Selenium Interview Questions

1. What is Automation Testing?

Automation testing is the process of testing a software or application using an automation testing
tool to find the defects. In this process, executing the test scripts and generating the results are
performed automatically by automation tools. It is required when we have huge amount of
regression test cases.Some most popular tools to do automation testing are HP QTP/UFT,
Selenium WebDriver etc.,

2. What are the benefits of Automation Testing?

This is one of the common interview questions in any Automation testing job.

1. Saves time and money. Automation testing is faster in execution.

2. Reusability of code. Create one time and execute multiple times with less or no
maintenance.
3. Easy reporting. It generates automatic reports after test execution.
4. Easy for compatibility testing. It enables parallel execution in the combination of
different OS and browser environments.
5. Low-cost maintenance. It is cheaper compared to manual testing in a long run.
6. Automated testing is more reliable.
7. Automated testing is more powerful and versatile. Automation tools allow us to integrate
with Cross Browser Testing Tools, Jenkins, Github etc.,
8. It is mostly used for regression testing. Supports execution of repeated test cases.
9. Minimal manual intervention. Test scripts can be run unattended.
10. Maximum coverage. It helps to increase the test coverage.

3. What are the challenges and limitations of Selenium WebDriver?

As we all know Selenium WebDriver is a tool which automates the browser to mimic real user
actions on the web. Selenium is a free open source testing tool. Some of the challenges with
selenium webdriver are as follows

1. We cannot test windows application

2. We cannot test mobile apps
3. Limited reporting
4. Handling dynamic Elements
5. Handling page load
6. Handling pop up windows
7. Handling captcha

4. What type of tests have you automated?

Our main focus is to automate test cases to do Regression testing, Smoke testing, and Sanity
testing. Sometimes based on the project and the test time estimation, we do focus on End to End
testing.

5. How many test cases you have automated per day?

It depends on Test case scenario complexity and length. I did automate 5-15 test scenarios per
day when the complexity is limited. Sometimes just 1 or fewer test scenarios in a day when the
complexity is high.

6. What is a Framework?

A framework defines a set of rules or best practices which we can follow in a systematic way to
achieve the desired results. There are different types of automation frameworks and the most
common ones are:

 Keyword Driven Testing Framework

 Modular Framework
 Data Driven Testing Framework
 Hybrid Testing Framework

7. Have you created any Framework?

If you are a beginner: You can say “No, I didn’t get a chance to create framework from the
scratch. I have used the framework which is already available. My contribution is mostly in
creating test cases by using the existing framework.”

If you are a beginner but have good knowledge on creating framework: You can say “Yes, I
have involved in developing framework along with other automation tester in my company.”

If you are an experienced tester: You can say “I have contributed in developing framework.” or
You can say “Yes, I have created framework from the scratch. I designed the framework from
the scratch.”

8. Can you explain the Framework which you have used in your Selenium Project?

We have to clearly explained each component of Framework like the following

Explain about folder structure, test data implementation, Reporting, Configurable options for
environment, partial or full test suite execution.

9. Why do you prefer Selenium Automation Tool?

1. Free and open source

2. Have large user base and helping communities
3. Cross browser compatibility
 4. Platform compatibility
5. Multiple programming languages support such as Java, Perl, Phyton, Php, C# etc.,

10. What is Selenium?

Selenium is an open source (free) automated testing suite to test web applications. It supports
different platforms and browsers. It has gained a lot of popularity in terms of web-based
automated testing and giving a great competition to the famous commercial tool HP QTP (Quick
Test Professional) AKA HP UFT (Unified Functional Testing).

Selenium is a set of different software tools. Each tool has a different approach in supporting
web based automation testing.

It has four components namely,

i. Selenium IDE (Selenium Integrated Development Environment)

ii. Selenium RC (Selenium Remote Control)
iii. Selenium WebDriver
iv. Selenium Grid

11. What is Selenium IDE?

Selenium IDE (Integrated Development Environment) is a Firefox plugin. It is the simplest

framework in the Selenium Suite. It allows us to record and playback the scripts. Even though
we can create scripts using Selenium IDE, we need to use Selenium RC or Selenium WebDriver
to write more advanced and robust test cases.

12. What is Selenese?

Selenese is the language which is used to write test scripts in Selenium IDE.

13. Which is the only browser that supports Selenium IDE to be used?

Firefox

14. What is Selenium RC?

Selenium RC AKA Selenium Remote control / Selenium 1. Selenium Remote Control was the
main Selenium project for a long time before the WebDriver merge brought up Selenium 2.
Selenium 1 is still actively supported (in maintenance mode). It relies on JavaScript for
automation. It supports Java, Javascript, Ruby, PHP, Python, Perl and C#. It supports almost
every browser out there.

15. What is Selenium WebDriver?

Selenium WebDriver AKA Selenium 2 is a browser automation framework that accepts
commands and sends them to a browser. It is implemented through a browser-specific driver. It
controls the browser by directly communicating with it. Selenium WebDriver supports Java, C#,
PHP, Python, Perl, Ruby.

16. What is Selenium Grid?

Selenium Grid is a tool used to run tests on different machines against different browsers in
parallel. That is, running multiple tests at the same time against different machines running
different browsers and operating systems.

In simple words, it is used to distribute your test execution on multiple platforms and
environments concurrently.

17. When do you use Selenium Grid?

Selenium Grid can be used to execute same or different test scripts on multiple platforms and
browsers concurrently so as to achieve distributed test execution

18. What are the advantages of Selenium Grid?

It allows running test cases in parallel thereby saving test execution time.
It allows multi-browser testing
It allows us to execute test cases on multi-platform

19. What is a hub in Selenium Grid?

A hub is a server or a central point that controls the test executions on different machines.

20. What is a node in Selenium Grid?

Node is the machine which is attached to the hub. There can be multiple nodes in Selenium Grid.

21. What are the types of WebDriver APIs available in Selenium?

 Firefox Driver
 Gecko Driver
 InternetExplorer Driver
 Chrome Driver
 HTMLUnit Driver
 Opera Driver
 Safari Driver
 Android Driver
 iPhone Driver
 EventFiringWebDriver
22. Which WebDriver implementation claims to be the fastest?

The fastest implementation of WebDriver is the HTMLUnitDriver or any headless driver

Headless browser testing using Selenium WebDriver is done to test the application without any
visual interruption.

Two widely used headless drivers with practical examples.

1. HTMLUnitDriver
2. PhantomJSDriver

Other Headless Drivers (Chrome, Firefox etc.) can also be used

Advantages of Performing Headless Browser Testing In Selenium:

1. It’s faster. The performance is better compared to browser automation. Automated testing
is to automate a browser to ensure that the application is running as expected. Running
regression scripts take lots of time. With headless browsers, we could save time.
2. It enables you to run the scripts on a system which doesn’t have a browser.
3. Imagine you have a situation to run some tests on a version of google chrome and there is
no such version of google chrome on your local system. In this case, you could use the
headless browser, most of the headless browsers support browser versions.

Disadvantages of Headless Browsers Testing:

1. Debugging is a bit difficult using headless browsers. Here browser is not visible, the only
way is to capture a screenshot.

23. What are the Programming Languages supported by Selenium WebDiver?

 C#
 Java
 Python
 Ruby
 Perl
 PHP

24. What are the Operating Systems supported by Selenium WebDriver?

 Windows
 Linux
 Apple

25. What are the Open-source Frameworks supported by Selenium WebDriver?

  JUnit
 TestNG

26. What are the Locators available in Selenium?

In Selenium WebDriver, there are 8 different types of locators:

1. ID
2. ClassName
3. Name
4. TagName
5. LinkText
6. PartialLinkText
7. XPath
8. CSS Selector

27. What is an XPath?

XPath is used to locate the elements. Using XPath, we could navigate through elements and
attributes in an XML document to locate web elements such as textbox, button, checkbox, Image
etc., in a web page.

28. What is the difference between “/” and “//”

Single Slash “/” – Single slash is used to create XPath with absolute path i.e. the XPath would
be created to start selection from the document node/start node.

Double Slash “//” – Double slash is used to create XPath with relative path i.e. the XPath would
be created to start selection from anywhere within the document.

29. What is the difference between Absolute Path and Relative Path?

Absolute XPath starts from the root node and ends with desired descendant element’s node. It
starts with top HTML node and ends with input node. It starts with a single forward slash(/) as
shown below.

/html/body/div[3]/div[1]/form/tabl

1 /html/body/div[3]/div[1]/form/table/tbody/tr[1]/td/input

Relative XPath starts from any node in between the HTML page to the current element’s
node(last node of the element). It starts with a double forward slash(//) as shown below.
 //input[@id='email']

1 //input[@id='email']

30. What is the difference between Assert and Verify in Selenium?

Assert: In simple words, if the assert condition is true then the program control will execute the
next test step but if the condition is false, the execution will stop and further test step will not be
executed.

TestNg Assert Class will be used

Verify: In simple words, there won’t be any halt in the test execution even though the verify
condition is true or false.

If else conditions can be used

31. What are Soft Assert and Hard Assert in Selenium?

Soft Assert: Soft Assert collects errors during @Test Soft Assert does not throw an exception
when an assert fails and would continue with the next step after the assert statement.

Use SoftAssert Object of TestNG needs to be created

Hard Assert: Hard Assert throws an AssertException immediately when an assert statement
fails and test suite continues with next @Test

Use Assert class of TestNg with out creating object.

32. What are the verification points available in Selenium?

In Selenium IDE, we use Selenese Verify and Assert Commands as Verification points
In Selenium WebDriver, there is no built-in features for verification points. It totally depends on
our coding style. some of the Verification points are

 To check for page title

 To check for certain text
 To check for certain element (text box, button, drop down, etc.)

33. How to launch a browser using Selenium WebDriver?

WebDriver is an Interface. We create an Object of a required driver class such as FirefoxDriver,

ChromeDriver, InternetExplorerDriver etc.,
To launch Firefox Driver:
WebDriver driver = new FirefoxDriver();

Note: If you use geckodriver with Selenium, you must upgrade to Selenium 3.3. Here we have to
set the property as follows

System.setProperty("w ebdriver

System.setProperty("webdriver.gecko.driver", "D:\\Selenium Environment\\Drivers\\

1
geckodriver.exe");

To launch Chrome Driver:

WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();

To launch Internet Explorer Driver:

WebDriver driver = new InternetExplorerDriver();

To launch Safari Driver:

WebDriver driver = new SafariDriver();

34. Is the FirefoxDriver a Class or an Interface?

FirefoxDriver is a Java class, and it implements the WebDriver interface.

35. What is the super interface of WebDriver?

SearchContext.

36. Explain the line of code Webdriver driver = new FirefoxDriver(); ?

1 Webdriver driver = new FirefoxDriver();

‘WebDriver‘ is an interface and we are creating an object of type WebDriver instantiating an

object of FirefoxDriver class.

37. We do create a reference variable ‘driver’ of type WebDriver

 WebDriver driver = new Firefox

instead of creating

1 WebDriver driver = new FirefoxDriver();

2
3 instead of creating
4
5 FirefoxDriver driver = new FirefoxDriver();

What is the purpose of doing this way?

If we create a reference variable driver of type WebDriver then we could use the same driver
variable to work with any browser of our choice such as IEDriver, SafariDriver etc.,

38. What are the different exceptions you have faced in Selenium WebDriver?

Some of the exceptions I have faced in my current project are

1. ElementNotVisibleException
2. StaleElementReferenceException

Element Not visible Exception:

This exception will be thrown when you are trying to locate a particular element on webpage that
is not currently visible eventhough it is present in the DOM. Also sometimes, if you are trying to
locate an element with the xpath which associates with two or more element.

Stale Element Reference Exception:

A Stale Element Reference Exception is thrown in one of two cases, the first being more
common than the second.

The two reasons for Stale element reference are

1. The element has been deleted entirely.

2. The element is no longer attached to the DOM.

We face this stale element reference exception when the element we are interacting is destroyed
and then recreated again. When this happens the reference of the element in the DOM becomes
stale. Hence we are not able to get the reference to the element.

Some other exceptions we usually face are as follows:

 WebDriverException
  IllegalStateException
 TimeoutException
 NoAlertPresentException
 NoSuchWindowException
 NoSuchElementException etc

39. How to Login into any site if it is showing an Authentication Pop-Up for Username and
Password?

To do this we pass username and password with the URL

http://username:passw ord@url
e.g. http://myUserName:myPass

1 http://username:password@url
2 e.g. http://myUserName:[email protected]

40. What are the types of waits available in Selenium WebDriver?

In Selenium we could see three types of waits such as Implicit Waits, Explicit Waits and Fluent
Waits.

 Implicit Waits
 Explicit Waits
 Fluent Waits

41. What is Implicit Wait In Selenium WebDriver?

Implicit waits tell to the WebDriver to wait for a certain amount of time before it throws an
exception. Once we set the time, WebDriver will wait for the element based on the time we set
before it throws an exception. The default setting is 0 (zero). We need to set some wait time to
make WebDriver to wait for the required time.

42. What is WebDriver Wait In Selenium WebDriver?

WebDriverWait is applied on a certain element with defined expected condition and time. This
wait is only applied to the specified element. This wait can also throw an exception when an
element is not found.

43. What is Fluent Wait In Selenium WebDriver?

FluentWait can define the maximum amount of time to wait for a specific condition and
frequency with which to check the condition before throwing an “ElementNotVisibleException”
exception.
44. How to input text in the text box using Selenium WebDriver?

By using sendKeys() method

WebDriver driver = new Firefox

driver.get("https://w w w .gmail.c
driver.findElement(By.xpath("xp

1 WebDriver driver = new FirefoxDriver();

2 driver.get("https://www.gmail.com");
3 driver.findElement(By.xpath("xpath")).sendKeys("Software Testing Material Website");

45. How to input text in the text box without calling the sendKeys()?

// To initialize js object
JavascriptExecutor JS = (Javas
// To enter username
JS.executeScript("document.ge

1 // To initialize js object
2 JavascriptExecutor JS = (JavascriptExecutor)webdriver;
3 // To enter username
4 JS.executeScript("document.getElementById('User').value='SoftwareTestingMaterial.com'");
5 // To enter password
6 JS.executeScript("document.getElementById('Pass').value='tester'");

46. How to clear the text in the text box using Selenium WebDriver?

By using clear() method

WebDriver driver = new Firefox

driver.get("https://w w w .gmail.c
driver.findElement(By.xpath("xp
driver.findElement(By.xpath("xp

WebDriver driver = new FirefoxDriver();

1
driver.get("https://www.gmail.com");
2
driver.findElement(By.xpath("xpath_of_element1")).sendKeys("Software Testing Material
3
Website");
4
driver.findElement(By.xpath("xpath_of_element1")).clear();

47. How to get a text of a web element?

By using getText() method

@Test
public void testmethod(){
System.setProperty("webdriver.chrome.driver", "D:\\Selenium Environment\\Drivers\\
chromedriver.exe");
WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
driver.get("https://www.google.com");
String availableText = driver.findElement(By.xpath("//*[@id='gbw']/div/div/div[1]/div[1]/
a")).getText();
System.out.println("Text Available is :"+availableText);
}
}

48. How to get an attribute value using Selenium WebDriver?

By using getAttribute(value);

It returns the value of the attribute passed as a parameter.

HTML:

<input name="nameSelenium" va

1 <input name="nameSelenium" value="valueSelenium">SoftwareTestingMaterial</input>

Selenium Code:

String attributeValue = driver.fin

System.out.println("Available att
Output: valueSelenium

1 String attributeValue = driver.findElement(By.name("nameSelenium")).getAttribute("value");

2 System.out.println("Available attribute value is :"+attributeValue);
3 Output: valueSelenium

49. How to click on a hyperlink using Selenium WebDriver?

We use click() method in Selenium to click on the hyperlink

driver.findElement(By.linkText(“S

1 driver.findElement(By.linkText(“Software Testing Material Website”)).click();

50. How to submit a form using Selenium WebDriver?

We use “submit” method on element to submit a form

driver.findElement(By.id("form_1

1 driver.findElement(By.id("form_1")).submit();

Alternatively, you can use click method on the element which does form submission

51. How to press ENTER key on text box In Selenium WebDriver?

To press ENTER key using Selenium WebDriver, We need to use Selenium Enum Keys with its
constant ENTER.

driver.findElement(By.xpath("xp

1 driver.findElement(By.xpath("xpath")).sendKeys(Keys.ENTER);

52. How to pause a test execution for 5 seconds at a specific point?

By using java.lang.Thread.sleep(long milliseconds) method we could pause the execution for a

specific time. To pause 5 seconds, we need to pass parameter as 5000 (5 seconds)

Thread.sleep(5000)

1 Thread.sleep(5000)
53. Is Selenium Server needed to run Selenium WebDriver Scripts?

When we are distributing our Selenium WebDriver scripts to execute using Selenium Grid, we
need to use Selenium Server.

54. What happens if I run this command. driver.get(“www.softwaretestingmaterial.com”) ;

An exception is thrown. We need to pass HTTP protocol within driver.get() method.

driver.get("https://w w w .softw a

1 driver.get("https://www.softwaretestingmaterial.com");

55. What is the alternative to driver.get() method to open an URL using Selenium
WebDriver?

Alternative method to driver.get(“url”) method is driver.navigate.to(“url”)

56. What is the difference between driver.get() and driver.navigate.to(“url”)?

driver.get(): To open an URL and it will wait till the whole page gets loaded
driver.navigate.to(): To navigate to an URL and It will not wait till the whole page gets loaded

57. Can I navigate back and forth in a browser in Selenium WebDriver?

We use Navigate interface to do navigate back and forth in a browser. It has methods to move
back, forward as well as to refresh a page.

driver.navigate().forward(); – to navigate to the next web page with reference to the browser’s
history
driver.navigate().back(); – takes back to the previous webpage with reference to the browser’s
history
driver.navigate().refresh(); – to refresh the current web page thereby reloading all the web
elements
driver.navigate().to(“url”); – to launch a new web browser window and navigate to the
specified URL

58. What are the different types of navigation commands?

Forward(), back(), to()

59. How to fetch the current page URL in Selenium?

To fetch the current page URL, we use getCurrentURL()

driver.getCurrentUrl();

1 driver.getCurrentUrl();

60. How can we maximize browser window in Selenium?

To maximize browser window in selenium we use maximize() method. This method maximizes
the current window if it is not already maximized

driver.manage().w indow ().max

1 driver.manage().window().maximize();

61. How to delete cookies in Selenium?

To delete cookies we use deleteAllCookies() method

driver.manage().deleteAllCookie

1 driver.manage().deleteAllCookies();

62. What are the ways to refresh a browser using Selenium WebDriver?

There are multiple ways to refresh a page in selenium

 Using driver.navigate().refresh() command as mentioned in the question 45

 Using driver.get(“URL”) on the current URL or using driver.getCurrentUrl()
 Using driver.navigate().to(“URL”) on the current URL or
driver.navigate().to(driver.getCurrentUrl());
 Using sendKeys(Keys.F5) on any textbox on the webpage

63. What is the difference between driver.getWindowHandle() and

driver.getWindowHandles() in Selenium WebDriver?
driver.getWindowHandle() – It returns a handle of the current page (a unique identifier)
driver.getWindowHandles() – It returns a set of handles of the all the pages available.

64. What is the difference between driver.close() and driver.quit() methods?

Purpose of these two methods (driver.close and driver.quit) is almost same. Both allow us to
close a browser but still, there is a difference.

driver.close(): To close current WebDriver instance

driver.quit(): To close all the opened WebDriver instances

65. What is the difference between driver.findElement() and driver.findElements()

commands?

The difference between driver.findElement() and driver.findElements() commands is-

 findElement() returns a single WebElement (found first) based on the locator passed as
parameter. Whereas findElements() returns a list of WebElements, all satisfying the
locator value passed.
 Syntax of findElement()-
WebElement textbox = driver.findElement(By.id(“textBoxLocator”));
Syntax of findElements()-
List <WebElement> elements = element.findElements(By.id(“value”));
 Another difference between the two is- if no element is found then findElement() throws
NoSuchElementException whereas findElements() returns a list of 0 elements.

