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Analysis of the Types of Radar Absorbing Materials

Article in NBI Technologies · October 2019

DOI: 10.15688/NBIT.jvolsu.2019.2.6

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ИННОВАЦИИ В МЕТАЛЛУРГИИ
И МАТЕРИАЛОВЕДЕНИИ

DOI: https://doi.org/10.15688/NBIT.jvolsu.2019.2.6
УДК 621.396
ББК 32.95

ANALYSIS OF THE TYPES

OF RADAR ABSORBING MATERIALS 1

Anatoly M. Afanasiev

Doctor of Sciences (Engineering), Professor, Information Security Department,

Volgograd State University
[email protected]
Prosp. Universitetsky, 100, 400062 Volgograd, Russian Federation

Yulia S. Bakhracheva

Сandidate of Sciences (Engineering), Associate Professor, Information Security Department,

Volgograd State University
[email protected]
Prosp. Universitetsky, 100, 400062 Volgograd, Russian Federation

Abstract. The paper provides the analysis of modern radar absorbing materials. The
authors describe the advantage of radar absorbing material on the basis of the metamaterial.
Key words: radar absorbing material, electromagnetic radiation, absorption coefficient,
© Afanasiev A.M., Bakhracheva Yu.S., 2019

effect of neutralization, metamaterials.

Radioabsorbing materials are materials electromagnetic waves used mainly traditional

whose composition and structure provides conductive particulate (soot, graphite, metal
effective absorption (with little reflection) of particles), fibrous (carbon, metal, metalized
electromagnetic energy in a certain range of radio polymer) and magnetic (sintered ferrite plate
wavelengths. powders of ferrites, carbonyl iron, etc.) fillers used
There is no universal classification of separately or together, forming a complex
radioabsorbing materials. Conventionally, they can composite structure.
be classified by composition and principle of action. Radioabsorbing materials, made in the form
In the modern development of r adar of varnishes, paints, sealants, polymers, fabrics,
absorbing materials to absorb energy of tiles, foams, filled rubbers, building slabs, loose

NBI technologies. 2019. Vol. 13. No. 2 35

ИННОВАЦИИ В МЕТАЛЛУРГИИ

mixtures and other versions of var ious and dielectric losses, but less thermal stability
compositions, are the main components in the compared to Nickel ferrites.
creation of electromagnetic wave absorbers, – Magnesium ferrites are used in the long-
which are used for the equipment of anechoic wave part of the microwave range. They have
chambers. low values of induction at saturation. As with
According to the principle of action, several magnetic ferrites, the main drawback is low
large groups of radioabsorbing materials are thermal stability.
isolated [1]: The advantage of ferrite radioabsorbing
– resonance; materials is their small thickness (a few
– non-resonant magnetic; millimeters) and high flexibility of the material.
– metal screen; The disadvantage is the low manufacturability of
– non-resonant bulk; manufacturing and heating resulting from the
– pyramidal absorbers of electromagnetic dispersion of high-frequency radiation energy over
waves. a large surface.
Resonant radioabsorbing materials provide Obtaining broadband material is achieved by
partial neutralization of radiation reflected from using ferrites with different resonant frequencies.
the surface of the absorber, part of which has The dependence of the resonance frequency
passed through the thickness of the material. depends not only on the material (Nickel,
The neutralization effect is significant when the magnetic, magnesium), but also on the size of the
thickness of the absorber is equal to one quarter powder particles (tables 1, 2).
of the wavelength of radiation. In this case, the Table 1
waves reflected by the surface of the absorber
Dependence of absorption frequency
are in the opposite phase. Resonance materials
on ferrite particle size  > 300
are applied to the reflecting surfaces of the
masking object. The thickness of the Powder particle sizes, Effective absorption frequency,
µm GHz
radioabsorbing materials corresponds to a quarter 1650-701 0,5-1,5
of the wavelength of the radar radiation. 701-351 1-2
The incident energy of high-frequency radiation 351-104 1,8-3
is reflected from the external and internal surfaces 104-43 2,5-7,5
of r adioabsorbing materials to for m an <43 6-12
interference pattern of neutralization of the initial
wave. As a result, the incident radiation is Table 2
suppressed. Deviation of the expected radiation Dependence of absorption frequency
frequency from the calculated one leads to on ferrite particle size  < 300
deterioration of the absorption characteristics,
Powder particle sizes, Effective absorption frequency,
which makes this material narrow-band. µm GHz
Therefore, this type of radioabsorbing materials 1650-701 1-3
is effective in masking radiation from a radar 701-351 2-4
station operating on a standard, constant 351-104 4-6
monofrequency. 104-43 5-7,5
<43 6-12
Non-resonant magnetic radar absorbing
materials containing ferrite particles, dispersed in Metal screens – flat single or multi-layer
epoxy or plastic coating. plates, shielding electromagnetic radiation. Metal
Apply several types of ferrites: screens at almost acceptable thickness provide
– Nickel ferrites are used mainly in the good shielding efficiency at all frequencies of the
ranges of mile-and centimeter waves, have high radio band. Efficiency increases with frequency,
values of saturation magnetization and high thermal magnetic permeability , conductivity , and
stability. Their disadvantage is the high value of screen thickness d.
initial losses. With a decrease in frequency, the attenuation
– Magnetic ferrites are used in the middle coefficient in the metal decreases, and the shielding
part of the centimeter range; have low magnetic efficiency due to absorption decreases, so the

