "HH"
[1] "TT"
[1] "HT"
[1] "TT"
[1] "HH"
[1] "HH"
[1] "TT"
[1] "HT"
[1] "HT"
[1] "TH"
[1] "HH"
[1] "TT"
[1] "HT"
[1] "TT"
[1] "HT"
[1] "TT"
[1] "TT"
[1] "TT"
[1] "HT"
[1] "TT"
[1] "HT"
[1] "TH"
[1] "HH"
[1] "HH"
[1] "HH"
[1] "HT"
[1] "TH"
[1] "HT"
[1] "HT"
[1] "TT"
[1] "HT"
[1] "HH"
[1] "TT"
[1] "TH"
[1] "HH"
[1] "TH"
[1] "TT"
[1] "TH"
[1] "HT"
[1] "HH"
[1] "TH"
[1] "HH"
[1] "HH"
[1] "HT"
[1] "HT"
[1] "TH"
[1] "TH"
[1] "TT"
[1] "HT"
[1] "HT"
[1] "TH"
[1] "TT"
[1] "HT"
[1] "TT"
[1] "TT"
[1] "TH"
[1] "TH"
[1] "TT"
[1] "HT"
[1] "HH"
[1] "HT"
[1] "HT"
[1] "TH"
[1] "TH"
[1] "TT"
[1] "HH"
[1] "TT"
[1] "TT"
[1] "TT"
[1] "TT"
[1] "HH"
[1] "HT"
[1] "HT"
[1] "HT"
[1] "TH"
[1] "HH"
[1] "TH"
[1] "HT"
[1] "HH"
[1] "HT"
[1] "TH"
[1] "TH"
[1] "TT"
[1] "HH"
[1] "HH"
[1] "HH"
[1] "HH"
[1] "HT"
[1] "TH"
[1] "HH"
[1] "HH"
[1] "HT"
[1] "TH"
[1] "HH"
[1] "TH"
[1] "TH"
[1] "HT"
[1] "TT"
[1] "HT"
[1] "TT"
[1] "HT"
[1] "TH"
[1] "HT"
[1] "HH"
[1] "HH"
[1] "TT"
[1] "HH"
[1] "HT"
[1] "HT"
[1] "TT"
[1] "HH"
[1] "HH"
[1] "TH"
[1] "HH"
[1] "TH"
[1] "TH"
[1] "TT"
[1] "TH"
[1] "HT"
[1] "HT"
[1] "HT"
[1] "TH"
[1] "HT"
[1] "TT"
[1] "TH"
[1] "TH"
[1] "HH"
[1] "HH"
[1] "TH"
[1] "TT"
[1] "TH"
[1] "TH"
[1] "HT"
[1] "HT"
[1] "TH"
[1] "HT"
[1] "HT"
[1] "TT"
[1] "TT"
[1] "TT"
[1] "TH"
[1] "TT"
[1] "HH"
[1] "TT"
[1] "HT"
[1] "HT"
[1] "HT"
[1] "HT"
[1] "HT"
[1] "HH"
[1] "HT"
[1] "TH"
[1] "TT"
[1] "HT"
[1] "TT"
[1] "TT"
[1] "TH"
[1] "TH"
[1] "TT"
[1] "TT"
[1] "TT"
[1] "TT"
[1] "TT"
[1] "HH"
[1] "HT"
[1] "TH"
[1] "HH"
[1] "TT"
[1] "HH"
[1] "HH"
[1] "HT"
[1] "TT"
[1] "TH"
[1] "HT"
[1] "TT"
[1] "HT"
[1] "HT"
[1] "HT"
[1] "HH"
[1] "TH"
[1] "TT"
[1] "TT"
[1] "TH"
[1] "HT"
[1] "TT"
[1] "HT"
[1] "HH"
[1] "TT"
[1] "HT"
[1] "HT"
[1] "TT"
[1] "TT"
[1] "HT"
[1] "HH"
[1] "HH"
[1] "HH"
[1] "TT"
[1] "TT"
[1] "TT"
[1] "TH"
[1] "TT"
[1] "HH"
[1] "HH"
[1] "HT"
[1] "TH"
[1] "HT"
[1] "TH"
[1] "HT"
[1] "HT"
[1] "HH"
[1] "TH"
[1] "HT"
[1] "TT"
[1] "TH"
[1] "HH"
[1] "TT"
[1] "TT"
[1] "TT"
[1] "TH"
[1] "HH"
[1] "TT"
[1] "TT"
[1] "TH"
[1] "TT"
[1] "HT"
[1] "HT"
[1] "TT"
[1] "HH"
[1] "TT"
[1] "HT"
[1] "TH"
[1] "TH"
[1] "TH"
[1] "TH"
[1] "HT"
[1] "HT"
[1] "HH"
[1] "HT"
[1] "TT"
[1] "TT"
[1] "TH"
[1] "TT"
[1] "HH"
[1] "TH"
[1] "HH"
[1] "TT"
[1] "TH"
[1] "TT"
[1] "HH"
[1] "HH"
[1] "HT"
[1] "TH"
[1] "HH"
[1] "TT"
[1] "TT"