66. How to find whether an element is displayed on the web page?

WebDriver facilitates the user with the following methods to check the visibility of the web
elements. These web elements can be buttons, drop boxes, checkboxes, radio buttons, labels etc.

1. isDisplayed()

boolean elePresent = driver.find

1 boolean elePresent = driver.findElement(By.xpath("xpath")).isDisplayed();

2. isSelected()
 boolean eleSelected= driver.find

1 boolean eleSelected= driver.findElement(By.xpath("xpath")).isSelected();

3. isEnabled()

boolean eleEnabled= driver.find

1 boolean eleEnabled= driver.findElement(By.xpath("xpath")).isEnabled();

67. How to select a value in a dropdown?

By using Select class

WebElement mySelectElement =
Select dropdow n = new Select(
dropdow n.selectByVisibleText(
dropdow n.selectByIndex(Index

1 WebElement mySelectElement = driver.findElement(By.name("dropdown"));

2 Select dropdown = new Select(mySelectElement);
3 dropdown.selectByVisibleText(Text);
4 dropdown.selectByIndex(Index);
5 dropdown.selectByValue(Value);

68. How to capture Screenshot in Selenium WebDriver?

Test cases may fail while executing the test scripts. While we are executing the test cases
manually we just take a screenshot and place in a result repository. The same can be done by
using Selenium WebDriver.

Some of the scenarios we may need to capture a screenshot using Selenium WebDriver are

i. Application issues
ii. Assertion Failure
iii. Difficulty to find Webelements on the web page
iv. Timeout to find Webelements on the web page
Selenium provides an interface called TakesScreenshot which has a method getScreenShotAs
which can be used to take a screenshot of the application under test.

In Selenium 3, to handle issues while capturing Screenshots. we use aShot utility (additional jar
file) .

@Test
public static void captureScreenMethod() throws Exception{
System.setProperty("webdriver.gecko.driver","D://Selenium
Environment//Drivers//geckodriver.exe");
WebDriver driver = new FirefoxDriver();
driver.manage().window().maximize();
driver.get("http://www.girmiti.com");
File screenshotFile = ((TakesScreenshot)driver).getScreenshotAs(OutputType.FILE);
FileUtils.copyFile(screenshotFile, new File("D:\\SoftwareTesting.png"));
driver.close();
driver.quit();
}

69. How to mouse hover on a web element using WebDriver?

By using Actions class

WebElement ele = driver.findEle

//Create object 'action' of an Ac
Actions action = new Actions(d
//Mouseover on an element

1 WebElement ele = driver.findElement(By.xpath("xpath"));

2 //Create object 'action' of an Actions class
3 Actions action = new Actions(driver);
4 //Mouseover on an element
5 action.moveToElement(ele).perform();

70. How can we handle web based pop-up?

To handle alerts popups we need to do switch to the alert window and call Selenium WebDriver
Alert API methods.

71. How can we handle windows based pop up?

Selenium doesn’t support windows based applications. It is an automation testing tool which
supports only web application testing. We could handle windows based popups in
Selenium using some third party tools such as AutoIT, Sikuli, Robot class etc.

72. How to handle hidden elements in Selenium WebDriver?

It is one of the most important selenium interview questions.

We can handle hidden elements by using javaScript executor

(JavascriptExecutor(driver)).ex

(JavascriptExecutor(driver)).executeScript("document.getElementsByClassName(ElementLoca
1
tor).click();");

73. How can you find Broken Links in a page using Selenium WebDriver?

@Test

public void brokenLinks(){

System.setProperty("webdriver.chrome.driver", "C:\\resources\\chromedriver.exe");

WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();

driver.get("https://www.google.com/");

List<WebElement> allLinks = driver.findElements(By.tagName("a"));

for(int i=0;i<allLinks.size();i++) {

URL u = new URL(allLinks.get(i).getAttribute("href"));

HttpURLConnection httpcon = (HttpURLConnection)

u.openConnection();

httpcon.setConnectTimeout(2000);

httpcon.connect();

// 200 is successful. 400 is broken link

System.out.println(httpcon.getResponseCode());

74. How to find more than one web element in the list?
 // To store the list
List <WebElement> eleList = driv
// To fetch the size of the list
int listSize = eleList.size();

1 // To store the list

2 List <WebElement> eleList = driver.findElements(By.xpath("xpath"));
3 // To fetch the size of the list
4 int listSize = eleList.size();
5 //for loop
6 for (int i=0; i<listSize; i++)
7 {
8 // Clicking on each link
9 links.get(i).click();
10 // Navigating back to the previous page that stores the links
11 driver.navigate().back();
12 }

75. How to read a JavaScript variable in Selenium WebDriver?

By using JavascriptExecutor

// To initialize the JS object.

JavascriptExecutor JS = (Javas
// To get the site title.
String title = (String)JS.executeS

1 // To initialize the JS object.

2 JavascriptExecutor JS = (JavascriptExecutor) webdriver;
3 // To get the site title.
4 String title = (String)JS.executeScript("return document.title");
5 System.out.println("Title of the webpage : " + title);

76. What is JavaScriptExecutor and in which cases JavaScriptExecutor will help in

Selenium automation?

In general, we click on an element using click() method in Selenium.

For example:

driver.findElement(By.id("Id Valu

1 driver.findElement(By.id("Id Value")).click();
Sometimes web controls don’t react well against selenium commands and we may face issues
with the above statement (click()). To overcome such kind of situation, we
use JavaScriptExecutor interface.

It provides a mechanism to execute Javascript through Selenium driver. It provides

“executescript” & “executeAsyncScript” methods, to run JavaScript in the context of the
currently selected frame or window.

There is no need to write a separate script to execute JavaScript within the browser
using Selenium WebDriver script. Just we use predefined interface named ‘Java Script
Executor’. We need to import the JavascriptExecutor package in the script.

Package:

import org.openqa.selenium.Jav

1 import org.openqa.selenium.JavascriptExecutor;

Syntax:

JavascriptExecutor js = (Javasc
js.executeScript(Script,Argume

1 JavascriptExecutor js = (JavascriptExecutor) driver;

2 js.executeScript(Script,Arguments);

Script – The JavaScript to execute

Arguments – The arguments to the script(Optional). May be empty.
Returns – One of Boolean, Long, String, List, WebElement, or null.

Let’s see some scenarios we could handle using this Interface:

1. To type Text in Selenium WebDriver without using sendKeys() method

2. To click a Button in Selenium WebDriver using JavaScript
3. To handle Checkbox
4. To generate Alert Pop window in selenium
5. To refresh browser window using Javascript
6. To get innertext of the entire webpage in Selenium
7. To get the Title of our webpage
8. To get the domain
9. To get the URL of a webpage
10. To perform Scroll on an application using Selenium
11. To click on a SubMenu which is only visible on mouse hover on Menu
12. To navigate to different page using Javascript

77. How do you read test data from excels?

Test data can efficiently be read from excel using JXL or POI API. POI API has many
advantages than JXL.

78. Is it possible to automate the captcha using Selenium?

No, It’s not possible to automate captcha and bar code reader.

79. How to handle Ajax calls in Selenium WebDriver?

Handling AJAX calls is one of the common issues when using Selenium WebDriver. We
wouldn’t know when the AJAX call would get completed and the page has been updated. In this
post, we see how to handle AJAX calls using Selenium.

AJAX stands for Asynchronous JavaScript and XML. AJAX allows the web page to retrieve
small amounts of data from the server without reloading the entire page. AJAX sends HTTP
requests from the client to server and then process the server’s response without reloading the
entire page. To handle AJAX controls, wait commands may not work. It’s just because the actual
page is not going to refresh.

When you click on a submit button, the required information may appear on the web page
without refreshing the browser. Sometimes it may load in a second and sometimes it may take
longer. We have no control over loading time. The best approach to handle this kind of situations
in selenium is to use dynamic waits (i.e. WebDriverWait in combination with
ExpectedCondition)

Some of the methods which are available are as follows:

1. titleIs() – The expected condition waits for a page with a specific title.

w ait.until(ExpectedConditions.tit

1 wait.until(ExpectedConditions.titleIs(“Deal of the Day”));

2. elementToBeClickable() – The expected condition waits for an element to be clickable i.e. it

should be present/displayed/visible on the screen as well as enabled.
 w ait.until(ExpectedConditions.e

1 wait.until(ExpectedConditions.elementToBeClickable(By.xpath("xpath")));

3. alertIsPresent() – The expected condition waits for an alert box to appear.

w ait.until(ExpectedConditions.a

1 wait.until(ExpectedConditions.alertIsPresent()) !=null);

4. textToBePresentInElement() – The expected condition waits for an element having a certain

string pattern.

w ait.until(ExpectedConditions.te

1 wait.until(ExpectedConditions.textToBePresentInElement(By.id(“title’”), “text to be found”));

80. List some scenarios which we cannot automate using Selenium WebDriver?

1. Bitmap / image comparison is not possible using Selenium WebDriver

2. Automating Captcha is not possible using Selenium WebDriver
3. We can not read bar code using Selenium WebDriver

81. What is Object Repository in Selenium WebDriver?

Object Repository is used to store element locator values in a centralized location instead of hard
coding them within the scripts. We do create a property file (.properties) to store all the element
locators and these property files act as an object repository in Selenium WebDriver.

82. How you build Object Repository in your project?

In Selenium, we call objects as locators (such as ID, Name, Class Name, Tag Name, Link Text,
Partial Link Text, XPath, and CSS). Object repository is a collection of objects. One of the ways
to create Object Repository is to place all the locators in a separate file (i.e., properties file). But
the best way is to use Page Object Model. In the Page Object Model Design Pattern, each web
page is represented as a class. All the objects related to a particular page of a web application are
stored in a class.
83. What is Page Object Model in Selenium?

Page Object Model (POM) is a Design Pattern which has become popular in Selenium Test
Automation. It is widely used design pattern in Selenium for enhancing test maintenance and
reducing code duplication. Page object model (POM) can be used in any kind of framework such
as modular, data-driven,keyword driven, hybrid framework etc. A page object is an object-
oriented class that serves as an interface to a page of your Application Under Test(AUT). The
tests then use the methods of this page object class whenever they need to interact with the User
Interface (UI) of that page. The benefit is that if the UI changes for the page, the tests themselves
don’t need to change, only the code within the page object needs to change. Subsequently, all
changes to support that new UI is located in one place.

84. What is Page Factory?

We have seen that ‘Page Object Model’ is a way of representing an application in a test
framework. For every ‘page’ in the application, we create a Page Object to reference the ‘page’
whereas a ‘Page Factory’ is one way of implementing the ‘Page Object Model’.

85. What is the difference between Page Object Model (POM) and Page Factory?

Page Object is a class that represents a web page and hold the functionality and members.
Page Factory is a way to initialize the web elements you want to interact with within the page
object when you create an instance of it.

86. What are the advantages of Page Object Model Framework?

Code reusability – We could achieve code reusability by writing the code once and use it in
different tests.

Code maintainability – There is a clean separation between test code and page specific code
such as locators and layout which becomes very easy to maintain code. Code changes only on
Page Object Classes when a UI change occurs. It enhances test maintenance and reduces code
duplication.

Object Repository – Each page will be defined as a java class. All the fields in the page will be
defined in an interface as members. The class will then implement the interface.

Readability – Improves readability due to clean separation between test code and page specific
code

87. How can you use the Recovery Scenario in Selenium WebDriver?

By using “Try Catch Block” within Selenium WebDriver Java tests.

 try {
driver.get("w w w .Softw areT
}catch(Exception e){
System.out.println(e.getMess

1 try {
2 driver.get("www.SoftwareTestingMaterial.com");
3 }catch(Exception e){
4 System.out.println(e.getMessage());
5}

88. How to Upload a file in Selenium WebDriver?

There are two cases which are majorly used to upload a file in Selenium WebDriver such
as using SendKeys Method and using AutoIT Script.

Robot Class, Sikuli are also options

89. How to Download a file in Selenium WebDriver?

By using AutoIT script, we could download a file in Selenium WebDriver.

90. How to run Selenium WebDriver Test from the command line?

There are two ways

1. Run testng.xml file from command line with the following commands

Set classpath for project

 set projectLocation=C:\Users\Admin\Desktop\STMSeleniumTutorial\workspace\
SoftwareTestingMaterial
 cd %projectLocation%
 set classpath=%projectLocation%\bin;%projectLocation%\lib\*

Run testng.xml

 java org.testng.TestNG %projectLocation%\testng.xml

2. Run testng.xml from pom.xml using failsafe or surefire plugin, if it is maven project

91. How to switch between frames in Selenium?

By using the following code, we could switch between frames using frame id or frame name
 driver.sw itchTo().frame();

driver.switchTo().frame(int); - Using Frame id

driver.switchto().frame(string); - Using Frame Name

92. How to connect a Database in selenium?

As we all know Selenium WebDriver is a tool to automate User Interface. We could only interact
with Browser using Selenium WebDriver.

We use JDBC Driver to connect the Database in Selenium (While using Java Programming
Language).

93. How To Resize Browser Window Using Selenium WebDriver?

To resize the browser window to particular dimensions, we use ‘Dimension’ class to resize the
browser window.

Dimension d = new Dimension(500,620);

driver.manage().window().setSize(d);

94. How To Scroll Web Page Down Or UP Using Selenium WebDriver?

JavaScript scrollBy() method scrolls the document by the specified number of pixels.

JavascriptExecutor js = (JavascriptExecutor) driver;

js.executeScript("window.scrollBy(0,250)", "");

95. How To Perform Right Click Action (Context Click) In Selenium WebDriver?

We use Actions class in Selenium WebDriver to do Right-Click (Context Click) action.

Actions action = new Actions(driver);

action.contextClick(WebElement).build().perform();

96. How To Perform Double Click Action In Selenium WebDriver?

We use Actions class to do Double click action in selenium.

action.doubleClick(webelement).build().perform();
97. How To Perform Drag And Drop Action in Selenium WebDriver?

To achieve this, we use Actions class in Selenium WebDriver.

action.dragAndDrop(sourceLocator, targetLocator).build().perform();

98. How To Highlight Element Using Selenium WebDriver?

By using JavascriptExecutor interface, we could highlight the specified element

JavascriptExecutor js = (JavascriptExecutor) driver;

js.executeScript("arguments[0].setAttribute('style', 'background: yellow; border: 2px solid

red;');", ele);

99. Have you used any crossbrowsertesting tool to run selenium scripts on cloud?

If you want to say YES.

You have the following options

Browserstack, Sauce labs etc

100. What is desired capabilities?

In Selenium we use desired capabilities to define the driver capability

handle SSL certificates in chrome browser

We need to create an instance of DesiredCapabilities

DesiredCapabilities desiredCapa

DesiredCapabilities desiredCapability = DesiredCapabilities.chrome();

101. What is Continuous Integration?

Continuous Integration is abbreviated as CI. Continuous Integration is a development practice

which aims to make sure the correctness of a software. After each commit, a suite of tests run
automatically and test the software to ensure whether the software is running without any
breaks. If any test fails, we will get immediate feedback say “build is broken”.

In simple words, continuous integration is a process of verifying the correctness of a software.

Some of the continuous integration tools are Jenkins, TeamCity, Bamboo, Travis, Circle Ci,
Bitbucket.

We can schedule the test suite execution using these CI Tools.

102. How to achieve Database testing in Selenium?

As we all know Selenium WebDriver is a tool to automate User Interface. We could only interact
with Browser using Selenium WebDriver.

Sometimes, we may face a situation to get the data from the Database or to modify
(update/delete) the data from the Database. If we plan to automate anything outside the vicinity
of a browser, then we need to use other tools to achieve our task. To achieve the Database
connection and work on it, we need to use JDBC API Driver.

The Java Database Connectivity (JDBC) API provides universal data access from the Java
programming language. Using the JDBC API, you can access virtually any data source, from
relational databases to spreadsheets and flat files. It lets the user connect and interact with the
Database and fetch the data based on the queries we use in the automation script. JDBC is a SQL
level API that allows us to execute SQL statements. It creates a connectivity between Java
Programming Language and the database.

Using JDBC Driver we could do the following

i. Establish a Database connection

ii. Send SQL Queries to the Database
iii. Process the results

103. How to delete Browser Cookies with Selenium Web Driver?

driver.Manage().Cookies.Delete

1 driver.Manage().Cookies.DeleteAllCookies();

TestNG – Interview Questions:

104. What is TestNG?

TestNG is a testing framework designed to simplify a broad range of testing needs, from unit
testing to integration testing. TestNG will give flexibility to the user to develop and execute
automated tests.

What are the annotations available in TestNG?

@BeforeTest
@AfterTest
@BeforeClass
@AfterClass
@BeforeMethod
@AfterMethod
@BeforeSuite
@AfterSuite
@BeforeGroups
@AfterGroups
@Test

106. What is TestNG Assert and list out some common Assertions supported by TestNG?

TestNG Asserts help us to verify the condition of the test in the middle of the test run. Based on
the TestNG Assertions, we will consider a successful test only if it is completed the test run
without throwing any exception.

Some of the common assertions supported by TestNG are

 assertEqual(String actual,String expected)

 assertEqual(String actual,String expected, String message)
 assertEquals(boolean actual,boolean expected)
 assertTrue(condition)
 assertTrue(condition, message)
 assertFalse(condition)
 assertFalse(condition, message)

107. How to create and run TestNG.xml?

In TestNG framework, we need to create TestNG XML file to create and handle multiple test
classes. We do configure our test run, set test dependency, include or exclude any test, method,
class or package and set priority etc in the XML file.

108. How to set test case priority in TestNG?

We use priority attribute to the @Test annotations. In case priority is not set then the test scripts
execute in alphabetical order.

package TestNG;
import org.testng.annotations.*;
public class PriorityTestCase{
@Test(priority=0)

1 package TestNG;
2 import org.testng.annotations.*;
3 public class PriorityTestCase{
4 @Test(priority=0)
5 public void testCase1() {
6 system.out.println("Test Case 1");
7 }
8 @Test(priority=1)
9 public void testCase2() {
10 system.out.println("Test Case 2");
11 }
12 }

Output:

Test Case 1
Test Case 2

1 Test Case 1
2 Test Case 2

109. What is Parameterized testing in TestNG?

Parameterized tests allow developers to run the same test over and over again using different
values.

There are two ways to set these parameters:

 with testng.xml

@Test
@Parameters("browser")
public void parameterizedTest(String browser){
if(browser.equals("firefox")){
System.out.println("Open Firefox Driver");
}else if(browser.equals("chrome")){
System.out.println("Open Chrome Driver");
}
}

 with Data Providers

@Test (dataProvider="getData")

// Number of columns should match the number of input parameters

 public void loginTest(String Uid, String Pwd){

System.out.println("UserName is "+ Uid);

System.out.println("Password is "+ Pwd);

//If the name is not supplied, the data provider’s name automatically defaults to the method’s
name.

//A data provider returns an array of objects.

@DataProvider(name="getData")

public Object[][] getData(){

//Object [][] data = new Object [rowCount][colCount];

Object [][] data = new Object [2][2];

data [0][0] = "FirstUid";

data [0][1] = "FirstPWD";

data[1][0] = "SecondUid";

data[1][1] = "SecondPWD";

return data;

110. How to run a group of test cases using TestNG?

TestNG allows you to perform sophisticated groupings of test methods. Not only can you declare
that methods belong to groups, but you can also specify groups that contain other groups. Then
TestNG can be invoked and asked to include a certain set of groups (or regular expressions)
while excluding another set. This gives you maximum flexibility in how you partition your tests
and doesn’t require you to recompile anything if you want to run two different sets of tests back
to back.

Groups are specified in your testng.xml file and can be found either under the <test> or <suite>
tag. Groups specified in the <suite> tag apply to all the <test> tags underneath.

@Test (groups = { "smokeTest"

public void loginTest(){
System.out.println("Logged in su
}

1 @Test (groups = { "smokeTest", "functionalTest" })

2 public void loginTest(){
3 System.out.println("Logged in successfully");
4 }

111. What is the use of @Listener annotation in TestNG?

Ans. TestNG listeners are used to configure reports and logging. One of the most widely used
listeners in TestNG is ITestListener interface. It has methods like onTestStart, onTestSuccess,
onTestFailure, onTestSkipped etc. We should implement this interface creating a listener class of
our own. Next, we should add the listeners annotation (@Listeners) in the Class which was
created.

112. How can we create a data-driven framework using TestNG?

By using @DataProvider annotation, we can implement data driven framework

@DataProvider(name="getData"
public Object[][] getDa
//Object [][]
Object [][] d

@DataProvider(name="getData")
public Object[][] getData(){
//Object [][] data = new Object [rowCount][colCount];
Object [][] data = new Object [2][2];
data [0][0] = "FirstUid";
data [0][1] = "FirstPWD";
data[1][0] = "SecondUid";
data[1][1] = "SecondPWD";
return data;
}

113. Where you have applied OOPS in Automation Framework?

Question can be answered based on the framework.
Class
Object
Abstraction – Implementing POM in different class
Interface – Webdriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
Inheritance
Polymorphism - Method Overriding, Method Overloading
Encapsulation – Implementing method in POM

114. How to handle browser (chrome) notifications in Selenium?

In Chrome, we can use ChromeOptions as shown below.

ChromeOptions options = new C
options.addArguments("disable
WebDriver player = new Chrom

1 ChromeOptions options = new ChromeOptions();

2 options.addArguments("disable-infobars");
3 WebDriver player = new ChromeDriver(options);

Core Java Interview Questions

1) What is Java?
Java is the high-level, object-oriented, robust, secure programming language, platform-
independent, high performance, Multithreaded, and portable programming language. It was
developed by James Gosling in June 1991. It can also be known as the platform as it provides its
own JRE and API.

2) What are the differences between C++ and Java?

The differences between C++ and Java are given in the following table.

Comparison
C++ Java
Index
Platform-
C++ is platform-dependent. Java is platform-independent.
independent
Java is mainly used for application
C++ is mainly used for system programming. It is widely used in window,
Mainly used for
programming. web-based, enterprise and mobile
applications.
Java was designed and created as an
C++ was designed for systems interpreter for printing systems but later
Design Goal and applications programming. extended as a support network computing. It
It was an extension of C was designed with a goal of being easy to
use and accessible to a broader audience.
C++ supports the goto
Goto Java doesn't support the goto statement.
statement.
Java doesn't support multiple inheritance
Multiple C++ supports multiple
through class. It can be achieved by
inheritance inheritance.
interfaces.
Operator C++ supports operator
Java doesn't support operator overloading.
Overloading overloading
Java supports pointer internally. However,
C++ supports pointers. You can you can't write the pointer program in java.
Pointers
write pointer program in C++. It means java has restricted pointer support
in java.
Compiler and C++ uses compiler only. C++ is Java uses compiler and interpreter both.
Interpreter compiled and run using the Java source code is converted into bytecode
compiler which converts source at compilation time. The interpreter executes
code into machine code so, C+ this bytecode at runtime and produces
+ is platform dependent. output. Java is interpreted that is why it is
 platform independent.
Call by Value and C++ supports both call by value Java supports call by value only. There is no
Call by reference and call by reference. call by reference in java.
Structure and C++ supports structures and
Java doesn't support structures and unions.
Union unions.
C++ doesn't have built-in
support for threads. It relies on
Thread Support Java has built-in thread support.
third-party libraries for thread
support.
Java supports documentation comment
Documentation C++ doesn't support
(/** ... */) to create documentation for java
comment documentation comment.
source code.
Java has no virtual keyword. We can
C++ supports virtual keyword
override all non-static methods by default.
Virtual Keyword so that we can decide whether
In other words, non-static methods are
or not override a function.
virtual by default.
Java supports unsigned right shift >>>
unsigned right C++ doesn't support >>> operator that fills zero at the top for the
shift >>> operator. negative numbers. For positive numbers, it
works same like >> operator.
Java uses a single inheritance tree always
C++ creates a new inheritance because all classes are the child of Object
Inheritance Tree
tree always. class in java. The object class is the root of
the inheritance tree in java.
Hardware C++ is nearer to hardware. Java is not so interactive with hardware.
Java is also an object-oriented language.
C++ is an object-oriented
However, everything (except fundamental
language. However, in C
Object-oriented types) is an object in Java. It is a single root
language, single root hierarchy
hierarchy as everything gets derived from
is not possible.
java.lang.Object.

3) List the features of Java Programming language.

There are the following features in Java Programming Language.

 Simple: Java is easy to learn. The syntax of Java is based on C++ which makes easier to
write the program in it.
 Object-Oriented: Java follows the object-oriented paradigm which allows us to maintain
 our code as the combination of different type of objects that incorporates both data and
behavior.
 Portable: Java supports read-once-write-anywhere approach. We can execute the Java
program on every machine. Java program (.java) is converted to bytecode (.class) which
can be easily run on every machine.
 Platform Independent: Java is a platform independent programming language. It is
different from other programming languages like C and C++ which needs a platform to be
executed. Java comes with its platform on which its code is executed. Java doesn't depend
upon the operating system to be executed.
 Secured: Java is secured because it doesn't use explicit pointers. Java also provides the
concept of ByteCode and Exception handling which makes it more secured.
 Robust: Java is a strong programming language as it uses strong memory management.
The concepts like Automatic garbage collection, Exception handling, etc. make it more
robust.
 Architecture Neutral: Java is architectural neutral as it is not dependent on the
architecture. In C, the size of data types may vary according to the architecture (32 bit or
64 bit) which doesn't exist in Java.
 Interpreted: Java uses the Just-in-time (JIT) interpreter along with the compiler for the
program execution.
 High Performance: Java is faster than other traditional interpreted programming
languages because Java bytecode is "close" to native code. It is still a little bit slower than
a compiled language (e.g., C++).
 Multithreaded: We can write Java programs that deal with many tasks at once by
defining multiple threads. The main advantage of multi-threading is that it doesn't occupy
memory for each thread. It shares a common memory area. Threads are important for
multi-media, Web applications, etc.
 Distributed: Java is distributed because it facilitates users to create distributed
applications in Java. RMI and EJB are used for creating distributed applications. This
feature of Java makes us able to access files by calling the methods from any machine on
the internet.
 Dynamic: Java is a dynamic language. It supports dynamic loading of classes. It means
classes are loaded on demand. It also supports functions from its native languages, i.e., C
and C++.

4) What do you understand by Java virtual machine?

Java Virtual Machine is a virtual machine that enables the computer to run the Java program.
JVM acts like a run-time engine which calls the main method present in the Java code. JVM is
the specification which must be implemented in the computer system. The Java code is compiled
by JVM to be a Bytecode which is machine independent and close to the native code.
5) What is the difference between JDK, JRE, and JVM?

JVM

JVM is an acronym for Java Virtual Machine; it is an abstract machine which provides the
runtime environment in which Java bytecode can be executed. It is a specification which specifies
the working of Java Virtual Machine. Its implementation has been provided by Oracle and other
companies. Its implementation is known as JRE.

JVMs are available for many hardware and software platforms (so JVM is platform dependent). It
is a runtime instance which is created when we run the Java class. There are three notions of the
JVM: specification, implementation, and instance.

JRE

JRE stands for Java Runtime Environment. It is the implementation of JVM. The Java Runtime
Environment is a set of software tools which are used for developing Java applications. It is used
to provide the runtime environment. It is the implementation of JVM. It physically exists. It
contains a set of libraries + other files that JVM uses at runtime.

JDK

JDK is an acronym for Java Development Kit. It is a software development environment which is
used to develop Java applications and applets. It physically exists. It contains JRE + development
tools. JDK is an implementation of any one of the below given Java Platforms released by Oracle
Corporation:

 Standard Edition Java Platform

 Enterprise Edition Java Platform
 Micro Edition Java Platform

6) How many types of memory areas are allocated by JVM?

Many types:

1. Class(Method) Area: Class Area stores per-class structures such as the runtime constant
pool, field, method data, and the code for methods.
2. Heap: It is the runtime data area in which the memory is allocated to the objects
3. Stack: Java Stack stores frames. It holds local variables and partial results, and plays a
part in method invocation and return. Each thread has a private JVM stack, created at the
same time as the thread. A new frame is created each time a method is invoked. A frame
is destroyed when its method invocation completes.
4. Program Counter Register: PC (program counter) register contains the address of the
 Java virtual machine instruction currently being executed.
5. Native Method Stack: It contains all the native methods used in the application.

7) What is JIT compiler?

Just-In-Time(JIT) compiler: It is used to improve the performance. JIT compiles parts of the
bytecode that have similar functionality at the same time, and hence reduces the amount of time
needed for compilation. Here the term “compiler” refers to a translator from the instruction set of
a Java virtual machine (JVM) to the instruction set of a specific CPU.

8) What is the platform?

A platform is the hardware or software environment in which a piece of software is executed.

There are two types of platforms, software-based and hardware-based. Java provides the
software-based platform.

9) What are the main differences between the Java platform and other platforms?

There are the following differences between the Java platform and other platforms.

 Java is the software-based platform whereas other platforms may be the hardware
platforms or software-based platforms.
 Java is executed on the top of other hardware platforms whereas other platforms can only
have the hardware components.

10) What gives Java its 'write once and run anywhere' nature?

The bytecode. Java compiler converts the Java programs into the class file (Byte Code) which is
the intermediate language between source code and machine code. This bytecode is not platform
specific and can be executed on any computer.

11) What is classloader?

Classloader is a subsystem of JVM which is used to load class files. Whenever we run the java
program, it is loaded first by the classloader. There are three built-in classloaders in Java.
 1. Bootstrap ClassLoader: This is the first classloader which is the superclass of Extension
classloader. It loads the rt.jar file which contains all class files of Java Standard Edition
like java.lang package classes, java.net package classes, java.util package classes, java.io
package classes, java.sql package classes, etc.
2. Extension ClassLoader: This is the child classloader of Bootstrap and parent classloader
of System classloader. It loads the jar files located inside $JAVA_HOME/jre/lib/ext
directory.
3. System/Application ClassLoader: This is the child classloader of Extension classloader.
It loads the class files from the classpath. By default, the classpath is set to the current
directory. You can change the classpath using "-cp" or "-classpath" switch. It is also
known as Application classloader.

12) Is Empty .java file name a valid source file name?

Yes, Java allows to save our java file by .java only, we need to compile it by javac .java and run
by java classname Let's take a simple example:

1. //save by .java only

2. class A{
3. public static void main(String args[]){
4. System.out.println("Hello java");
5. }
6. }
7. //compile by javac .java
8. //run by java A

compile it by javac .java

run it by java A

13) Is delete, next, main, exit or null keyword in java?

No.

14) If I don't provide any arguments on the command line, then what will the value stored
in the String array passed into the main() method, empty or NULL?

It is empty, but not null.

15) What if I write static public void instead of public static void?

The program compiles and runs correctly because the order of specifiers doesn't matter in Java.

16) What is the default value of the local variables?

The local variables are not initialized to any default value, neither primitives nor object
references.

17) What are the various access specifiers in Java?

In Java, access specifiers are the keywords which are used to define the access scope of the
method, class, or a variable. In Java, there are four access specifiers given below.

 Public The classes, methods, or variables which are defined as public, can be accessed by
any class or method.
 Protected Protected can be accessed by the class of the same package, or by the sub-class
of this class, or within the same class.
 Default Default are accessible within the package only. By default, all the classes,
methods, and variables are of default scope.
 Private The private class, methods, or variables defined as private can be accessed within
the class only.

18) What is the purpose of static methods and variables?

The methods or variables defined as static are shared among all the objects of the class. The static
is the part of the class and not of the object. The static variables are stored in the class area, and
we do not need to create the object to access such variables. Therefore, static is used in the case,
where we need to define variables or methods which are common to all the objects of the class.

For example, In the class simulating the collection of the students in a college, the name of the
college is the common attribute to all the students. Therefore, the college name will be defined as
static.

19) What are the advantages of Packages in Java?

There are various advantages of defining packages in Java.

 Packages avoid the name clashes.

 The Package provides easier access control.
 We can also have the hidden classes that are not visible outside and used by the package.
 It is easier to locate the related classes.

20) What is the output of the following Java program?

1. class Test
2. {
3. public static void main (String args[])
4. {
5. System.out.println(10 + 20 + "Javatpoint");
6. System.out.println("Javatpoint" + 10 + 20);
7. }
8. }

The output of the above code will be

30Javatpoint
Javatpoint1020

Explanation

In the first case, 10 and 20 are treated as numbers and added to be 30. Now, their sum 30 is
treated as the string and concatenated with the string Javatpoint. Therefore, the output will be
30Javatpoint.

In the second case, the string Javatpoint is concatenated with 10 to be the string Javatpoint10
which will then be concatenated with 20 to be Javatpoint1020.

21) What is the output of the following Java program?

1. class Test
2. {
3. public static void main (String args[])
4. {
5. System.out.println(10 * 20 + "Javatpoint");
6. System.out.println("Javatpoint" + 10 * 20);
7. }
 8. }

The output of the above code will be

200Javatpoint
Javatpoint200

Explanation

In the first case, The numbers 10 and 20 will be multiplied first and then the result 200 is treated
as the string and concatenated with the string Javatpoint to produce the output 200Javatpoint.

In the second case, The numbers 10 and 20 will be multiplied first to be 200 because the
precedence of the multiplication is higher than addition. The result 200 will be treated as the
string and concatenated with the string Javatpointto produce the output as Javatpoint200.

22) What is the output of the following Java program?

1. class Test
2. {
3. public static void main (String args[])
4. {
5. for(int i=0; 0; i++)
6. {
7. System.out.println("Hello Javatpoint");
8. }
9. }
10. }

The above code will give the compile-time error because the for loop demands a boolean value in
the second part and we are providing an integer value, i.e., 0.

Core Java - OOPs Concepts: Initial OOPs Interview Questions

23) What is object-oriented paradigm?

It is a programming paradigm based on objects having data and methods defined in the class to
which it belongs. Object-oriented paradigm aims to incorporate the advantages of modularity and
reusability. Objects are the instances of classes which interacts with one another to design
applications and programs. There are the following features of the object-oriented paradigm.

 Follows the bottom-up approach in program design.

  Focus on data with methods to operate upon the object?s data
 Includes the concept like Encapsulation and abstraction which hides the complexities
from the user and show only functionality.
 Implements the real-time approach like inheritance, abstraction, etc.
 The examples of the object-oriented paradigm are C++, Simula, Smalltalk, Python, C#,
etc.

24) What is an object?

The Object is the real-time entity having some state and behavior. In Java, Object is an instance
of the class having the instance variables as the state of the object and the methods as the
behavior of the object. The object of a class can be created by using the new keyword.

25) What is the difference between an object-oriented programming language and object-
based programming language?

There are the following basic differences between the object-oriented language and object-based
language.

 Object-oriented languages follow all the concepts of OOPs whereas, the object-based
language doesn't follow all the concepts of OOPs like inheritance and polymorphism.
 Object-oriented languages do not have the inbuilt objects whereas Object-based languages
have the inbuilt objects, for example, JavaScript has window object.
 Examples of object-oriented programming are Java, C#, Smalltalk, etc. whereas the
examples of object-based languages are JavaScript, VBScript, etc.

26) What will be the initial value of an object reference which is defined as an instance
variable?

All object references are initialized to null in Java.

Core Java - OOPs Concepts: Constructor Interview Questions

27) What is the constructor?

The constructor can be defined as the special type of method that is used to initialize the state of
an object. It is invoked when the class is instantiated, and the memory is allocated for the object.
Every time, an object is created using the new keyword, the default constructor of the class is
called. The name of the constructor must be similar to the class name. The constructor must not
have an explicit return type.

28) How many types of constructors are used in Java?

Based on the parameters passed in the constructors, there are two types of constructors in Java.

 Default Constructor: default constructor is the one which does not accept any value. The
default constructor is mainly used to initialize the instance variable with the default
values. It can also be used for performing some useful task on object creation. A default
constructor is invoked implicitly by the compiler if there is no constructor defined in the
class.
 Parameterized Constructor: The parameterized constructor is the one which can
initialize the instance variables with the given values. In other words, we can say that the
constructors which can accept the arguments are called parameterized constructors.

29) What is the purpose of a default constructor?

The purpose of the default constructor is to assign the default value to the objects. The java
compiler creates a default constructor implicitly if there is no constructor in the class.

1. class Student3{
2. int id;
3. String name;
4.
5. void display(){System.out.println(id+" "+name);}
6.
7. public static void main(String args[]){
8. Student3 s1=new Student3();
9. Student3 s2=new Student3();
10. s1.display();
11. s2.display();
12. }
13. }

Output:

0 null
0 null
Explanation: In the above class, you are not creating any constructor, so compiler provides you a
default constructor. Here 0 and null values are provided by default constructor.

30) Does constructor return any value?

Ans: yes, The constructor implicitly returns the current instance of the class (You can't use an
explicit return type with the constructor).

31)Is constructor inherited?

No, The constructor is not inherited.

32) Can you make a constructor final?

No, the constructor can't be final.

33) Can we overload the constructors?

Yes, the constructors can be overloaded by changing the number of arguments accepted by the
constructor or by changing the data type of the parameters. Consider the following example.

1. class Test
2. {
3. int i;
 4. public Test(int k)
5. {
6. i=k;
7. }
8. public Test(int k, int m)
9. {
10. System.out.println("Hi I am assigning the value max(k, m) to i");
11. if(k>m)
12. {
13. i=k;
14. }
15. else
16. {
17. i=m;
18. }
19. }
20. }
21. public class Main
22. {
23. public static void main (String args[])
24. {
25. Test test1 = new Test(10);
26. Test test2 = new Test(12, 15);
27. System.out.println(test1.i);
28. System.out.println(test2.i);
29. }
30. }
31.

In the above program, The constructor Test is overloaded with another constructor. In the first
call to the constructor, The constructor with one argument is called, and i will be initialized with
the value 10. However, In the second call to the constructor, The constructor with the 2
arguments is called, and i will be initialized with the value 15.

34) What do you understand by copy constructor in Java?

There is no copy constructor in java. However, we can copy the values from one object to another
like copy constructor in C++.

There are many ways to copy the values of one object into another in java. They are:

 By constructor
 By assigning the values of one object into another
  By clone() method of Object class

In this example, we are going to copy the values of one object into another using java constructor.

1. //Java program to initialize the values from one object to another

2. class Student6{
3. int id;
4. String name;
5. //constructor to initialize integer and string
6. Student6(int i,String n){
7. id = i;
8. name = n;
9. }
10. //constructor to initialize another object
11. Student6(Student6 s){
12. id = s.id;
13. name =s.name;
14. }
15. void display(){System.out.println(id+" "+name);}
16.
17. public static void main(String args[]){
18. Student6 s1 = new Student6(111,"Karan");
19. Student6 s2 = new Student6(s1);
20. s1.display();
21. s2.display();
22. }
23. }

Output:

111 Karan
111 Karan

35) What are the differences between the constructors and methods?

There are many differences between constructors and methods. They are given below.

Java Constructor Java Method

A method is used to expose the
A constructor is used to initialize the state of an object.
behavior of an object.
A constructor must not have a return type. A method must have a return type.
The constructor is invoked implicitly. The method is invoked explicitly.
The Java compiler provides a default constructor if you The method is not provided by the
don't have any constructor in a class. compiler in any case.
The method name may or may not be
The constructor name must be same as the class name.
same as class name.

36) What is the output of the following Java program?

1. public class Test

2. {
3. Test(int a, int b)
4. {
5. System.out.println("a = "+a+" b = "+b);
 6. }
7. Test(int a, float b)
8. {
9. System.out.println("a = "+a+" b = "+b);
10. }
11. public static void main (String args[])
12. {
13. byte a = 10;
14. byte b = 15;
15. Test test = new Test(a,b);
16. }
17. }

The output of the following program is:

a = 10 b = 15

Here, the data type of the variables a and b, i.e., byte gets promoted to int, and the first
parameterized constructor with the two integer parameters is called.

37) What is the output of the following Java program?

1. class Test
2. {
3. int i;
4. }
5. public class Main
6. {
7. public static void main (String args[])
8. {
9. Test test = new Test();
10. System.out.println(test.i);
11. }
12. }

The output of the program is 0 because the variable i is initialized to 0 internally. As we know
that a default constructor is invoked implicitly if there is no constructor in the class, the variable i
is initialized to 0 since there is no constructor in the class.