[1] "HH"
[1] "TH"
[1] "HT"
[1] "HT"
[1] "HT"
[1] "HT"
[1] "TT"
[1] "HT"
[1] "HT"
[1] "HT"
[1] "HT"
[1] "TH"
[1] "TT"
[1] "HT"
[1] "HH"
[1] "TH"
[1] "HH"
[1] "TT"
[1] "TT"
[1] "HH"
[1] "TH"
[1] "HT"
[1] "HT"
[1] "HT"
[1] "HH"
[1] "HT"
[1] "TT"
[1] "HT"
[1] "HH"
[1] "HH"
[1] "HH"
[1] "TH"
[1] "TT"
[1] "TH"
[1] "HT"
[1] "HH"
[1] "HH"
[1] "TH"
[1] "TH"
[1] "TH"
[1] "HH"
[1] "HH"
[1] "HT"
[1] "HH"
[1] "HT"
[1] "TH"
[1] "TH"
[1] "TT"
[1] "TT"
[1] "HH"
[1] "HT"
[1] "HT"
[1] "HH"
[1] "TT"
[1] "TT"
[1] "HT"
[1] "TT"
[1] "HT"
[1] "TT"
[1] "TT"
[1] "TT"
[1] "HT"
[1] "HH"
[1] "HH"
[1] "HT"
[1] "HH"
[1] "TT"
[1] "HT"
[1] "HT"
[1] "HT"
[1] "HT"
[1] "TT"
[1] "TT"
[1] "TH"
[1] "HT"
[1] "HH"
[1] "HT"
[1] "TT"
[1] "HH"
[1] "HT"
[1] "HT"
[1] "HT"
[1] "HH"
[1] "TH"
[1] "TH"
[1] "TT"
[1] "TT"
[1] "TH"
[1] "HH"
[1] "HT"
[1] "HH"
[1] "HH"
[1] "HH"
[1] "TH"
[1] "TH"
[1] "HH"
[1] "TH"
[1] "HH"
[1] "HH"
[1] "TT"
[1] "HT"
[1] "TH"
[1] "HT"
[1] "HT"
[1] "TH"
[1] "TH"
[1] "HT"
[1] "TH"
[1] "HT"
[1] "TT"
[1] "TH"
[1] "TT"
[1] "TT"
[1] "HH"
[1] "TH"
[1] "HT"
[1] "TT"
[1] "HH"
[1] "TH"
[1] "HT"
[1] "HT"
[1] "HT"
[1] "TT"
[1] "HT"
[1] "TT"
[1] "HH"
[1] "TH"
[1] "HH"
[1] "HH"
[1] "HT"
[1] "HH"
[1] "HH"
[1] "TT"
[1] "HH"
[1] "HH"
[1] "TT"
[1] "HH"
[1] "HT"
[1] "HT"
[1] "HT"
[1] "TH"
[1] "TT"
[1] "TH"
[1] "TH"
[1] "HT"
[1] "TH"
[1] "HT"
[1] "HH"
[1] "TT"
[1] "HT"
[1] "TT"
[1] "TT"
[1] "HH"
[1] "TH"
[1] "HT"
[1] "TH"
[1] "HH"
[1] "HH"
[1] "HT"
[1] "HH"
[1] "TT"
[1] "TT"
[1] "TT"
[1] "HT"
[1] "TT"
[1] "HH"
[1] "TT"
[1] "TT"
[1] "HH"
[1] "TH"
[1] "HT"
[1] "TT"
[1] "TT"
[1] "HH"
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There were 50 or more warnings (use warnings() to see the first 50)
> flips <- table(result)
> flips
result
HH HT TH TT
241 259 256 244
> result1 <- as.data.frame(flips)
> result1
result Freq
1 HH 241
2 HT 259
3 TH 256
4 TT 244
> # Plot Line graph
> plot(result1$result, result1$Freq,
+ type = '2', # line type
+ lwd = 2, # width of line
+ col = "red",# color of line
+ las = 1, # orientation of tick-mark labels
+ ylim = c(50, 1000), # range of y-axis
+ xlab = "number of tosses", # x-axis label
+ ylab = "relative frequency") # y-axis label
> abline(h = 0.5, col = 'gray50')
>
> # Plot Bar Graph
> barplot(result1$Freq, names.arg = result1$result, col = "red")

>
7. Find the 25th quantile of a binomial distribution with 25
trials and probability of success on each trial = 0.5

# Finding the 25th quantile of a binomial distribution

quantile_25 <- qbinom(0.25, 25, 0.5)

print(quantile_25)

# Binomial quantile for the probability 1-0.4

quantile_complement <- qbinom(0.25, 25, 0.5, lower.tail = FALSE)

print(quantile_complement)

# Generating random observations from a binomial distribution

random_values <- c(8, 14, 10, 12, 10, 14, 16, 7, 13, 12)

print(random_values)
OUTPUT :

> # Finding the 25th quantile of a binomial distribution

> quantile_25 <- qbinom(0.25, 25, 0.5)
> print(quantile_25)
[1] 11
>
> # Binomial quantile for the probability 1-0.4
> quantile_complement <- qbinom(0.25, 25, 0.5, lower.tail = FALSE)
> print(quantile_complement)
[1] 14
>
> # Generating random observations from a binomial distribution
> random_values <- c(8, 14, 10, 12, 10, 14, 16, 7, 13, 12)
> print(random_values)
[1] 8 14 10 12 10 14 16 7 13 12

8.A. Bob makes success in 60% of his free-throw attempts. If he

shoots 12 free throws, what is the probability that he achieves
exactly 10 successes?

#find the probability of 10 successes during 12 trials where the probability of

#success on each trial is 0.6
dbinom(x=10, size=12, prob=.6)

OUTPUT :
> #find the probability of 10 successes during 12 trials where the
probability of
> #success on each trial is 0.6
> dbinom(x=10, size=12, prob=.6)
[1] 0.06385228

8.B. Subha flips a fair coin 20 times. What is the probability that the
coin lands on heads exactly 7 times?

# Probability of achieving exactly 7 heads in 20 coin flips

probability <- dbinom(x = 7, size = 20, prob = 0.5)
print(probability)
OUTPUT :
> # Probability of achieving exactly 7 heads in 20 coin flips
> probability <- dbinom(x = 7, size = 20, prob = 0.5)
> print(probability)
[1] 0.07392883

8.C. A Hospital database displays that the patients suffering from

cancer, 65% recover of it. What will be the probability that of 5
randomly chosen patients out of which 3 will recover?

dbinom(3, size=5, prob=0.65)

OUTPUT :
> dbinom(3, size=5, prob=0.65)
[1] 0.3364156

8. D. A bowler scores a wicket on 20% of his attempts when he

bowls. If he bowls 5 times, what would be the probability that he
scores 4 or lesser wicket?

pbinom(4, size=5, prob=.2)

OUTPUT:
> pbinom(4, size=5, prob=.2)
[1] 0.99968

8. E. Suppose you have a large population of students that’s 50%

female. If students are assigned to classrooms at random, and you
visit 100 classrooms with 20 students each, then how many girls
might you expect to see in each classroom?

rbinom(100,20,0.5)

OUTPUT:
> rbinom(100,20,0.5)
[1] 14 14 7 10 9 8 10 12 11 11 12 9 8 14 9 9 7 10 10 8 8
8 7
[24] 11 13 10 10 7 11 10 8 10 11 4 10 7 11 10 12 7 7 9 9 10
13 13
[47] 8 8 12 6 11 11 10 7 6 13 9 9 10 10 13 11 8 10 9 10 9
6 13
[70] 12 7 6 14 9 12 8 9 12 12 8 6 8 10 12 10 10 13 9 10 12
5 4
[93] 8 10 13 14 8 10 8 11

9. Write a function in R that randomly draws five cards from the deck of card

suit <- c("clubs", "diamonds", "hearts", "spades")

face <- c("king", "queen", "jack", "ten", "nine", "eight", "seven", "six", "five", "four", "three", "two",
"ace")

num <- c(13, 12, 11, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1)

deck <- data.frame(

face = rep(face, 4),

suit = c(rep("spades", 13), rep("clubs", 13), rep("diamonds", 13), rep("hearts", 13)),

num = rep(num, 4)

draw_n_random_cards <- function(deck, n) {

deck[sample(nrow(deck), n), ]

result <- draw_n_random_cards(deck, 5)

print(result)