38) What is the output of the following Java program?

1. class Test
 2. {
3. int test_a, test_b;
4. Test(int a, int b)
5. {
6. test_a = a;
7. test_b = b;
8. }
9. public static void main (String args[])
10. {
11. Test test = new Test();
12. System.out.println(test.test_a+" "+test.test_b);
13. }
14. }

There is a compiler error in the program because there is a call to the default constructor in the
main method which is not present in the class. However, there is only one parameterized
constructor in the class Test. Therefore, no default constructor is invoked by the constructor
implicitly.

Core Java - OOPs Concepts: static keyword Interview Questions

39) What is the static variable?

The static variable is used to refer to the common property of all objects (that is not unique for
each object), e.g., The company name of employees, college name of students, etc. Static variable
gets memory only once in the class area at the time of class loading. Using a static variable makes
your program more memory efficient (it saves memory). Static variable belongs to the class
rather than the object.

1. //Program of static variable

2.
3. class Student8{
4. int rollno;
5. String name;
6. static String college ="ITS";
7.
8. Student8(int r,String n){
9. rollno = r;
10. name = n;
11. }
12. void display (){System.out.println(rollno+" "+name+" "+college);}
13.
14. public static void main(String args[]){
15. Student8 s1 = new Student8(111,"Karan");
 16. Student8 s2 = new Student8(222,"Aryan");
17.
18. s1.display();
19. s2.display();
20. }
21. }

Output:111 Karan ITS

222 Aryan ITS

More Details.

40) What is the static method?

 A static method belongs to the class rather than the object.

 There is no need to create the object to call the static methods.
 A static method can access and change the value of the static variable.

41) What are the restrictions that are applied to the Java static methods?
Two main restrictions are applied to the static methods.

 The static method can not use non-static data member or call the non-static method
directly.
 this and super cannot be used in static context as they are non-static.

42) Why is the main method static?

Because the object is not required to call the static method. If we make the main method non-
static, JVM will have to create its object first and then call main() method which will lead to the
extra memory allocation.

43) Can we override the static methods?

No, we can't override static methods.

44) What is the static block?

Static block is used to initialize the static data member. It is executed before the main method, at
the time of classloading.

1. class A2{
2. static{System.out.println("static block is invoked");}
3. public static void main(String args[]){
4. System.out.println("Hello main");
5. }
6. }

Output: static block is invoked

Hello main

45) Can we execute a program without main() method?

Ans) Yes, one of the ways to execute the program without the main method is using static block.

46) What if the static modifier is removed from the signature of the main method?
Program compiles. However, at runtime, It throws an error "NoSuchMethodError."

47) What is the difference between static (class) method and instance method?

static or class method instance method

A method that is not declared as
1)A method that is declared as static is known as the static
static is known as the instance
method.
method.
2)We don't need to create the objects to call the static The object is required to call the
methods. instance methods.
3)Non-static (instance) members cannot be accessed in the Static and non-static variables both
static context (static method, static block, and static nested can be accessed in instance
class) directly. methods.
For example: public void msg()
4)For example: public static int cube(int n){ return n*n*n;}
{...}.

48) Can we make constructors static?

As we know that the static context (method, block, or variable) belongs to the class, not the
object. Since Constructors are invoked only when the object is created, there is no sense to make
the constructors static. However, if you try to do so, the compiler will show the compiler error.

49) Can we make the abstract methods static in Java?

In Java, if we make the abstract methods static, It will become the part of the class, and we can
directly call it which is unnecessary. Calling an undefined method is completely useless therefore
it is not allowed.

50) Can we declare the static variables and methods in an abstract class?

Yes, we can declare static variables and methods in an abstract method. As we know that there is
no requirement to make the object to access the static context, therefore, we can access the static
context declared inside the abstract class by using the name of the abstract class. Consider the
following example.
 1. abstract class Test
2. {
3. static int i = 102;
4. static void TestMethod()
5. {
6. System.out.println("hi !! I am good !!");
7. }
8. }
9. public class TestClass extends Test
10. {
11. public static void main (String args[])
12. {
13. Test.TestMethod();
14. System.out.println("i = "+Test.i);
15. }
16. }

Output

hi !! I am good !!
i = 102

Core Java - OOPs Concepts: Inheritance Interview Questions

51) What is this keyword in java?

The this keyword is a reference variable that refers to the current object. There are the various
uses of this keyword in Java. It can be used to refer to current class properties such as instance
methods, variable, constructors, etc. It can also be passed as an argument into the methods or
constructors. It can also be returned from the method as the current class instance.
52) What are the main uses of this keyword?

There are the following uses of this keyword.

 this can be used to refer to the current class instance variable.

 this can be used to invoke current class method (implicitly)
 this() can be used to invoke the current class constructor.
 this can be passed as an argument in the method call.

 this can be passed as an argument in the constructor call.
 this can be used to return the current class instance from the method.

53) Can we assign the reference to this variable?

No, this cannot be assigned to any value because it always points to the current class object and
this is the final reference in Java. However, if we try to do so, the compiler error will be shown.
Consider the following example.

1. public class Test

2. {
3. public Test()
4. {
5. this = null;
6. System.out.println("Test class constructor called");
7. }
8. public static void main (String args[])
9. {
10. Test t = new Test();
11. }
12. }

Output

Test.java:5: error: cannot assign a value to final variable this

this = null;
^
1 error

54) Can this keyword be used to refer static members?

Yes, It is possible to use this keyword to refer static members because this is just a reference
variable which refers to the current class object. However, as we know that, it is unnecessary to
access static variables through objects, therefore, it is not the best practice to use this to refer
static members. Consider the following example.

1. public class Test

2. {
3. static int i = 10;
4. public Test ()
5. {
6. System.out.println(this.i);
7. }
8. public static void main (String args[])
9. {
10. Test t = new Test();
11. }
12. }

Output

10

55) How can constructor chaining be done using this keyword?

Constructor chaining enables us to call one constructor from another constructor of the class with
respect to the current class object. We can use this keyword to perform constructor chaining
within the same class. Consider the following example which illustrates how can we use this
keyword to achieve constructor chaining.

1. public class Employee

2. {
3. int id,age;
4. String name, address;
5. public Employee (int age)
6. {
7. this.age = age;
8. }
9. public Employee(int id, int age)
10. {
11. this(age);
12. this.id = id;
13. }
14. public Employee(int id, int age, String name, String address)
15. {
16. this(id, age);
17. this.name = name;
 18. this.address = address;
19. }
20. public static void main (String args[])
21. {
22. Employee emp = new Employee(105, 22, "Vikas", "Delhi");
23. System.out.println("ID: "+emp.id+" Name:"+emp.name+" age:"+emp.age+" address:
"+emp.address);
24. }
25.
26. }

Output

ID: 105 Name:Vikas age:22 address: Delhi

56) What are the advantages of passing this into a method instead of the current class object
itself?

As we know, that this refers to the current class object, therefore, it must be similar to the current
class object. However, there can be two main advantages of passing this into a method instead of
the current class object.

 this is a final variable. Therefore, this cannot be assigned to any new value whereas the
current class object might not be final and can be changed.
 this can be used in the synchronized block.

57) What is the Inheritance?

Inheritance is a mechanism by which one object acquires all the properties and behavior of
another object of another class. It is used for Code Reusability and Method Overriding. The idea
behind inheritance in Java is that you can create new classes that are built upon existing classes.
When you inherit from an existing class, you can reuse methods and fields of the parent class.
Moreover, you can add new methods and fields in your current class also. Inheritance represents
the IS-A relationship which is also known as a parent-child relationship.

There are five types of inheritance in Java.

 Single-level inheritance
 Multi-level inheritance
 Multiple Inheritance
 Hierarchical Inheritance
 Hybrid Inheritance
Multiple inheritance is not supported in Java through class.

58) Why is Inheritance used in Java?

There are various advantages of using inheritance in Java that is given below.

 Inheritance provides code reusability. The derived class does not need to redefine the
method of base class unless it needs to provide the specific implementation of the method.
 Runtime polymorphism cannot be achieved without using inheritance.
 We can simulate the inheritance of classes with the real-time objects which makes OOPs
more realistic.
 Inheritance provides data hiding. The base class can hide some data from the derived class
by making it private.
 Method overriding cannot be achieved without inheritance. By method overriding, we can
give a specific implementation of some basic method contained by the base class.

59) Which class is the superclass for all the classes?

The object class is the superclass of all other classes in Java.

60) Why is multiple inheritance not supported in java?

To reduce the complexity and simplify the language, multiple inheritance is not supported in java.
Consider a scenario where A, B, and C are three classes. The C class inherits A and B classes. If
A and B classes have the same method and you call it from child class object, there will be
ambiguity to call the method of A or B class.

Since the compile-time errors are better than runtime errors, Java renders compile-time error if
you inherit 2 classes. So whether you have the same method or different, there will be a compile
time error.

1. class A{
2. void msg(){System.out.println("Hello");}
3. }
4. class B{
5. void msg(){System.out.println("Welcome");}
6. }
7. class C extends A,B{//suppose if it were
8.
 9. Public Static void main(String args[]){
10. C obj=new C();
11. obj.msg();//Now which msg() method would be invoked?
12. }
13. }

Compile Time Error

61) What is aggregation?

Aggregation can be defined as the relationship between two classes where the aggregate class
contains a reference to the class it owns. Aggregation is best described as a has-a relationship.
For example, The aggregate class Employee having various fields such as age, name, and salary
also contains an object of Address class having various fields such as Address-Line 1, City, State,
and pin-code. In other words, we can say that Employee (class) has an object of Address class.
Consider the following example.

Address.java

1. public class Address {

2. String city,state,country;
3.
4. public Address(String city, String state, String country) {
5. this.city = city;
6. this.state = state;
7. this.country = country;
8. }
9.
10. }

Employee.java

1. public class Emp {

2. int id;
3. String name;
4. Address address;
5.
6. public Emp(int id, String name,Address address) {
7. this.id = id;
8. this.name = name;
9. this.address=address;
10. }
11.
12. void display(){
13. System.out.println(id+" "+name);
 14. System.out.println(address.city+" "+address.state+" "+address.country);
15. }
16.
17. public static void main(String[] args) {
18. Address address1=new Address("gzb","UP","india");
19. Address address2=new Address("gno","UP","india");
20.
21. Emp e=new Emp(111,"varun",address1);
22. Emp e2=new Emp(112,"arun",address2);
23.
24. e.display();
25. e2.display();
26.
27. }
28. }

Output

111 varun
gzb UP india
112 arun
gno UP india

62) What is composition?

Holding the reference of a class within some other class is known as composition. When an
object contains the other object, if the contained object cannot exist without the existence of
container object, then it is called composition. In other words, we can say that composition is the
particular case of aggregation which represents a stronger relationship between two objects.
Example: A class contains students. A student cannot exist without a class. There exists
composition between class and students.

63) What is the difference between aggregation and composition?

Aggregation represents the weak relationship whereas composition represents the strong
relationship. For example, the bike has an indicator (aggregation), but the bike has an engine
(composition).

64) Why does Java not support pointers?

The pointer is a variable that refers to the memory address. They are not used in Java because
they are unsafe(unsecured) and complex to understand.

65) What is super in java?

The super keyword in Java is a reference variable that is used to refer to the immediate parent
class object. Whenever you create the instance of the subclass, an instance of the parent class is
created implicitly which is referred by super reference variable. The super() is called in the class
constructor implicitly by the compiler if there is no super or this.

1. class Animal{
2. Animal(){System.out.println("animal is created");}
3. }
4. class Dog extends Animal{
5. Dog(){
6. System.out.println("dog is created");
7. }
8. }
9. class TestSuper4{
10. public static void main(String args[]){
11. Dog d=new Dog();
12. }
13. }

Output:

animal is created
dog is created

66) How can constructor chaining be done by using the super keyword?

1. class Person
2. {
3. String name,address;
4. int age;
5. public Person(int age, String name, String address)
6. {
7. this.age = age;
8. this.name = name;
9. this.address = address;
10. }
11. }
12. class Employee extends Person
 13. {
14. float salary;
15. public Employee(int age, String name, String address, float salary)
16. {
17. super(age,name,address);
18. this.salary = salary;
19. }
20. }
21. public class Test
22. {
23. public static void main (String args[])
24. {
25. Employee e = new Employee(22, "Mukesh", "Delhi", 90000);
26. System.out.println("Name: "+e.name+" Salary: "+e.salary+" Age: "+e.age+" Address
: "+e.address);
27. }
28. }

Output

Name: Mukesh Salary: 90000.0 Age: 22 Address: Delhi

67) What are the main uses of the super keyword?

There are the following uses of super keyword.

 super can be used to refer to the immediate parent class instance variable.
 super can be used to invoke the immediate parent class method.
 super() can be used to invoke immediate parent class constructor.

68) What are the differences between this and super keyword?

There are the following differences between this and super keyword.

 The super keyword always points to the parent class contexts whereas this keyword
always points to the current class context.
 The super keyword is primarily used for initializing the base class variables within the
derived class constructor whereas this keyword primarily used to differentiate between
local and instance variables when passed in the class constructor.
 The super and this must be the first statement inside constructor otherwise the compiler
will throw an error.
69) What is the output of the following Java program?

1. class Person
2. {
3. public Person()
4. {
5. System.out.println("Person class constructor called");
6. }
7. }
8. public class Employee extends Person
9. {
10. public Employee()
11. {
12. System.out.println("Employee class constructor called");
13. }
14. public static void main (String args[])
15. {
16. Employee e = new Employee();
17. }
18. }

Output

Person class constructor called

Employee class constructor called

Explanation

The super() is implicitly invoked by the compiler if no super() or this() is included explicitly
within the derived class constructor. Therefore, in this case, The Person class constructor is called
first and then the Employee class constructor is called.

70) Can you use this() and super() both in a constructor?

No, because this() and super() must be the first statement in the class constructor.

Example:

1. public class Test{

2. Test()
3. {
4. super();
5. this();
 6. System.out.println("Test class object is created");
7. }
8. public static void main(String []args){
9. Test t = new Test();
10. }
11. }

Output:

Test.java:5: error: call to this must be first statement in constructor

71)What is object cloning?

The object cloning is used to create the exact copy of an object. The clone() method of the Object
class is used to clone an object. The java.lang.Cloneable interface must be implemented by the
class whose object clone we want to create. If we don't implement Cloneable interface, clone()
method generates CloneNotSupportedException.

1. protected Object clone() throws CloneNotSupportedException

Core Java - OOPs Concepts: Method Overloading Interview Questions

72) What is method overloading?

Method overloading is the polymorphism technique which allows us to create multiple methods
with the same name but different signature. We can achieve method overloading in two ways.

 Changing the number of arguments

 Changing the return type

Method overloading increases the readability of the program. Method overloading is performed to
figure out the program quickly.

73) Why is method overloading not possible by changing the return type in java?

In Java, method overloading is not possible by changing the return type of the program due to
avoid the ambiguity.

1. class Adder{
2. static int add(int a,int b){return a+b;}
3. static double add(int a,int b){return a+b;}
 4. }
5. class TestOverloading3{
6. public static void main(String[] args){
7. System.out.println(Adder.add(11,11));//ambiguity
8. }}

Output:

Compile Time Error: method add(int, int) is already defined in class Adder

74) Can we overload the methods by making them static?

No, We cannot overload the methods by just applying the static keyword to them(number of
parameters and types are the same). Consider the following example.

1. public class Animal

2. {
3. void consume(int a)
4. {
5. System.out.println(a+" consumed!!");
6. }
7. static void consume(int a)
8. {
9. System.out.println("consumed static "+a);
10. }
11. public static void main (String args[])
12. {
13. Animal a = new Animal();
14. a.consume(10);
15. Animal.consume(20);
16. }
17. }

Output

Animal.java:7: error: method consume(int) is already defined in class Animal

static void consume(int a)
^
Animal.java:15: error: non-static method consume(int) cannot be referenced from a static context
Animal.consume(20);
^
2 errors

75) Can we overload the main() method?

Yes, we can have any number of main methods in a Java program by using method overloading.

76) What is method overloading with type promotion?

By Type promotion is method overloading, we mean that one data type can be promoted to
another implicitly if no exact matching is found.

As displayed in the above diagram, the byte can be promoted to short, int, long, float or double.
The short datatype can be promoted to int, long, float or double. The char datatype can be
promoted to int, long, float or double and so on. Consider the following example.

1. class OverloadingCalculation1{
2. void sum(int a,long b){System.out.println(a+b);}
3. void sum(int a,int b,int c){System.out.println(a+b+c);}
4.
5. public static void main(String args[]){
6. OverloadingCalculation1 obj=new OverloadingCalculation1();
7. obj.sum(20,20);//now second int literal will be promoted to long
 8. obj.sum(20,20,20);
9. }
10. }

Output

40
60

77) What is the output of the following Java program?

1. class OverloadingCalculation3{
2. void sum(int a,long b){System.out.println("a method invoked");}
3. void sum(long a,int b){System.out.println("b method invoked");}
4.
5. public static void main(String args[]){
6. OverloadingCalculation3 obj=new OverloadingCalculation3();
7. obj.sum(20,20);//now ambiguity
8. }
9. }

Output

OverloadingCalculation3.java:7: error: reference to sum is ambiguous

obj.sum(20,20);//now ambiguity
^
both method sum(int,long) in OverloadingCalculation3
and method sum(long,int) in OverloadingCalculation3 match
1 error

Explanation

There are two methods defined with the same name, i.e., sum. The first method accepts the
integer and long type whereas the second method accepts long and the integer type. The
parameter passed that are a = 20, b = 20. We can not tell that which method will be called as there
is no clear differentiation mentioned between integer literal and long literal. This is the case of
ambiguity. Therefore, the compiler will throw an error.

Core Java - OOPs Concepts: Method Overriding Interview Questions

78) What is method overriding:

If a subclass provides a specific implementation of a method that is already provided by its parent
class, it is known as Method Overriding. It is used for runtime polymorphism and to implement
the interface methods.

Rules for Method overriding

 The method must have the same name as in the parent class.
 The method must have the same signature as in the parent class.
 Two classes must have an IS-A relationship between them.

79) Can we override the static method?

No, you can't override the static method because they are the part of the class, not the object.

80) Why can we not override static method?

It is because the static method is the part of the class, and it is bound with class whereas instance
method is bound with the object, and static gets memory in class area, and instance gets memory
in a heap.

81) Can we override the overloaded method?

Yes.

82) Difference between method Overloading and Overriding.

Method Overloading Method Overriding

1) Method overloading increases the Method overriding provides the specific implementation of
readability of the program. the method that is already provided by its superclass.
2) Method overloading occurs Method overriding occurs in two classes that have IS-A
within the class. relationship between them.
3) In this case, the parameters must
In this case, the parameters must be the same.
be different.
83) Can we override the private methods?

No, we cannot override the private methods because the scope of private methods is limited to the
class and we cannot access them outside of the class.

84) Can we change the scope of the overridden method in the subclass?

Yes, we can change the scope of the overridden method in the subclass. However, we must notice
that we cannot decrease the accessibility of the method. The following point must be taken care
of while changing the accessibility of the method.

 The private can be changed to protected, public, or default.

 The protected can be changed to public or default.
 The default can be changed to public.
 The public will always remain public.

85) Can we modify the throws clause of the superclass method while overriding it in the
subclass?

Yes, we can modify the throws clause of the superclass method while overriding it in the
subclass. However, there are some rules which are to be followed while overriding in case of
exception handling.

 If the superclass method does not declare an exception, subclass overridden method
cannot declare the checked exception, but it can declare the unchecked exception.
 If the superclass method declares an exception, subclass overridden method can declare
same, subclass exception or no exception but cannot declare parent exception.

86) What is the output of the following Java program?

1. class Base
2. {
3. void method(int a)
4. {
5. System.out.println("Base class method called with integer a = "+a);
6. }
7.
8. void method(double d)
9. {
 10. System.out.println("Base class method called with double d ="+d);
11. }
12. }
13.
14. class Derived extends Base
15. {
16. @Override
17. void method(double d)
18. {
19. System.out.println("Derived class method called with double d ="+d);
20. }
21. }
22.
23. public class Main
24. {
25. public static void main(String[] args)
26. {
27. new Derived().method(10);
28. }
29. }

Output

Base class method called with integer a = 10

Explanation

The method() is overloaded in class Base whereas it is derived in class Derived with the double
type as the parameter. In the method call, the integer is passed.

87) Can you have virtual functions in Java?

Yes, all functions in Java are virtual by default.

88) What is covariant return type?

Now, since java5, it is possible to override any method by changing the return type if the return
type of the subclass overriding method is subclass type. It is known as covariant return type. The
covariant return type specifies that the return type may vary in the same direction as the subclass.

1. class A{
2. A get(){return this;}
3. }
4.
 5. class B1 extends A{
6. B1 get(){return this;}
7. void message(){System.out.println("welcome to covariant return type");}
8.
9. public static void main(String args[]){
10. new B1().get().message();
11. }
12. }

Output: welcome to covariant return type

89) What is the output of the following Java program?

1. class Base
2. {
3. public void baseMethod()
4. {
5. System.out.println("BaseMethod called ...");
6. }
7. }
8. class Derived extends Base
9. {
10. public void baseMethod()
11. {
12. System.out.println("Derived method called ...");
13. }
14. }
15. public class Test
16. {
17. public static void main (String args[])
18. {
19. Base b = new Derived();
20. b.baseMethod();
21. }
22. }

Output

Derived method called ...

Explanation

The method of Base class, i.e., baseMethod() is overridden in Derived class. In Test class, the
reference variable b (of type Base class) refers to the instance of the Derived class. Here, Runtime
polymorphism is achieved between class Base and Derived. At compile time, the presence of
method baseMethod checked in Base class, If it presence then the program compiled otherwise
the compiler error will be shown. In this case, baseMethod is present in Base class; therefore, it is
compiled successfully. However, at runtime, It checks whether the baseMethod has been
overridden by Derived class, if so then the Derived class method is called otherwise Base class
method is called. In this case, the Derived class overrides the baseMethod; therefore, the Derived
class method is called.

Core Java - OOPs Concepts: final keyword Interview Questions

90) What is the final variable?

In Java, the final variable is used to restrict the user from updating it. If we initialize the final
variable, we can't change its value. In other words, we can say that the final variable once
assigned to a value, can never be changed after that. The final variable which is not assigned to
any value can only be assigned through the class constructor.

1. class Bike9{
2. final int speedlimit=90;//final variable
3. void run(){
4. speedlimit=400;
5. }
6. public static void main(String args[]){
7. Bike9 obj=new Bike9();
8. obj.run();
9. }
 10. }//end of class

Output:Compile Time Error

91) What is the final method?

If we change any method to a final method, we can't override it.

1. class Bike{
2. final void run(){System.out.println("running");}
3. }
4.
5. class Honda extends Bike{
6. void run(){System.out.println("running safely with 100kmph");}
7.
8. public static void main(String args[]){
9. Honda honda= new Honda();
10. honda.run();
11. }
12. }

Output:Compile Time Error

92) What is the final class?

If we make any class final, we can't inherit it into any of the subclasses.

1. final class Bike{}

2.
3. class Honda1 extends Bike{
4. void run(){System.out.println("running safely with 100kmph");}
5.
6. public static void main(String args[]){
7. Honda1 honda= new Honda1();
8. honda.run();
9. }
10. }

Output:Compile Time Error

93) What is the final blank variable?

A final variable, not initialized at the time of declaration, is known as the final blank variable. We
can't initialize the final blank variable directly. Instead, we have to initialize it by using the class
constructor. It is useful in the case when the user has some data which must not be changed by
others, for example, PAN Number. Consider the following example:

1. class Student{
2. int id;
3. String name;
4. final String PAN_CARD_NUMBER;
5. ...
6. }

94) Can we initialize the final blank variable?

Yes, if it is not static, we can initialize it in the constructor. If it is static blank final variable, it
can be initialized only in the static block.

95) Can you declare the main method as final?

Yes, We can declare the main method as public static final void main(String[] args){}.

96) What is the output of the following Java program?

1. class Main {
2. public static void main(String args[]){
3. final int i;
4. i = 20;
5. System.out.println(i);
6. }
7. }

Output

20

Explanation

Since i is the blank final variable. It can be initialized only once. We have initialized it to 20.
Therefore, 20 will be printed.
97) What is the output of the following Java program?

1. class Base
2. {
3. protected final void getInfo()
4. {
5. System.out.println("method of Base class");
6. }
7. }
8.
9. public class Derived extends Base
10. {
11. protected final void getInfo()
12. {
13. System.out.println("method of Derived class");
14. }
15. public static void main(String[] args)
16. {
17. Base obj = new Base();
18. obj.getInfo();
19. }
20. }

Output

Derived.java:11: error: getInfo() in Derived cannot override getInfo() in Base

protected final void getInfo()
^
overridden method is final
1 error

Explanation

The getDetails() method is final; therefore it can not be overridden in the subclass.

98) Can we declare a constructor as final?

The constructor can never be declared as final because it is never inherited. Constructors are not
ordinary methods; therefore, there is no sense to declare constructors as final. However, if you try
to do so, The compiler will throw an error.
99) Can we declare an interface as final?

No, we cannot declare an interface as final because the interface must be implemented by some
class to provide its definition. Therefore, there is no sense to make an interface final. However, if
you try to do so, the compiler will show an error.

100) What is the difference between the final method and abstract method?

The main difference between the final method and abstract method is that the abstract method
cannot be final as we need to override them in the subclass to give its definition.

101) What is the difference between compile-time polymorphism and runtime

polymorphism?

There are the following differences between compile-time polymorphism and runtime
polymorphism.

SN compile-time polymorphism Runtime polymorphism

In compile-time polymorphism, call
In runtime polymorphism, call to an overridden
1 to a method is resolved at compile-
method is resolved at runtime.
time.
It is also known as static binding, It is also known as dynamic binding, late binding,
2
early binding, or overloading. overriding, or dynamic method dispatch.
Overriding is a way to achieve runtime
Overloading is a way to achieve
polymorphism in which, we can redefine some
compile-time polymorphism in
particular method or variable in the derived class. By
3 which, we can define multiple
using overriding, we can give some specific
methods or constructors with
implementation to the base class properties in the
different signatures.
derived class.
It provides fast execution because It provides slower execution as compare to compile-
4 the type of an object is determined time because the type of an object is determined at
at compile-time. run-time.
Compile-time polymorphism
provides less flexibility because all Run-time polymorphism provides more flexibility
5
the things are resolved at compile- because all the things are resolved at runtime.
time.
102) What is Runtime Polymorphism?

Runtime polymorphism or dynamic method dispatch is a process in which a call to an

overridden method is resolved at runtime rather than at compile-time. In this process, an
overridden method is called through the reference variable of a superclass. The determination
of the method to be called is based on the object being referred to by the reference variable.

1. class Bike{
2. void run(){System.out.println("running");}
3. }
4. class Splendor extends Bike{
5. void run(){System.out.println("running safely with 60km");}
6. public static void main(String args[]){
7. Bike b = new Splendor();//upcasting
8. b.run();
9. }
10. }

Output:

running safely with 60km.

In this process, an overridden method is called through the reference variable of a superclass.
The determination of the method to be called is based on the object being referred to by the
reference variable.

103) Can you achieve Runtime Polymorphism by data members?

No, because method overriding is used to achieve runtime polymorphism and data members
cannot be overridden. We can override the member functions but not the data members.
Consider the example given below.

1. class Bike{
2. int speedlimit=90;
3. }
4. class Honda3 extends Bike{
5. int speedlimit=150;
6. public static void main(String args[]){
7. Bike obj=new Honda3();
8. System.out.println(obj.speedlimit);//90
9. }
Output:

90

104) What is the difference between static binding and dynamic binding?

In case of the static binding, the type of the object is determined at compile-time whereas, in
the dynamic binding, the type of the object is determined at runtime.

Static Binding

1. class Dog{
2. private void eat(){System.out.println("dog is eating...");}
3.
4. public static void main(String args[]){
5. Dog d1=new Dog();
6. d1.eat();
7. }
8. }

Dynamic Binding

1. class Animal{
2. void eat(){System.out.println("animal is eating...");}
3. }
4.
5. class Dog extends Animal{
6. void eat(){System.out.println("dog is eating...");}
7.
8. public static void main(String args[]){
9. Animal a=new Dog();
10. a.eat();
11. }
12. }

105) What is the output of the following Java program?

1. class BaseTest
2. {
3. void print()
4. {
5. System.out.println("BaseTest:print() called");
 6. }
7. }
8. public class Test extends BaseTest
9. {
10. void print()
11. {
12. System.out.println("Test:print() called");
13. }
14. public static void main (String args[])
15. {
16. BaseTest b = new Test();
17. b.print();
18. }
19. }

Output

Test:print() called

Explanation

It is an example of Dynamic method dispatch. The type of reference variable b is determined

at runtime. At compile-time, it is checked whether that method is present in the Base class. In
this case, it is overridden in the child class, therefore, at runtime the derived class method is
called.

106) What is Java instanceOf operator?

The instanceof in Java is also known as type comparison operator because it compares the
instance with type. It returns either true or false. If we apply the instanceof operator with any
variable that has a null value, it returns false. Consider the following example.

1. class Simple1{
2. public static void main(String args[]){
3. Simple1 s=new Simple1();
4. System.out.println(s instanceof Simple1);//true
5. }
6. }

Output

true
An object of subclass type is also a type of parent class. For example, if Dog extends Animal
then object of Dog can be referred by either Dog or Animal class.

Core Java - OOPs Concepts: Abstraction Interview Questions

107) What is the abstraction?

Abstraction is a process of hiding the implementation details and showing only functionality
to the user. It displays just the essential things to the user and hides the internal information,
for example, sending SMS where you type the text and send the message. You don't know the
internal processing about the message delivery. Abstraction enables you to focus on what the
object does instead of how it does it. Abstraction lets you focus on what the object does
instead of how it does it.

In Java, there are two ways to achieve the abstraction.

 Abstract Class
 Interface

108) What is the difference between abstraction and encapsulation?

Abstraction hides the implementation details whereas encapsulation wraps code and data into
a single unit.

109) What is the abstract class?

A class that is declared as abstract is known as an abstract class. It needs to be extended and
its method implemented. It cannot be instantiated. It can have abstract methods, non-abstract
methods, constructors, and static methods. It can also have the final methods which will force
the subclass not to change the body of the method. Consider the following example.

1. abstract class Bike{

2. abstract void run();
3. }
4. class Honda4 extends Bike{
5. void run(){System.out.println("running safely");}
6. public static void main(String args[]){
7. Bike obj = new Honda4();
8. obj.run();
 9. }
10. }

Output

running safely

110) Can there be an abstract method without an abstract class?

No, if there is an abstract method in a class, that class must be abstract.

111) Is the following program written correctly? If yes then what will be the output of
the program?

1. abstract class Calculate

2. {
3. abstract int multiply(int a, int b);
4. }
5.
6. public class Main
7. {
8. public static void main(String[] args)
9. {
10. int result = new Calculate()
11. {
12. @Override
13. int multiply(int a, int b)
14. {
15. return a*b;
16. }
17. }.multiply(12,32);
18. System.out.println("result = "+result);
19. }
20. }

Yes, the program is written correctly. The Main class provides the definition of abstract
method multiply declared in abstract class Calculation. The output of the program will be:

Output

384
112) Can you use abstract and final both with a method?

No, because we need to override the abstract method to provide its implementation, whereas
we can't override the final method.

113) Is it possible to instantiate the abstract class?

No, the abstract class can never be instantiated even if it contains a constructor and all of its
methods are implemented.

114) What is the interface?

The interface is a blueprint for a class that has static constants and abstract methods. It can be
used to achieve full abstraction and multiple inheritance. It is a mechanism to achieve
abstraction. There can be only abstract methods in the Java interface, not method body. It is
used to achieve abstraction and multiple inheritance in Java. In other words, you can say that
interfaces can have abstract methods and variables. Java Interface also represents the IS-A
relationship. It cannot be instantiated just like the abstract class. However, we need to
implement it to define its methods. Since Java 8, we can have the default, static, and private
methods in an interface.

115) Can you declare an interface method static?

No, because methods of an interface are abstract by default, and we can not use static and
abstract together.

116) Can the Interface be final?

No, because an interface needs to be implemented by the other class and if it is final, it can't
be implemented by any class.

117) What is a marker interface?

A Marker interface can be defined as the interface which has no data member and member
functions. For example, Serializable, Cloneable are marker interfaces. The marker interface
can be declared as follows.

1. public interface Serializable{

2. }

118) What are the differences between abstract class and interface?

Abstract class Interface

An abstract class can have a method body (non-
The interface has only abstract methods.
abstract methods).
An interface cannot have instance
An abstract class can have instance variables.
variables.
An abstract class can have the constructor. The interface cannot have the constructor.
An abstract class can have static methods. The interface cannot have static methods.
You can extend one abstract class. You can implement multiple interfaces.
The abstract class can provide the The Interface can't provide the
implementation of the interface. implementation of the abstract class.
The abstract keyword is used to declare an The interface keyword is used to declare
abstract class. an interface.
An abstract class can extend another Java class An interface can extend another Java
and implement multiple Java interfaces. interface only.
An abstract class can be extended using keyword An interface class can be implemented
extends using keyword implements
A Java abstract class can have class members Members of a Java interface are public by
like private, protected, etc. default.
Example: Example:
public abstract class Shape{ public interface Drawable{
public abstract void draw(); void draw();
} }

119) Can we define private and protected modifiers for the members in interfaces?

No, they are implicitly public.

120) When can an object reference be cast to an interface reference?

An object reference can be cast to an interface reference when the object implements the
referenced interface.

121) How to make a read-only class in Java?

A class can be made read-only by making all of the fields private. The read-only class will
have only getter methods which return the private property of the class to the main method.
We cannot modify this property because there is no setter method available in the class.
Consider the following example.

1. //A Java class which has only getter methods.

2. public class Student{
3. //private data member
4. private String college="AKG";
5. //getter method for college
6. public String getCollege(){
7. return college;
8. }
9. }

122) How to make a write-only class in Java?

A class can be made write-only by making all of the fields private. The write-only class will
have only setter methods which set the value passed from the main method to the private
fields. We cannot read the properties of the class because there is no getter method in this
class. Consider the following example.

1. //A Java class which has only setter methods.

2. public class Student{
3. //private data member
4. private String college;
5. //getter method for college
6. public void setCollege(String college){
7. this.college=college;
8. }
9. }
123) What are the advantages of Encapsulation in Java?

There are the following advantages of Encapsulation in Java?

 By providing only the setter or getter method, you can make the class read-only or
write-only. In other words, you can skip the getter or setter methods.
 It provides you the control over the data. Suppose you want to set the value of id
which should be greater than 100 only, you can write the logic inside the setter
method. You can write the logic not to store the negative numbers in the setter
methods.
 It is a way to achieve data hiding in Java because other class will not be able to access
the data through the private data members.
 The encapsulate class is easy to test. So, it is better for unit testing.
 The standard IDE's are providing the facility to generate the getters and setters. So, it
is easy and fast to create an encapsulated class in Java.

Core Java - OOPs Concepts: Package Interview Questions

124) What is the package?

A package is a group of similar type of classes, interfaces, and sub-packages. It provides

access protection and removes naming collision. The packages in Java can be categorized into
two forms, inbuilt package, and user-defined package. There are many built-in packages such
as Java, lang, awt, javax, swing, net, io, util, sql, etc. Consider the following example to create
a package in Java.

1. //save as Simple.java
2. package mypack;
3. public class Simple{
4. public static void main(String args[]){
5. System.out.println("Welcome to package");
6. }
7. }
125) What are the advantages of defining packages in Java?

By defining packages, we can avoid the name conflicts between the same class names defined
in different packages. Packages also enable the developer to organize the similar classes more
effectively. For example, one can clearly understand that the classes present in java.io package
are used to perform io related operations.

126) How to create packages in Java?

If you are using the programming IDEs like Eclipse, NetBeans, MyEclipse, etc. click on file-
>new->project and eclipse will ask you to enter the name of the package. It will create the
project package containing various directories such as src, etc. If you are using an editor like
notepad for java programming, use the following steps to create the package.

 Define a package package_name. Create the class with the name class_name and
save this file with your_class_name.java.
  Now compile the file by running the following command on the terminal.
1. javac -d . your_class_name.java

The above command creates the package with the name package_name in the present
working directory.

 Now, run the class file by using the absolute class file name, like following.

1. java package_name.class_name

127) How can we access some class in another class in Java?

There are two ways to access a class in another class.

 By using the fully qualified name: To access a class in a different package, either we
must use the fully qualified name of that class, or we must import the package
containing that class.
 By using the relative path, We can use the path of the class that is related to the
package that contains our class. It can be the same or subpackage.

128) Do I need to import java.lang package any time? Why?

No. It is by default loaded internally by the JVM.

129) Can I import same package/class twice? Will the JVM load the package twice at
runtime?

One can import the same package or the same class multiple times. Neither compiler nor JVM
complains about it. However, the JVM will internally load the class only once no matter how
many times you import the same class.

130) What is the static import?

By static import, we can access the static members of a class directly, and there is no to
qualify it with the class name.
Java: Exception Handling Interview Questions

There is given a list of exception handling interview questions with answers. If you know any
exception handling interview question, kindly post it in the comment section.

131) How many types of exception can occur in a Java program?

There are mainly two types of exceptions: checked and unchecked. Here, an error is
considered as the unchecked exception. According to Oracle, there are three types of
exceptions:

 Checked Exception: Checked exceptions are the one which are checked at compile-
time. For example, SQLException, ClassNotFoundException, etc.

 Unchecked Exception: Unchecked exceptions are the one which are handled at
runtime because they can not be checked at compile-time. For example,
ArithmaticException, NullPointerException, ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException, etc.

 Error: Error cause the program to exit since they are not recoverable. For Example,
OutOfMemoryError, AssertionError, etc.

132) What is Exception Handling?

Exception Handling is a mechanism that is used to handle runtime errors. It is used primarily
to handle checked exceptions. Exception handling maintains the normal flow of the program.
There are mainly two types of exceptions: checked and unchecked. Here, the error is
considered as the unchecked exception.

133) Explain the hierarchy of Java Exception classes?

The java.lang.Throwable class is the root class of Java Exception hierarchy which is inherited
by two subclasses: Exception and Error. A hierarchy of Java Exception classes are given
below:
134) What is the difference between Checked Exception and Unchecked Exception?

1) Checked Exception

The classes that extend Throwable class except RuntimeException and Error are known as
checked exceptions, e.g., IOException, SQLException, etc. Checked exceptions are checked
at compile-time.

2) Unchecked Exception

The classes that extend RuntimeException are known as unchecked exceptions, e.g.,
ArithmeticException, NullPointerException, etc. Unchecked exceptions are not checked at
compile-time.

135) What is the base class for Error and Exception?

The Throwable class is the base class for Error and Exception.

136) Is it necessary that each try block must be followed by a catch block?

It is not necessary that each try block must be followed by a catch block. It should be followed
by either a catch block OR a finally block. So whatever exceptions are likely to be thrown
should be declared in the throws clause of the method. Consider the following example.

1. public class Main{

2. public static void main(String []args){
3. try{
4. int a = 1;
5. System.out.println(a/0);
6. }
7. finally
8. {
9. System.out.println("rest of the code...");
10. }
11. }
12. }
13.

Output:
Exception in thread main java.lang.ArithmeticException:/ by zero
rest of the code...

137) What is the output of the following Java program?

1. public class ExceptionHandlingExample {

2. public static void main(String args[])
3. {
4. try
5. {
6. int a = 1/0;
7. System.out.println("a = "+a);
8. }
9. catch(Exception e){System.out.println(e);}
10. catch(ArithmeticException ex){System.out.println(ex);}
11. }
12. }

Output

ExceptionHandlingExample.java:10: error: exception ArithmeticException has already been

caught
catch(ArithmeticException ex){System.out.println(ex);}
^
1 error

Explanation

ArithmaticException is the subclass of Exception. Therefore, it can not be used after

Exception. Since Exception is the base class for all the exceptions, therefore, it must be used
at last to handle the exception. No class can be used after this.

138) What is finally block?