OUTPUT :
> suit <- c("clubs", "diamonds", "hearts", "spades")
> face <- c("king", "queen", "jack", "ten", "nine", "eight", "seven",
"six", "five", "four", "three", "two", "ace")
> num <- c(13, 12, 11, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1)
> deck <- data.frame(
+ face = rep(face, 4),
+ suit = c(rep("spades", 13), rep("clubs", 13), rep("diamonds", 13),
rep("hearts", 13)),
+ num = rep(num, 4)
+ )
>
> draw_n_random_cards <- function(deck, n) {
+ deck[sample(nrow(deck), n), ]
+ }
>
> result <- draw_n_random_cards(deck, 5)
> print(result)
face suit num
28 queen diamonds 12
51 two hearts 2
34 six diamonds 6
7 seven spades 7
4 ten spades 10

10.A. Find the value of the standard normal distribution pdf at x=0
dnorm(x=0, mean=0, sd=1)
# [1] 0.3989423
# by default, R uses mean=0 and sd=1
dnorm(x=0)
# [1] 0.3989423
#find the value of the normal distribution pdf at x=10 with
mean=20 and sd=5
dnorm(x=10, mean=20, sd=5)

OUTPUT:
> dnorm(x=0, mean=0, sd=1)
[1] 0.3989423
> # [1] 0.3989423
> # by default, R uses mean=0 and sd=1
> dnorm(x=0)
[1] 0.3989423
> # [1] 0.3989423
> #find the value of the normal distribution pdf at x=10 with
mean=20 and sd=5
> dnorm(x=10, mean=20, sd=5)
[1] 0.01079819

10.B. Suppose the height of males at a certain school is normally distributed with a mean
of μ=70 inches and a standard deviation of σ = 2 inches. Approximately what percentage
of males at this school are taller than 74 inches?
#find the percentage of males that are taller than 74 inches in a population with
#mean = 70 and sd = 2
pnorm(74, mean=70,
sd=2, lower.tail=FALSE)

OUTPUT:
> #find the percentage of males that are taller than 74 inches in a
population with
> #mean = 70 and sd = 2
> pnorm(74, mean=70,
+ sd=2, lower.tail=FALSE)
[1] 0.02275013

10.C. Suppose the weight of a certain species of otters is normally distributed with a
mean of μ=30 lbs and a standard deviation of σ = 5 lbs. Approximately what percentage
of this species of otters weight less than 22 lbs?

#find percentage of otters that weight less than 22 lbs in a population with
#mean = 30 and sd = 5
pnorm(22, mean=30, sd=5)

OUTPUT:
> #find percentage of otters that weight less than 22 lbs in a
population with
> #mean = 30 and sd = 5
> pnorm(22, mean=30, sd=5)
[1] 0.05479929

10.D. Suppose the height of plants in a certain region is normally distributed with
a mean of μ=13 inches and a standard deviation of σ = 2 inches. Approximately
what percentage of plants in this region are between 10 and 14 inches tall?

#find percentage of plants that are less than 14 inches tall, then subtract the
#percentage of plants that are less than 10 inches tall, based on a population
#with mean = 13 and sd = 2
pnorm(14, mean=13, sd=2) - pnorm(10, mean=13, sd=2)

OUTPUT :

> #find percentage of plants that are less than 14 inches tall, then
subtract the
> #percentage of plants that are less than 10 inches tall, based on
a population
> #with mean = 13 and sd = 2
> pnorm(14, mean=13, sd=2) - pnorm(10, mean=13, sd=2)
[1] 0.6246553

10. E.Suppose that you have a machine that packages rice inside boxes. The
process follows a Normal distribution and it is known that the mean of the
weight of each box is 1000 grams and the standard deviation is 10 grams.
What is the probability of a box weighing exactly 950 grams?

dnorm( 950, 1000,10)

#What is the probability of a box weighing more than 980 grams?

pnorm(980,1000,10,lower.tail=FALSE)

#Calculate the quantile for probability 0.5 for the above scenario.

qnorm(0.5,1000,10)

#Simulate the above scenario for 10 observations.

rnorm(10,1000,10)

OUTPUT:
> dnorm( 950, 1000,10)
[1] 1.48672e-07
> #What is the probability of a box weighing more than 980 grams?
> pnorm(980,1000,10,lower.tail=FALSE)
[1] 0.9772499
> #Calculate the quantile for probability 0.5 for the above scenario.
> qnorm(0.5,1000,10)
[1] 1000
> #Simulate the above scenario for 10 observations.
> rnorm(10,1000,10)
[1] 1011.0971 998.3551 1006.1722 997.9489 1020.7643 1006.1655 1002.1544
[8] 1000.9453 998.5481 991.4324