The "finally" block is used to execute the important code of the program. It is executed
whether an exception is handled or not. In other words, we can say that finally block is the
block which is always executed. Finally block follows try or catch block. If you don't handle
the exception, before terminating the program, JVM runs finally block, (if any). The finally
block is mainly used to place the cleanup code such as closing a file or closing a connection.
Here, we must know that for each try block there can be zero or more catch blocks, but only
one finally block. The finally block will not be executed if program exits(either by calling
System.exit() or by causing a fatal error that causes the process to abort).
139) Can finally block be used without a catch?

Yes, According to the definition of finally block, it must be followed by a try or catch block,
therefore, we can use try block instead of catch.

140) Is there any case when finally will not be executed?

Finally block will not be executed if program exits(either by calling System.exit() or by

causing a fatal error that causes the process to abort).
141) What is the difference between throw and throws?

throw keyword throws keyword

1) The throw keyword is used to
The throws keyword is used to declare an exception.
throw an exception explicitly.
2) The checked exceptions cannot be
The checked exception can be propagated with throws
propagated with throw only.
3) The throw keyword is followed
The throws keyword is followed by class.
by an instance.
4) The throw keyword is used
The throws keyword is used with the method signature.
within the method.
5) You cannot throw multiple You can declare multiple exceptions, e.g., public void
exceptions. method()throws IOException, SQLException.

142) What is the output of the following Java program?

1. public class Main{

2. public static void main(String []args){
3. try
4. {
5. throw 90;
6. }
7. catch(int e){
8. System.out.println("Caught the exception "+e);
9. }
10.
11. }
12. }

Output

Main.java:6: error: incompatible types: int cannot be converted to Throwable

throw 90;
^
Main.java:8: error: unexpected type
catch(int e){
^
required: class
 found: int
2 errors

Explanation

In Java, the throwable objects can only be thrown. If we try to throw an integer object, The
compiler will show an error since we can not throw basic data type from a block of code.

143) What is the output of the following Java program?

1. class Calculation extends Exception

2. {
3. public Calculation()
4. {
5. System.out.println("Calculation class is instantiated");
6. }
7. public void add(int a, int b)
8. {
9. System.out.println("The sum is "+(a+b));
10. }
11. }
12. public class Main{
13. public static void main(String []args){
14. try
15. {
16. throw new Calculation();
17. }
18. catch(Calculation c){
19. c.add(10,20);
20. }
21. }
22. }

Output

Calculation class is instantiated

The sum is 30

Explanation

The object of Calculation is thrown from the try block which is caught in the catch block. The
add() of Calculation class is called with the integer values 10 and 20 by using the object of
this class. Therefore there sum 30 is printed. The object of the Main class can only be thrown
in the case when the type of the object is throwable. To do so, we need to extend the
throwable class.

144) Can an exception be rethrown?

Yes.

145) Can subclass overriding method declare an exception if parent class method doesn't
throw an exception?

Yes but only unchecked exception not checked.

146) What is exception propagation?

An exception is first thrown from the top of the stack and if it is not caught, it drops down the
call stack to the previous method, If not caught there, the exception again drops down to the
previous method, and so on until they are caught or until they reach the very bottom of the call
stack. This procedure is called exception propagation. By default, checked exceptions are not
propagated.

1. class TestExceptionPropagation1{
2. void m(){
3. int data=50/0;
4. }
5. void n(){
6. m();
7. }
8. void p(){
9. try{
10. n();
11. }catch(Exception e){System.out.println("exception handled");}
12. }
13. public static void main(String args[]){
14. TestExceptionPropagation1 obj=new TestExceptionPropagation1();
15. obj.p();
16. System.out.println("normal flow...");
17. }
18. }
Output:

exception handled
normal flow...

147) What is the output of the following Java program?

1. public class Main

2. {
3. void a()
4. {
5. try{
6. System.out.println("a(): Main called");
7. b();
8. }catch(Exception e)
9. {
10. System.out.println("Exception is caught");
11. }
12. }
13. void b() throws Exception
14. {
15. try{
16. System.out.println("b(): Main called");
17. c();
 18. }catch(Exception e){
19. throw new Exception();
20. }
21. finally
22. {
23. System.out.println("finally block is called");
24. }
25. }
26. void c() throws Exception
27. {
28. throw new Exception();
29. }
30.
31. public static void main (String args[])
32. {
33. Main m = new Main();
34. m.a();
35. }
36. }

Output

a(): Main called

b(): Main called
finally block is called
Exception is caught

Explanation

In the main method, a() of Main is called which prints a message and call b(). The method b()
prints some message and then call c(). The method c() throws an exception which is handled
by the catch block of method b. However, It propagates this exception by using throw
Exception() to be handled by the method a(). As we know, finally block is always executed
therefore the finally block in the method b() is executed first and prints a message. At last, the
exception is handled by the catch block of the method a().

148) What is the output of the following Java program?

1. public class Calculation

2. {
3. int a;
4. public Calculation(int a)
5. {
6. this.a = a;
 7. }
8. public int add()
9. {
10. a = a+10;
11. try
12. {
13. a = a+10;
14. try
15. {
16. a = a*10;
17. throw new Exception();
18. }catch(Exception e){
19. a = a - 10;
20. }
21. }catch(Exception e)
22. {
23. a = a - 10;
24. }
25. return a;
26. }
27.
28. public static void main (String args[])
29. {
30. Calculation c = new Calculation(10);
31. int result = c.add();
32. System.out.println("result = "+result);
33. }
34. }

Output

result = 290

Explanation

The instance variable a of class Calculation is initialized to 10 using the class constructor
which is called while instantiating the class. The add method is called which returns an integer
value result. In add() method, a is incremented by 10 to be 20. Then, in the first try block, 10
is again incremented by 10 to be 30. In the second try block, a is multiplied by 10 to be 300.
The second try block throws the exception which is caught by the catch block associated with
this try block. The catch block again alters the value of a by decrementing it by 10 to make it
290. Thus the add() method returns 290 which is assigned to result. However, the catch block
associated with the outermost try block will never be executed since there is no exception
which can be handled by this catch block.
Java: String Handling Interview Questions

There is given a list of string handling interview questions with short and pointed answers. If
you know any string handling interview question, kindly post it in the comment section.

149) What is String Pool?

String pool is the space reserved in the heap memory that can be used to store the strings. The
main advantage of using the String pool is whenever we create a string literal; the JVM checks
the "string constant pool" first. If the string already exists in the pool, a reference to the pooled
instance is returned. If the string doesn't exist in the pool, a new string instance is created and
placed in the pool. Therefore, it saves the memory by avoiding the duplicacy.
150) What is the meaning of immutable regarding String?

The simple meaning of immutable is unmodifiable or unchangeable. In Java, String is

immutable, i.e., once string object has been created, its value can't be changed. Consider the
following example for better understanding.

1. class Testimmutablestring{
2. public static void main(String args[]){
3. String s="Sachin";
4. s.concat(" Tendulkar");//concat() method appends the string at the end
5. System.out.println(s);//will print Sachin because strings are immutable objects
6. }
7. }

Output:

Sachin

151) Why are the objects immutable in java?

Because Java uses the concept of the string literal. Suppose there are five reference variables,
all refer to one object "sachin". If one reference variable changes the value of the object, it
will be affected by all the reference variables. That is why string objects are immutable in
java.
152) How many ways can we create the string object?

1) String Literal

Java String literal is created by using double quotes. For Example:

1. String s="welcome";

Each time you create a string literal, the JVM checks the "string constant pool" first. If the
string already exists in the pool, a reference to the pooled instance is returned. If the string
doesn't exist in the pool, a new string instance is created and placed in the pool. String objects
are stored in a special memory area known as the string constant pool For example:

1. String s1="Welcome";
 2. String s2="Welcome";//It doesn't create a new instance

2) By new keyword

1. String s=new String("Welcome");//creates two objects and one reference variable

In such case, JVM will create a new string object in normal (non-pool) heap memory, and the
literal "Welcome" will be placed in the constant string pool. The variable s will refer to the
object in a heap (non-pool).

153) How many objects will be created in the following code?

1. String s1="Welcome";
2. String s2="Welcome";
3. String s3="Welcome";

Only one object will be created using the above code because strings in Java are immutable.

154) Why java uses the concept of the string literal?

To make Java more memory efficient (because no new objects are created if it exists already
in the string constant pool).

155) How many objects will be created in the following code?

1. String s = new String("Welcome");

Two objects, one in string constant pool and other in non-pool(heap).

156) What is the output of the following Java program?

1. public class Test

2.
 3. public static void main (String args[])
4. {
5. String a = new String("Sharma is a good player");
6. String b = "Sharma is a good player";
7. if(a == b)
8. {
9. System.out.println("a == b");
10. }
11. if(a.equals(b))
12. {
13. System.out.println("a equals b");
14. }
15. }

Output

a equals b

Explanation

The operator == also check whether the references of the two string objects are equal or not.
Although both of the strings contain the same content, their references are not equal because
both are created by different ways(Constructor and String literal) therefore, a == b is unequal.
On the other hand, the equal() method always check for the content. Since their content is
equal hence, a equals b is printed.

157) What is the output of the following Java program?

1. public class Test

2. {
3. public static void main (String args[])
4. {
5. String s1 = "Sharma is a good player";
6. String s2 = new String("Sharma is a good player");
7. s2 = s2.intern();
8. System.out.println(s1 ==s2);
9. }
10. }

Output

true
Explanation

The intern method returns the String object reference from the string pool. In this case, s1 is
created by using string literal whereas, s2 is created by using the String pool. However, s2 is
changed to the reference of s1, and the operator == returns true.

158) What are the differences between String and StringBuffer?

The differences between the String and StringBuffer is given in the table below.

No. String StringBuffer

1) The String class is immutable. The StringBuffer class is mutable.
The String is slow and consumes more memory The StringBuffer is fast and
2) when you concat too many strings because every consumes less memory when you
time it creates a new instance. cancat strings.
The String class overrides the equals() method of The StringBuffer class doesn't
3) Object class. So you can compare the contents of override the equals() method of
two strings by equals() method. Object class.

159) What are the differences between StringBuffer and StringBuilder?

The differences between the StringBuffer and StringBuilder is given below.

No. StringBuffer StringBuilder

StringBuffer is synchronized, i.e., thread StringBuilder is non-synchronized,i.e., not
1) safe. It means two threads can't call the thread safe. It means two threads can call the
methods of StringBuffer simultaneously. methods of StringBuilder simultaneously.
StringBuffer is less efficient than StringBuilder is more efficient than
2)
StringBuilder. StringBuffer.

160) How can we create an immutable class in Java?

We can create an immutable class by defining a final class having all of its members as final.
Consider the following example.

1. public final class Employee{

 2. final String pancardNumber;
3.
4. public Employee(String pancardNumber){
5. this.pancardNumber=pancardNumber;
6. }
7.
8. public String getPancardNumber(){
9. return pancardNumber;
10. }
11.
12. }

161) What is the purpose of toString() method in Java?

The toString() method returns the string representation of an object. If you print any object,
java compiler internally invokes the toString() method on the object. So overriding the
toString() method, returns the desired output, it can be the state of an object, etc. depending
upon your implementation. By overriding the toString() method of the Object class, we can
return the values of the object, so we don't need to write much code. Consider the following
example.

1. class Student{
2. int rollno;
3. String name;
4. String city;
5.
6. Student(int rollno, String name, String city){
7. this.rollno=rollno;
8. this.name=name;
9. this.city=city;
10. }
11.
12. public String toString(){//overriding the toString() method
13. return rollno+" "+name+" "+city;
14. }
15. public static void main(String args[]){
16. Student s1=new Student(101,"Raj","lucknow");
17. Student s2=new Student(102,"Vijay","ghaziabad");
18.
19. System.out.println(s1);//compiler writes here s1.toString()
20. System.out.println(s2);//compiler writes here s2.toString()
21. }
 22. }

Output:

101 Raj lucknow

102 Vijay ghaziabad

162) Why CharArray() is preferred over String to store the password?

String stays in the string pool until the garbage is collected. If we store the password into a
string, it stays in the memory for a longer period, and anyone having the memory-dump can
extract the password as clear text. On the other hand, Using CharArray allows us to set it to
blank whenever we are done with the password. It avoids the security threat with the string by
enabling us to control the memory.

163) Write a Java program to count the number of words present in a string?

Program:

1. public class Test

2. {
3. public static void main (String args[])
4. {
5. String s = "Sharma is a good player and he is so punctual";
6. String words[] = s.split(" ");
7. System.out.println("The Number of words present in the string are : "+words.leng
th);
8. }
9. }

Output

The Number of words present in the string are : 10

164) Name some classes present in java.util.regex package.

There are the following classes and interfaces present in java.util.regex package.

 MatchResult Interface
 Matcher class
 Pattern class
  PatternSyntaxException class

165) How the metacharacters are different from the ordinary characters?

Metacharacters have the special meaning to the regular expression engine. The metacharacters
are ^, $, ., *, +, etc. The regular expression engine does not consider them as the regular
characters. To enable the regular expression engine treating the metacharacters as ordinary
characters, we need to escape the metacharacters with the backslash.

166) Write a regular expression to validate a password. A password must start with an
alphabet and followed by alphanumeric characters; Its length must be in between 8 to
20.

The regular expression for the above criteria will be: ^[a-zA-Z][a-zA-Z0-9]{8,19} where ^
represents the start of the regex, [a-zA-Z] represents that the first character must be an
alphabet, [a-zA-Z0-9] represents the alphanumeric character, {8,19} represents that the length
of the password must be in between 8 and 20.

167) What is the output of the following Java program?

1. import java.util.regex.*;
2. class RegexExample2{
3. public static void main(String args[]){
4. System.out.println(Pattern.matches(".s", "as")); //line 4
5. System.out.println(Pattern.matches(".s", "mk")); //line 5
6. System.out.println(Pattern.matches(".s", "mst")); //line 6
7. System.out.println(Pattern.matches(".s", "amms")); //line 7
8. System.out.println(Pattern.matches("..s", "mas")); //line 8
9. }}

Output

true
false
false
false
true
Explanation

line 4 prints true since the second character of string is s, line 5 prints false since the second
character is not s, line 6 prints false since there are more than 3 characters in the string, line 7
prints false since there are more than 2 characters in the string, and it contains more than 2
characters as well, line 8 prints true since the third character of the string is s.

Core Java: Nested classes and Interfaces Interview Questions

168) What are the advantages of Java inner classes?

There are two types of advantages of Java inner classes.

 Nested classes represent a special type of relationship that is it can access all the
members (data members and methods) of the outer class including private.
 Nested classes are used to develop a more readable and maintainable code because it
logically groups classes and interfaces in one place only.
 Code Optimization: It requires less code to write.

169) What is a nested class?

The nested class can be defined as the class which is defined inside another class or interface.
We use the nested class to logically group classes and interfaces in one place so that it can be
more readable and maintainable. A nested class can access all the data members of the outer
class including private data members and methods. The syntax of the nested class is defined
below.

1. class Java_Outer_class{
2. //code
3. class Java_Nested_class{
4. //code
5. }
6. }
7.

There are two types of nested classes, static nested class, and non-static nested class. The non-
static nested class can also be called as inner-class
170) What are the disadvantages of using inner classes?

There are the following main disadvantages of using inner classes.

 Inner classes increase the total number of classes used by the developer and therefore
increases the workload of JVM since it has to perform some routine operations for
those extra classes which result in slower performance.
 IDEs provide less support to the inner classes as compare to the top level classes and
therefore it annoys the developers while working with inner classes.

171) What are the types of inner classes (non-static nested class) used in Java?

There are mainly three types of inner classes used in Java.

Type Description
Member Inner
A class created within class and outside method.
Class
Anonymous Inner A class created for implementing an interface or extending class. Its
Class name is decided by the java compiler.
Local Inner Class A class created within the method.

172) Is there any difference between nested classes and inner classes?

Yes, inner classes are non-static nested classes. In other words, we can say that inner classes
are the part of nested classes.

173) Can we access the non-final local variable, inside the local inner class?

No, the local variable must be constant if you want to access it in the local inner class.

174) How many class files are created on compiling the OuterClass in the following
program?

1. public class Person {

2. String name, age, address;
3. class Employee{
4. float salary=10000;
5. }
6. class BusinessMen{
7. final String gstin="£4433drt3$";
8. }
9. public static void main (String args[])
10. {
11. Person p = new Person();
12. }
13. }

3 class-files will be created named as Person.class, Person$BusinessMen.class, and

Person$Employee.class.

175) What are anonymous inner classes?

Anonymous inner classes are the classes that are automatically declared and instantiated
within an expression. We cannot apply different access modifiers to them. Anonymous class
cannot be static, and cannot define any static fields, method, or class. In other words, we can
say that it a class without the name and can have only one object that is created by its
definition. Consider the following example.

1. abstract class Person{

2. abstract void eat();
3. }
4. class TestAnonymousInner{
5. public static void main(String args[]){
6. Person p=new Person(){
7. void eat(){System.out.println("nice fruits");}
8. };
9. p.eat();
10. }
11. }

Output:
nice fruits

Consider the following example for the working of the anonymous class using interface.

1. interface Eatable{
2. void eat();
3. }
4. class TestAnnonymousInner1{
5. public static void main(String args[]){
6. Eatable e=new Eatable(){
7. public void eat(){System.out.println("nice fruits");}
8. };
9. e.eat();
10. }
11. }

Output:

nice fruits

176) What is the nested interface?

An Interface that is declared inside the interface or class is known as the nested interface. It is
static by default. The nested interfaces are used to group related interfaces so that they can be
easy to maintain. The external interface or class must refer to the nested interface. It can't be
accessed directly. The nested interface must be public if it is declared inside the interface but
it can have any access modifier if declared within the class. The syntax of the nested interface
is given as follows.

1. interface interface_name{
2. ...
3. interface nested_interface_name{
4. ...
5. }
6. }
7.

177) Can a class have an interface?

Yes, an interface can be defined within the class. It is called a nested interface.

178) Can an Interface have a class?

Yes, they are static implicitly.

Garbage Collection Interview Questions

179) What is Garbage Collection?

Garbage collection is a process of reclaiming the unused runtime objects. It is performed for
memory management. In other words, we can say that It is the process of removing unused
objects from the memory to free up space and make this space available for Java Virtual
Machine. Due to garbage collection java gives 0 as output to a variable whose value is not set,
i.e., the variable has been defined but not initialized. For this purpose, we were using free()
function in the C language and delete() in C++. In Java, it is performed automatically. So, java
provides better memory management.

180) What is gc()?

The gc() method is used to invoke the garbage collector for cleanup processing. This method
is found in System and Runtime classes. This function explicitly makes the Java Virtual
Machine free up the space occupied by the unused objects so that it can be utilized or reused.
Consider the following example for the better understanding of how the gc() method invoke
the garbage collector.

1. public class TestGarbage1{

2. public void finalize(){System.out.println("object is garbage collected");}
3. public static void main(String args[]){
4. TestGarbage1 s1=new TestGarbage1();
5. TestGarbage1 s2=new TestGarbage1();
6. s1=null;
7. s2=null;
8. System.gc();
9. }
 10. }

object is garbage collected

object is garbage collected

181) How is garbage collection controlled?

Garbage collection is managed by JVM. It is performed when there is not enough space in the
memory and memory is running low. We can externally call the System.gc() for the garbage
collection. However, it depends upon the JVM whether to perform it or not.

182) How can an object be unreferenced?

There are many ways:

 By nulling the reference

 By assigning a reference to another
 By anonymous object etc.

1) By nulling a reference:

1. Employee e=new Employee();

2. e=null;

2) By assigning a reference to another:

1. Employee e1=new Employee();

2. Employee e2=new Employee();
3. e1=e2;//now the first object referred by e1 is available for garbage collection

3) By anonymous object:

1. new Employee();

183) What is the purpose of the finalize() method?

The finalize() method is invoked just before the object is garbage collected. It is used to
perform cleanup processing. The Garbage collector of JVM collects only those objects that are
created by new keyword. So if you have created an object without new, you can use the
finalize method to perform cleanup processing (destroying remaining objects). The cleanup
processing is the process to free up all the resources, network which was previously used and
no longer needed. It is essential to remember that it is not a reserved keyword, finalize method
is present in the object class hence it is available in every class as object class is the superclass
of every class in java. Here, we must note that neither finalization nor garbage collection is
guaranteed. Consider the following example.

1. public class FinalizeTest {

2. int j=12;
3. void add()
4. {
5. j=j+12;
6. System.out.println("J="+j);
7. }
8. public void finalize()
9. {
10. System.out.println("Object is garbage collected");
11. }
12. public static void main(String[] args) {
13. new FinalizeTest().add();
14. System.gc();
15. new FinalizeTest().add();
16. }
17. }
18.

184) Can an unreferenced object be referenced again?

Yes,

185) What kind of thread is the Garbage collector thread?

Daemon thread.

186) What is the difference between final, finally and finalize?

No. final finally finalize

 Final is used to apply restrictions on Finally is used to place Finalize is used to
class, method, and variable. The final important code, it will perform clean up
1) class can't be inherited, final method be executed whether an processing just before
can't be overridden, and final variable exception is handled or an object is garbage
value can't be changed. not. collected.
2) Final is a keyword. Finally is a block. Finalize is a method.

187) What is the purpose of the Runtime class?

Java Runtime class is used to interact with a java runtime environment. Java Runtime class
provides methods to execute a process, invoke GC, get total and free memory, etc. There is
only one instance of java.lang.Runtime class is available for one java application. The
Runtime.getRuntime() method returns the singleton instance of Runtime class.

188) How will you invoke any external process in Java?

By Runtime.getRuntime().exec(?) method. Consider the following example.

1. public class Runtime1{

2. public static void main(String args[])throws Exception{
3. Runtime.getRuntime().exec("notepad");//will open a new notepad
4. }
5. }

I/O Interview Questions

189) Give the hierarchy of InputStream and OutputStream classes.

OutputStream Hierarchy

InputStream Hierarchy

190) What do you understand by an IO stream?

The stream is a sequence of data that flows from source to destination. It is composed of
bytes. In Java, three streams are created for us automatically.

 System.out: standard output stream

 System.in: standard input stream
 System.err: standard error stream

191) What is the difference between the Reader/Writer class hierarchy and the
InputStream/OutputStream class hierarchy?

The Reader/Writer class hierarchy is character-oriented, and the InputStream/OutputStream

class hierarchy is byte-oriented. The ByteStream classes are used to perform input-output of
8-bit bytes whereas the CharacterStream classes are used to perform the input/output for the
16-bit Unicode system. There are many classes in the ByteStream class hierarchy, but the
most frequently used classes are FileInputStream and FileOutputStream. The most frequently
used classes CharacterStream class hierarchy is FileReader and FileWriter.

192) What are the super most classes for all the streams?

All the stream classes can be divided into two types of classes that are ByteStream classes and
CharacterStream Classes. The ByteStream classes are further divided into InputStream classes
and OutputStream classes. CharacterStream classes are also divided into Reader classes and
Writer classes. The SuperMost classes for all the InputStream classes is java.io.InputStream
and for all the output stream classes is java.io.OutPutStream. Similarly, for all the reader
classes, the super-most class is java.io.Reader, and for all the writer classes, it is
java.io.Writer.

193) What are the FileInputStream and FileOutputStream?

Java FileOutputStream is an output stream used for writing data to a file. If you have some
primitive values to write into a file, use FileOutputStream class. You can write byte-oriented
as well as character-oriented data through the FileOutputStream class. However, for character-
oriented data, it is preferred to use FileWriter than FileOutputStream. Consider the following
example of writing a byte into a file.

1. import java.io.FileOutputStream;
2. public class FileOutputStreamExample {
3. public static void main(String args[]){
4. try{
 5. FileOutputStream fout=new FileOutputStream("D:\\testout.txt");
6. fout.write(65);
7. fout.close();
8. System.out.println("success...");
9. }catch(Exception e){System.out.println(e);}
10. }
11. }

Java FileInputStream class obtains input bytes from a file. It is used for reading byte-
oriented data (streams of raw bytes) such as image data, audio, video, etc. You can also read
character-stream data. However, for reading streams of characters, it is recommended to use
FileReader class. Consider the following example for reading bytes from a file.

1. import java.io.FileInputStream;
2. public class DataStreamExample {
3. public static void main(String args[]){
4. try{
5. FileInputStream fin=new FileInputStream("D:\\testout.txt");
6. int i=fin.read();
7. System.out.print((char)i);
8.
9. fin.close();
10. }catch(Exception e){System.out.println(e);}
11. }
12. }
13.

194) What is the purpose of using BufferedInputStream and BufferedOutputStream

classes?

Java BufferedOutputStream class is used for buffering an output stream. It internally uses a
buffer to store data. It adds more efficiency than to write data directly into a stream. So, it
makes the performance fast. Whereas, Java BufferedInputStream class is used to read
information from the stream. It internally uses the buffer mechanism to make the performance
fast.

195) How to set the Permissions to a file in Java?

In Java, FilePermission class is used to alter the permissions set on a file. Java FilePermission
class contains the permission related to a directory or file. All the permissions are related to
the path. The path can be of two types:
  D:\\IO\\-: It indicates that the permission is associated with all subdirectories and files
recursively.
 D:\\IO\\*: It indicates that the permission is associated with all directory and files
within this directory excluding subdirectories.

Let's see the simple example in which permission of a directory path is granted with read
permission and a file of this directory is granted for write permission.

1. package com.javatpoint;
2. import java.io.*;
3. import java.security.PermissionCollection;
4. public class FilePermissionExample{
5. public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
6. String srg = "D:\\IO Package\\java.txt";
7. FilePermission file1 = new FilePermission("D:\\IO Package\\-", "read");
8. PermissionCollection permission = file1.newPermissionCollection();
9. permission.add(file1);
10. FilePermission file2 = new FilePermission(srg, "write");
11. permission.add(file2);
12. if(permission.implies(new FilePermission(srg, "read,write"))) {
13. System.out.println("Read, Write permission is granted for the path "+srg );
14. }else {
15. System.out.println("No Read, Write permission is granted for the path "+srg);
}
16. }
17. }

Output

Read, Write permission is granted for the path D:\IO Package\java.txt

196) What are FilterStreams?

FilterStream classes are used to add additional functionalities to the other stream classes.
FilterStream classes act like an interface which read the data from a stream, filters it, and pass
the filtered data to the caller. The FilterStream classes provide extra functionalities like adding
line numbers to the destination file, etc.

197) What is an I/O filter?

An I/O filter is an object that reads from one stream and writes to another, usually altering the
data in some way as it is passed from one stream to another. Many Filter classes that allow a
user to make a chain using multiple input streams. It generates a combined effect on several
filters.

198) In Java, How many ways you can take input from the console?

In Java, there are three ways by using which, we can take input from the console.

 Using BufferedReader class: we can take input from the console by wrapping
System.in into an InputStreamReader and passing it into the BufferedReader. It
provides an efficient reading as the input gets buffered. Consider the following
example.
1. import java.io.BufferedReader;
2. import java.io.IOException;
3. import java.io.InputStreamReader;
4. public class Person
5. {
6. public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException
7. {
8. System.out.println("Enter the name of the person");
9. BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(S
ystem.in));
10. String name = reader.readLine();
11. System.out.println(name);
12. }
13. }
 Using Scanner class: The Java Scanner class breaks the input into tokens using a
delimiter that is whitespace by default. It provides many methods to read and parse
various primitive values. Java Scanner class is widely used to parse text for string and
primitive types using a regular expression. Java Scanner class extends Object class and
implements Iterator and Closeable interfaces. Consider the following example.

1. import java.util.*;
2. public class ScannerClassExample2 {
3. public static void main(String args[]){
4. String str = "Hello/This is JavaTpoint/My name is Abhishek.";
5. //Create scanner with the specified String Object
6. Scanner scanner = new Scanner(str);
7. System.out.println("Boolean Result: "+scanner.hasNextBoolean());

8. //Change the delimiter of this scanner

9. scanner.useDelimiter("/");
10. //Printing the tokenized Strings
11. System.out.println("---Tokenizes String---");
 12. while(scanner.hasNext()){
13. System.out.println(scanner.next());
14. }
15. //Display the new delimiter
16. System.out.println("Delimiter used: " +scanner.delimiter());
17. scanner.close();
18. }
19. }
20.
 Using Console class: The Java Console class is used to get input from the console. It
provides methods to read texts and passwords. If you read the password using the
Console class, it will not be displayed to the user. The java.io.Console class is attached
to the system console internally. The Console class is introduced since 1.5. Consider
the following example.

1. import java.io.Console;
2. class ReadStringTest{
3. public static void main(String args[]){
4. Console c=System.console();
5. System.out.println("Enter your name: ");
6. String n=c.readLine();
7. System.out.println("Welcome "+n);
8. }
9. }

Serialization Interview Questions

199) What is serialization?

Serialization in Java is a mechanism of writing the state of an object into a byte stream. It is
used primarily in Hibernate, RMI, JPA, EJB and JMS technologies. It is mainly used to travel
object's state on the network (which is known as marshaling). Serializable interface is used to
perform serialization. It is helpful when you require to save the state of a program to storage
such as the file. At a later point of time, the content of this file can be restored using
deserialization. It is also required to implement RMI(Remote Method Invocation). With the
help of RMI, it is possible to invoke the method of a Java object on one machine to another
machine.
200) How can you make a class serializable in Java?

A class can become serializable by implementing the Serializable interface.

201) How can you avoid serialization in child class if the base class is implementing the
Serializable interface?

It is very tricky to prevent serialization of child class if the base class is intended to implement
the Serializable interface. However, we cannot do it directly, but the serialization can be
avoided by implementing the writeObject() or readObject() methods in the subclass and throw
NotSerializableException from these methods. Consider the following example.

1. import java.io.FileInputStream;
2. import java.io.FileOutputStream;
3. import java.io.IOException;
4. import java.io.NotSerializableException;
5. import java.io.ObjectInputStream;
6. import java.io.ObjectOutputStream;
7. import java.io.Serializable;
8. class Person implements Serializable
9. {
10. String name = " ";
11. public Person(String name)
12. {
13. this.name = name;
14. }
15. }
16. class Employee extends Person
17. {
18. float salary;
19. public Employee(String name, float salary)
20. {
21. super(name);
22. this.salary = salary;
23. }
24. private void writeObject(ObjectOutputStream out) throws IOException
25. {
26. throw new NotSerializableException();
27. }
28. private void readObject(ObjectInputStream in) throws IOException
29. {
30. throw new NotSerializableException();
31. }
32.
33. }
34. public class Test
35. {
36. public static void main(String[] args)
37. throws Exception
38. {
39. Employee emp = new Employee("Sharma", 10000);
40.
41. System.out.println("name = " + emp.name);
42. System.out.println("salary = " + emp.salary);
43.
44. FileOutputStream fos = new FileOutputStream("abc.ser");
45. ObjectOutputStream oos = new ObjectOutputStream(fos);
46.
47. oos.writeObject(emp);
48.
49. oos.close();
50. fos.close();
51.
52. System.out.println("Object has been serialized");
53.
54. FileInputStream f = new FileInputStream("ab.txt");
55. ObjectInputStream o = new ObjectInputStream(f);
56.
57. Employee emp1 = (Employee)o.readObject();
58.
 59. o.close();
60. f.close();
61.
62. System.out.println("Object has been deserialized");
63.
64. System.out.println("name = " + emp1.name);
65. System.out.println("salary = " + emp1.salary);
66. }
67. }

202) Can a Serialized object be transferred via network?

Yes, we can transfer a serialized object via network because the serialized object is stored in
the memory in the form of bytes and can be transmitted over the network. We can also write
the serialized object to the disk or the database.

203) What is Deserialization?

Deserialization is the process of reconstructing the object from the serialized state. It is the
reverse operation of serialization. An ObjectInputStream deserializes objects and primitive
data written using an ObjectOutputStream.

1. import java.io.*;
2. class Depersist{
3. public static void main(String args[])throws Exception{
4.
5. ObjectInputStream in=new ObjectInputStream(new FileInputStream("f.txt"));
6. Student s=(Student)in.readObject();
7. System.out.println(s.id+" "+s.name);
8.
9. in.close();
10. }
11. }

211 ravi

204) What is the transient keyword?

If you define any data member as transient, it will not be serialized. By determining transient
keyword, the value of variable need not persist when it is restored.
205) What is Externalizable?

The Externalizable interface is used to write the state of an object into a byte stream in a
compressed format. It is not a marker interface.

206) What is the difference between Serializable and Externalizable interface?

No. Serializable Externalizable

The Serializable interface does not The Externalizable interface contains is not a
1) have any method, i.e., it is a marker marker interface, It contains two methods, i.e.,
interface. writeExternal() and readExternal().
It is used to "mark" Java classes so
The Externalizable interface provides control of
2) that objects of these classes may get
the serialization logic to the programmer.
the certain capability.
It is easy to implement but has the It is used to perform the serialization and often
3)
higher performance cost. result in better performance.
No class constructor is called in We must call a public default constructor while
4)
serialization. using this interface.
.

Networking Interview Questions

207) Give a brief description of Java socket programming?

Java Socket programming is used for communication between the applications running on
different JRE. Java Socket programming can be connection-oriented or connectionless. Socket
and ServerSocket classes are used for connection-oriented socket programming and
DatagramSocket, and DatagramPacket classes are used for connectionless socket
programming. The client in socket programming must know two information:

 IP address of the server

 port number

208) What is Socket?

A socket is simply an endpoint for communications between the machines. It provides the
connection mechanism to connect the two computers using TCP. The Socket class can be used
to create a socket.

209) What are the steps that are followed when two computers connect through TCP?

There are the following steps that are performed when two computers connect through TCP.

 The ServerSocket object is instantiated by the server which denotes the port number to
which, the connection will be made.
 After instantiating the ServerSocket object, the server invokes accept() method of
ServerSocket class which makes server wait until the client attempts to connect to the
server on the given port.
 Meanwhile, the server is waiting, a socket is created by the client by instantiating
Socket class. The socket class constructor accepts the server port number and server
name.
 The Socket class constructor attempts to connect with the server on the specified
name. If the connection is established, the client will have a socket object that can
communicate with the server.
 The accept() method invoked by the server returns a reference to the new socket on the
server that is connected with the server.

210) Write a program in Java to establish a connection between client and server?

Consider the following program where the connection between the client and server is
established.

File: MyServer.java

1. import java.io.*;
2. import java.net.*;
3. public class MyServer {
4. public static void main(String[] args){
5. try{
6. ServerSocket ss=new ServerSocket(6666);
7. Socket s=ss.accept();//establishes connection
8. DataInputStream dis=new DataInputStream(s.getInputStream());
9. String str=(String)dis.readUTF();
10. System.out.println("message= "+str);
11. ss.close();
12. }catch(Exception e){System.out.println(e);}
 13. }
14. }

File: MyClient.java

1. import java.io.*;
2. import java.net.*;
3. public class MyClient {
4. public static void main(String[] args) {
5. try{
6. Socket s=new Socket("localhost",6666);
7. DataOutputStream dout=new DataOutputStream(s.getOutputStream());
8. dout.writeUTF("Hello Server");
9. dout.flush();
10. dout.close();
11. s.close();
12. }catch(Exception e){System.out.println(e);}
13. }
14. }

211) How do I convert a numeric IP address like 192.18.97.39 into a hostname like
java.sun.com?

By InetAddress.getByName("192.18.97.39").getHostName() where 192.18.97.39 is the IP

address. Consider the following example.

1. import java.io.*;
2. import java.net.*;
3. public class InetDemo{
4. public static void main(String[] args){
5. try{
6. InetAddress ip=InetAddress.getByName("195.201.10.8");
7.
8. System.out.println("Host Name: "+ip.getHostName());
9. }catch(Exception e){System.out.println(e);}
10. }
11. }
12.

Reflection Interview Questions

212) What is the reflection?

Reflection is the process of examining or modifying the runtime behavior of a class at

runtime. The java.lang.Class class provides various methods that can be used to get metadata,
examine and change the runtime behavior of a class. The java.lang and java.lang.reflect
packages provide classes for java reflection. It is used in:

 IDE (Integrated Development Environment), e.g., Eclipse, MyEclipse, NetBeans.

 Debugger
 Test Tools, etc.

213) What is the purpose of using java.lang.Class class?

The java.lang.Class class performs mainly two tasks:

 Provides methods to get the metadata of a class at runtime.

 Provides methods to examine and change the runtime behavior of a class.

214) What are the ways to instantiate the Class class?

There are three ways to instantiate the Class class.

 forName() method of Class class: The forName() method is used to load the class
dynamically. It returns the instance of Class class. It should be used if you know the
fully qualified name of the class. This cannot be used for primitive types.

 getClass() method of Object class: It returns the instance of Class class. It should be
used if you know the type. Moreover, it can be used with primitives.

 the .class syntax: If a type is available, but there is no instance then it is possible to
obtain a Class by appending ".class" to the name of the type. It can be used for
primitive data type also.
215) What is the output of the following Java program?

1. class Simple{
2. public Simple()
3. {
4. System.out.println("Constructor of Simple class is invoked");
5. }
6. void message(){System.out.println("Hello Java");}
7. }
8.
9. class Test1{
10. public static void main(String args[]){
11. try{
12. Class c=Class.forName("Simple");
13. Simple s=(Simple)c.newInstance();
14. s.message();
15. }catch(Exception e){System.out.println(e);}
16. }
17. }

Output

Constructor of Simple class is invoked

Hello Java

Explanation

The newInstance() method of the Class class is used to invoke the constructor at runtime. In
this program, the instance of the Simple class is created.

216) What is the purpose of using javap?

The javap command disassembles a class file. The javap command displays information about
the fields, constructors and methods present in a class file.

Syntax

javap fully_class_name

217) Can you access the private method from outside the class?
Yes, by changing the runtime behavior of a class if the class is not secured.

Miscellaneous Interview Questions

218)What are wrapper classes?

Wrapper classes are classes that allow primitive types to be accessed as objects. In other
words, we can say that wrapper classes are built-in java classes which allow the conversion of
objects to primitives and primitives to objects. The process of converting primitives to objects
is called autoboxing, and the process of converting objects to primitives is called unboxing.
There are eight wrapper classes present in java.lang package is given below.

Primitive Type Wrapper class

boolean Boolean
char Character
byte Byte
short Short
int Integer
long Long
float Float
double Double

219)What are autoboxing and unboxing? When does it occur?

The autoboxing is the process of converting primitive data type to the corresponding wrapper
class object, eg., int to Integer. The unboxing is the process of converting wrapper class object
to primitive data type. For eg., integer to int. Unboxing and autoboxing occur automatically in
Java. However, we can externally convert one into another by using the methods like
valueOf() or xxxValue().

It can occur whenever a wrapper class object is expected, and primitive data type is provided
or vice versa.

 Adding primitive types into Collection like ArrayList in Java.

  Creating an instance of parameterized classes ,e.g., ThreadLocal which expect Type.
 Java automatically converts primitive to object whenever one is required and another
is provided in the method calling.
 When a primitive type is assigned to an object type.

220) What is the output of the below Java program?

1. public class Test1

2. {
3. public static void main(String[] args) {
4. Integer i = new Integer(201);
5. Integer j = new Integer(201);
6. if(i == j)
7. {
8. System.out.println("hello");
9. }
10. else
11. {
12. System.out.println("bye");
13. }
14. }
15. }

Output

bye

Explanation

The Integer class caches integer values from -127 to 127. Therefore, the Integer objects can
only be created in the range -128 to 127. The operator == will not work for the value greater
than 127; thus bye is printed.

221) What is object cloning?

The object cloning is a way to create an exact copy of an object. The clone() method of the
Object class is used to clone an object. The java.lang.Cloneable interface must be
implemented by the class whose object clone we want to create. If we don't implement
Cloneable interface, clone() method generates CloneNotSupportedException. The clone()
method is defined in the Object class. The syntax of the clone() method is as follows:
protected Object clone() throws CloneNotSupportedException

222) What are the advantages and disadvantages of object cloning?

Advantage of Object Cloning

 You don't need to write lengthy and repetitive codes. Just use an abstract class with a
4- or 5-line long clone() method.
 It is the easiest and most efficient way of copying objects, especially if we are
applying it to an already developed or an old project. Just define a parent class,
implement Cloneable in it, provide the definition of the clone() method and the task
will be done.
 Clone() is the fastest way to copy the array.

Disadvantage of Object Cloning

 To use the Object.clone() method, we have to change many syntaxes to our code, like
implementing a Cloneable interface, defining the clone() method and handling
CloneNotSupportedException, and finally, calling Object.clone(), etc.
 We have to implement the Cloneable interface while it does not have any methods in
it. We have to use it to tell the JVM that we can perform a clone() on our object.
 Object.clone() is protected, so we have to provide our own clone() and indirectly call
Object.clone() from it.
 Object.clone() does not invoke any constructor, so we do not have any control over
object construction.
 If you want to write a clone method in a child class, then all of its superclasses should
define the clone() method in them or inherit it from another parent class. Otherwise,
the super.clone() chain will fail.
 Object.clone() supports only shallow copying, but we will need to override it if we
need deep cloning.

223) What is a native method?

A native method is a method that is implemented in a language other than Java. Natives
methods are sometimes also referred to as foreign methods.

224) What is the purpose of the strictfp keyword?

Java strictfp keyword ensures that you will get the same result on every platform if you
perform operations in the floating-point variable. The precision may differ from platform to
platform that is why java programming language has provided the strictfp keyword so that you
get the same result on every platform. So, now you have better control over the floating-point
arithmetic.

225) What is the purpose of the System class?

The purpose of the System class is to provide access to system resources such as standard
input and output. It cannot be instantiated. Facilities provided by System class are given
below.

 Standard input
 Error output streams
 Standard output
 utility method to copy the portion of an array
 utilities to load files and libraries

There are the three fields of Java System class, i.e., static printstream err, static inputstream in,
and standard output stream.

226) What comes to mind when someone mentions a shallow copy in Java?

Object cloning.

227) What is a singleton class?

Singleton class is the class which can not be instantiated more than once. To make a class
singleton, we either make its constructor private or use the static getInstance method.
Consider the following example.

1. class Singleton{
2. private static Singleton single_instance = null;
3. int i;
4. private Singleton ()
5. {
6. i=90;
7. }
8. public static Singleton getInstance()
9. {
 10. if(single_instance == null)
11. {
12. single_instance = new Singleton();
13. }
14. return single_instance;
15. }
16. }
17. public class Main
18. {
19. public static void main (String args[])
20. {
21. Singleton first = Singleton.getInstance();
22. System.out.println("First instance integer value:"+first.i);
23. first.i=first.i+90;
24. Singleton second = Singleton.getInstance();
25. System.out.println("Second instance integer value:"+second.i);
26. }
27. }
28.

228) Write a Java program that prints all the values given at command-line.

Program

1. class A{
2. public static void main(String args[]){
3.
4. for(int i=0;i<args.length;i++)
5. System.out.println(args[i]);
6.
7. }
8. }

1. compile by > javac A.java

2. run by > java A sonoo jaiswal 1 3 abc

Output

sonoo
jaiswal
1
3
abc
Core Java: Data Structure interview questions

229) How to perform Bubble Sort in Java?

Consider the following program to perform Bubble sort in Java.

1. public class BubbleSort {

2. public static void main(String[] args) {
3. int[] a = {10, 9, 7, 101, 23, 44, 12, 78, 34, 23};
4. for(int i=0;i<10;i++)
5. {
6. for (int j=0;j<10;j++)
7. {
8. if(a[i]<a[j])
9. {
10. int temp = a[i];
11. a[i]=a[j];
12. a[j] = temp;
13. }
14. }
15. }
16. System.out.println("Printing Sorted List ...");
17. for(int i=0;i<10;i++)
18. {
19. System.out.println(a[i]);
20. }
21. }
22. }

Output:

Printing Sorted List . . .

7
9
10
12
23
34
34
44
78
101
230) How to perform Binary Search in Java?

Consider the following program to perform the binary search in Java.

1. import java.util.*;
2. public class BinarySearch {
3. public static void main(String[] args) {
4. int[] arr = {16, 19, 20, 23, 45, 56, 78, 90, 96, 100};
5. int item, location = -1;
6. System.out.println("Enter the item which you want to search");
7. Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
8. item = sc.nextInt();
9. location = binarySearch(arr,0,9,item);
10. if(location != -1)
11. System.out.println("the location of the item is "+location);
12. else
13. System.out.println("Item not found");
14. }
15. public static int binarySearch(int[] a, int beg, int end, int item)
16. {
17. int mid;
18. if(end >= beg)
19. {
20. mid = (beg + end)/2;
21. if(a[mid] == item)
22. {
23. return mid+1;
24. }
25. else if(a[mid] < item)
26. {
27. return binarySearch(a,mid+1,end,item);
28. }
29. else
30. {
31. return binarySearch(a,beg,mid-1,item);
32. }
33. }
34. return -1;
35. }
36. }

Output:

Enter the item which you want to search

45
the location of the item is 5

231) How to perform Selection Sort in Java?

Consider the following program to perform selection sort in Java.

1. public class SelectionSort {

2. public static void main(String[] args) {
3. int[] a = {10, 9, 7, 101, 23, 44, 12, 78, 34, 23};
4. int i,j,k,pos,temp;
5. for(i=0;i<10;i++)
6. {
7. pos = smallest(a,10,i);
8. temp = a[i];
9. a[i]=a[pos];
10. a[pos] = temp;
11. }
12. System.out.println("\nprinting sorted elements...\n");
13. for(i=0;i<10;i++)
14. {
15. System.out.println(a[i]);
16. }
17. }
18. public static int smallest(int a[], int n, int i)
19. {
20. int small,pos,j;
21. small = a[i];
22. pos = i;
23. for(j=i+1;j<10;j++)
24. {
25. if(a[j]<small)
26. {
27. small = a[j];
28. pos=j;
29. }
30. }
31. return pos;
32. }
33. }

Output:

printing sorted elements...

7
9
10
12
23
23
34
44
78
101

232) How to perform Linear Search in Java?

Consider the following program to perform Linear search in Java.

1. import java.util.Scanner;
2.
3. public class Leniear_Search {
4. public static void main(String[] args) {
5. int[] arr = {10, 23, 15, 8, 4, 3, 25, 30, 34, 2, 19};
6. int item,flag=0;
7. Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
8. System.out.println("Enter Item ?");
9. item = sc.nextInt();
10. for(int i = 0; i<10; i++)
11. {
12. if(arr[i]==item)
13. {
14. flag = i+1;
15. break;
16. }
17. else
18. flag = 0;
19. }
20. if(flag != 0)
21. {
22. System.out.println("Item found at location" + flag);
23. }
24. else
25. System.out.println("Item not found");
26.
27. }
28. }

Output:

Enter Item ?
23
Item found at location 2
Enter Item ?
22
Item not found

233) How to perform merge sort in Java?

Consider the following program to perform merge sort in Java.

1. public class MyMergeSort

2. {
3. void merge(int arr[], int beg, int mid, int end)
4. {
5.
6. int l = mid - beg + 1;
7. int r = end - mid;
8.
9. intLeftArray[] = new int [l];
10. intRightArray[] = new int [r];
11.
12. for (int i=0; i<l; ++i)
13. LeftArray[i] = arr[beg + i];
14.
15. for (int j=0; j<r; ++j)
16. RightArray[j] = arr[mid + 1+ j];
17.
18.
19. int i = 0, j = 0;
20. int k = beg;
21. while (i<l&&j<r)
22. {
23. if (LeftArray[i] <= RightArray[j])
24. {
25. arr[k] = LeftArray[i];
26. i++;
27. }
28. else
29. {
30. arr[k] = RightArray[j];
31. j++;
32. }
33. k++;
34. }
35. while (i<l)
 36. {
37. arr[k] = LeftArray[i];
38. i++;
39. k++;
40. }
41.
42. while (j<r)
43. {
44. arr[k] = RightArray[j];
45. j++;
46. k++;
47. }
48. }
49.
50. void sort(int arr[], int beg, int end)
51. {
52. if (beg<end)
53. {
54. int mid = (beg+end)/2;
55. sort(arr, beg, mid);
56. sort(arr , mid+1, end);
57. merge(arr, beg, mid, end);
58. }
59. }
60. public static void main(String args[])
61. {
62. intarr[] = {90,23,101,45,65,23,67,89,34,23};
63. MyMergeSort ob = new MyMergeSort();
64. ob.sort(arr, 0, arr.length-1);
65.
66. System.out.println("\nSorted array");
67. for(int i =0; i<arr.length;i++)
68. {
69. System.out.println(arr[i]+"");
70. }
71. }
72. }

Output:

Sorted array
23
23
23
34
45
65
67
89
90
101

234) How to perform quicksort in Java?

Consider the following program to perform quicksort in Java.

1. public class QuickSort {

2. public static void main(String[] args) {
3. int i;
4. int[] arr={90,23,101,45,65,23,67,89,34,23};
5. quickSort(arr, 0, 9);
6. System.out.println("\n The sorted array is: \n");
7. for(i=0;i<10;i++)
8. System.out.println(arr[i]);
9. }
10. public static int partition(int a[], int beg, int end)
11. {
12.
13. int left, right, temp, loc, flag;
14. loc = left = beg;
15. right = end;
16. flag = 0;
17. while(flag != 1)
18. {
19. while((a[loc] <= a[right]) && (loc!=right))
20. right--;
21. if(loc==right)
22. flag =1;
23. elseif(a[loc]>a[right])
24. {
25. temp = a[loc];
26. a[loc] = a[right];
27. a[right] = temp;
28. loc = right;
29. }
30. if(flag!=1)
31. {
32. while((a[loc] >= a[left]) && (loc!=left))
33. left++;
34. if(loc==left)
35. flag =1;
 36. elseif(a[loc] <a[left])
37. {
38. temp = a[loc];
39. a[loc] = a[left];
40. a[left] = temp;
41. loc = left;
42. }
43. }
44. }
45. returnloc;
46. }
47. static void quickSort(int a[], int beg, int end)
48. {
49.
50. int loc;
51. if(beg<end)
52. {
53. loc = partition(a, beg, end);
54. quickSort(a, beg, loc-1);
55. quickSort(a, loc+1, end);
56. }
57. }
58. }

Output:

The sorted array is:

23
23
23
34
45
65
67
89
90
101
Wewb Service Interview Questionsavatpoint ServicesAppium
Appium Interview Questions

1) Explain what is Appium?

Appium is a freely distributed open source mobile application UI Testing framework.

2) List out the Appium abilities?

Appium abilities are

 Test Web
 Provides cross-platform for Native and Hybrid mobile automation
 Support JSON wire protocol
 It does not require recompilation of App
 Support automation test on physical device as well as similar or emulator both
 It has no dependency on mobile device

3) List out the pre-requisite to use APPIUM?

Pre-requisite to use APPIUM is

 ANDROID SDK
 JDK
 TestNG
 Eclipse
 Selenium Server JAR
 Webdriver Language Binding Library
 APPIUM for Windows
 APK App Info On Google Play
 js

4) List out the limitations of using Appium?

 Appium does not support testing of Android Version lower than 4.2
 Limited support for hybrid app testing. E.g., not possible to test the switching action of
application from the web app to native and vice-versa
 No support to run Appium Inspector on Microsoft Windows

5) Explain how to find DOM element or xPath in a mobile application?

To find the DOM element use "UIAutomateviewer" to find DOM element for Android
application.
6) Explain the design concept of Appium?

 Appium is an "HTTP Server" written using Node.js platform and drives iOS and Android
session using Webdriver JSON wire protocol. Hence, before initializing the Appium
Server, Node.js must be pre-installed on the system
 When Appium is downloaded and installed, then a server is setup on our machine that
exposes a REST API
 It receives connection and command request from the client and execute that command on
mobile devices (Android / iOS)
 It responds back with HTTP responses. Again, to execute this request, it uses the mobile
test automation frameworks to drive the user interface of the apps. Framework like
o Apple Instruments for iOS (Instruments are available only in Xcode 3.0 or later
with OS X v10.5 and later)
o Google UIAutomator for Android API level 16 or higher
o Selendroid for Android API level 15 or less

7) What language does Appium support?

Appium support any language that support HTTP request like Java, JavaScript with Node.js,
Python, Ruby, PHP, Perl, etc.

8) Explain the pros and cons of Appium?

Pros:

 For programmer irrespective of the platform, he is automating ( Android or iOS) all the
complexities will remain under single Appium server
 It opens the door to cross-platform mobile testing which means the same test would work
on multiple platforms
 Appium does not require extra components in your App to make it automation friendly
 It can automate Hybrid, Web and Native mobile applications

Cons:

 Running scripts on multiple iOS simulators at the same time is possible with Appium
 It uses UIAutomator for Android Automation which supports only Android SDK
platform, API 16 or higher and to support the older API's they have used another open
source library called Selendroid
9) Explain what is APPIUM INSPECTOR?

Similar to Selenium IDE record and Playback tool, Appium has an "Inspector" to record and
playback. It records and plays native application behavior by inspecting DOM and generates the
test scripts in any desired language. However, Appium Inspector does not support Windows and
use UIAutomator viewer in its option.

10) Mention what are the basic requirement for writing Appium tests?

For writing Appium tests you require,

 Driver Client: Appium drives mobile applications as though it were a user. Using a client
library you write your Appium tests which wrap your test steps and sends to the Appium
server over HTTP.
 Appium Session: You have to first initialize a session, as such Appium test takes place in
the session. Once the Automation is done for one session, it can be ended and wait for
another session
 Desired Capabilities: To initialize an Appium session you need to define certain
parameters known as "desired capabilities" like PlatformName, PlatformVersion, Device
Name and so on. It specifies the kind of automation one requires from the Appium server.
 Driver Commands: You can write your test steps using a large and expressive
vocabulary of commands.

11) Mention what are the possible errors one might encounter using Appium?

The possible errors one might face in Appium includes

 Error 1: The following desired capabilities are needed but not provided: Device Name,
platformName
 Error 2: Could not find adb. Please set the ANDROID_HOME environment variable with
the Android SDK root directory path
 Error 3: openqa.selenium.SessionNotCreatedException: A new session could not be
created
 Error 4: How to find DOM element or Xpath in a mobile application?

12) Do you need a server machine to run tests on Appium?

No, you don't need server machine to run tests on Appium. Appium facilitates a 2-tier
architecture where a test machine connects to a test server running Appium and automating the
whole thing. You can have Appium running on the same machine where your test runs.

13) Is it possible to interact with my apps using Javascript while I am testing with Appium?

Yes, it is possible to interact with App while using Javascript. When the commands run on
Appium, the server will send the script to your app wrapped into an anonymous function to be
executed.

14) Mention what are the most difficult scenarios to test with Appium?

The most difficult scenario to test with Appium is data exchange.

15) While using Appium can I run my tests in a multithreaded environment?

Yes, you can run the test in a multithreaded environment but you have to ensure that no more
than one test runs at the same time against the same Appium server.

16) In Android, do you need an app's .apk to automate using Appium or you also need app
in my workspace?

In Android, you only need .apk file to automate using Appium.

17) Explain what is Appium package master? How to create package?

Appium package master is a set of tools manage and create appium packages. For example to
create package you can use the code

# using es7/babe1

Gulp create-package –n <package-name>

#regular es5

Gulp create-package ---nobabe1 –n <package-name>

The package will be generated in the out/<package-name>

18) Explain how test frameworks are supported by Appium?

Appium does not support test framework as such there is no need to support them. Appium can
be used with any frameworks you want.

19) What underlying API does Appium follow?

Appium uses underlying selenium API to automate Test Cases, i.e. Appium is an extension to
selenium because all the Selenium API’s are present in Appium also.

20) Can you start Appium Server programmatically?

Yes, we can start Appium Server programmatically.Basically the commands we are entering to
the command prompt we write in a notepad and save with .bat extension and click bat file.

Runtime.getRuntime().exec(“cmd /c start C:\\appiumstart.bat”);

21) How would you inspect elements on iOS Apps?

By using Appium Inspector which is a GUI based tool similar to Selenium IDE we can identify
the objects.

22) How would you identify Mobile Browser objects? (Important: Appium Interview
Questions)
Ans: By using UserAgent we can identify objects in Mobile Browser. We use UserAgent and
change our browser as the mobile proxy and get an object.

(or)

By using ChromeCasting we can identify objects in Mobile Browser. We use ChromeCasting and
connect our mobile to the system and inspect objects on mobile from the system using
ChromeCasting.

23)How would you identify object uniquely when there are multiple objects with same class
name using appium
By using driver.findElements(By.className) and take the list and get through the index.Using
list mechanism and findElements method we will be traversing through the indexes and handle
the object uniquely with the class name.

24)What is the difference between Emulator and Simulator?

The emulator is used to call Android virtual devices where we use in our PC on a windows
machine, and Simulator is used to call for iOS virtual devices which will launch from Xcode in
MAC.

25) How do you detect the device got connected to the PC?
By using the command ADB devices we can get the information whether there are any objects or
devices detected by the PC.

26) What are Native Apps?

Native Apps or Applications are those written by using the Android or iOS SDK’s

27) What are Mobile Web Apps?

Mobile Web Applications are those which are accessed using a Mobile browser.

28) What test frameworks are supported by Appium?

Appium does not support test frameworks because there is no need to support, we can use appium
with all test frameworks which ever we want like NUnit, Junit, TestNG etc…

29) What are Hybrid Apps?

Hybrid Apps are those which have a wrapper around a webview and a native control which
interacts with web content.

30) What is the difference between Hybrid Apps and Native Apps?
Hybrid apps are web based apps that work well on the mobile browser, where as Native apps are
written for particular OS i.e, Android, iOS, etc…

31) Does Appium support Emulators in iOS?

No, Appium doesn’t support Emulators in iOS.

32) Can Appium run on windows to test iOS app?

No, Appium will not be able to test iOS apps on the windows server which is hosted locally,
because appium relies on OS X-only libraries to support iOS testing.

33) What kind of platforms supported by Appium? (Important: Appium Interview Questions)

Appium supports below platforms:

 Android
 Firefox mobile OS
 iOS

34) Which kind of applications can we automate using Appium?

We can automate below applications using Appium

 Mobile Web Browser

 Hybrid Applications
 Native Applications

35) What is the default port number used for Appium Server?

4723 is the default port number used for Appium Server.

36) To perform app automation can we use JavaScript in Appium?

Yes, we can use JavaScript to automate applications using Appium.Whatever the language that
supports HTTP request can be used with Appium.

37) Name the list of Appium Client Libraries?

Ruby, Java, Python, PHP, and C# are the appium client libraries which are used for extension
WebDriver protocol.

38) Can we run our tests in a multithreaded environment while using Appium?

Yes, we can run our test in a multithreaded environment while using appium, but we have to
make sure that not to run more than one test at the same time against the same Appium server.

39) How we find DOM element in a mobile application?

By using “UIAutomateviewer” we can able to find DOM element in a mobile application.

40) Does Appium have the same approach as WebDriver?

Yes, Appium has the same approach as WebDriver.

41) Does a server node is required to execute Appium tests?

No, we don’t need a server node to execute appium tests.

42) How will we run parallel iOS tests in Appium? (Important: Appium Interview Questions)

By using Sauce Labs we can run iOS tests parallel, we just need to upload our Appium test to
sauce labs and it will run as many iOS tests parallel.

43) What are the advantages of using Appium over Sauce Labs?

 You don’t have to install/configure the mobile emulators/simulators in your local

environment.
  Modifications to the source code of the application are not required.
 You can start scaling your tests instantly.
 Setup time for Appium server locally is reduced.

44) Can we able to test iOS applications on Linux machine using Appium?

No, we won’t be able to test iOS applications on Linux machines by using Appium.

45) What is a Xcode in Appium?

Xcode is an integrated development environment for OS X and iOS.

46) Does Appium supports ‘C’ language?

No, Appium doesn’t support ‘C’ language.

47) What is POM and what is the basic use of POM?

POM is basically an XML file which is used for configuring the project in MAVEN.

48) What is the extension used for iOS files?

.ipa(iOS App Store Package) is used for iOS files.

49) What are the possible errors you might encounter while using Appium?

 Fail to start appium session

 Nothing is happening when Clicking on Inspector icon