36 НБИ технологии. 2019. Т. 13. № 2

 A.M. Afanasiev, Yu.S. Bakhracheva. Analysis of the Types of Radar Absorbing Materials

screen, consisting of several thin layers of different The new properties of metamaterials are due
metals, has a large shielding effect in the low- to the resonance interaction of an electromagnetic
frequency region compared to a homogeneous wave propagating in a heterogeneous medium filled
screen by increasing the number of reflections. with inclusions having a special form providing
The disadvantage of metal screens can be resonant excitation of currents. Resonance interaction
called providing a good level of absorption only at is not potential, which, along with interference
a normal angle of incidence of the electromagnetic collective processes, leads to the emergence of new
wave on the surface. When changing the angle effects. In particular, metamaterials can have both
of incidence of the electromagnetic wave, the negative: magnetic permeability and electrical
absorption coefficient decreases. susceptibility, resulting in electromagnetic waves, in
Non-resonant bulk radioabsor bing which the phase and group velocities have opposite
materials-usually used in the form of relatively directions and as a result there is a negative refraction
thick layers that absorb most of the energy at the boundary of the two media.
supplied to the approach and possible reflection The resulting material is relatively narrow-
of the wave from the metal back plate. band, although it has properties that traditional
The principle of operation is based on the use of absorbing materials do not possess. Namely, at low
both dielectric and magnetic losses, the latter – frequencies the dielectric and magnetic permeability
by adding ferrite compounds. In some cases, the of the layer are small and the layer becomes
introduction of graphite into the polyurethane foam transparent, which is important for solving a number
matrix is used. This type of radioabsorbing of problems of electromagnetic compatibility.
materials is not only technologically difficult to Radioabsorbing mater ial based on
manufacture, but also occupies large volumes. metamaterial (figure) is a periodic lattice of metal
The undeniable advantages of this material are slit open resonators (SRR-Split Ring Resonator)
high absorption capacity and broadband made on a dielectric substrate. The main property
absorption. of radioabsorbing material based on metamaterial
Another possibility of reducing the is the absorption of electromagnetic waves at
reflection of electromagnetic radiation from the plasma resonance frequencies.
external surface is associated with the use of
materials in the upper layers of which are
created periodic, so-called chiral conducting
structures that interact cooperatively with
electromagnetic radiation. The constructions of
each such element and their entire ensemble can
be very diverse [2; 6; 7]. In this case, the
structures are calculated in such a way that the
radiation pattern of the propagating energy is as
two-dimensional as possible and lies in the plane
of the reflecting material (coating). At the same
time, to reduce the reflection from flat conductive
elements, the area occupied by such structures Figure. Example of metamaterial
should be minimal. Since such a structure,
excited by an external source, transmits stored Because of such problems as escapologist
energy to the surrounding space, the analogue of r adar absorbing materials based on
of such a structure can be a transmitting metamaterial, the dependence of the absorption
superdirectional antenna with high radiation q- coefficient on the incidence angle and polarization
factor [3]. Such radar-absorbing materials are of electromagnetic waves, currently intensive
called r adio-absor bing surfaces of the work on the creation of new types of broadband
metamaterial. radar absorbing materials based on metamaterials
Metamaterials are composites with unique to improve antenna technology, development of
electrophysical, radiophysical and optical technologies for improving noise immunity of
properties that are absent in natural materials [5]. electronic equipment.

NBI technologies. 2019. Vol. 13. No. 2 37

 ИННОВАЦИИ В МЕТАЛЛУРГИИ

One of the solutions to this problem is the Vehicles Adaptability for Operation at Low Ambient
creation of a two-dimensional microwave absorber Temperature Conditions. WIT Transactions on
based on metamaterial, whose electrodynamic Ecology and the Environment, 2014, vol. 190, iss. 1,
properties do not depend on the polarization of pp. 685-695.
2. Engheta N. Metamaterials: Physics and
electro-magnetic waves. An example of a
Engineering Explorations. Wiley & Sons, pp. 240-256.
technical solution is given in [4]. Radioabsorbing 3. Genon G., Torchio M.F., Poggio A., Poggio M.
material is made in the form of dielectric thickness Merging of Energy and Environmental Analyses for
h = 1 mm. SRR cells are applied to the dielectric District Heating Systems. Energy Conversion
surface, which are 4 rings with two slits and a Management, 2009, no. 50 (3), pp. 522-529.
metal strip across the ring with a radius of 2 mm, 4. Veselago V., Braginsky, L., Shklover V.,
providing an absorption level of not less than 80 % Hafner C. Negative Relactive Index Materials. Journal
at EMV incidence angles from 0 to 50  at a of Computational and Theoretical Nanosciense, 2006,
frequency of 9.5 GHz. vol. 3, pp. 1-30.
5. Veselago V.G. Electrodynamics of Substances
with Simultaneously Negative Electrical and
NOTE
Magnetic Permeabilities. Sov. Phys. Usp, 1968, vol. 10,
p. 509.
1
The reported study was funded by RFBR and 6. Zhu B., Huang C., Feng Y., Zhao J., Jiang T.
Volgograd region according to research project Dual Band Switchable Metamateria Electro-Magnetic
no. 19-43-340005. Absorber. Progress in Electromagnetics Research,
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АНАЛИЗ ВИДОВ РАДИОПОГЛОЩАЮЩИХ МАТЕРИАЛОВ

Анатолий Михайлович Афанасьев

Доктор технических наук, профессор кафедры информационной безопасности,

Волгоградский государственный университет
[email protected]
Просп. Университетский, 100, 400062 г. Волгоград, Российская Федерация

Юлия Сагидулловна Бахрачева

Кандидат технических наук, доцент кафедры информационной безопасности,

Волгоградский государственный университет
[email protected]
Просп. Университетский, 100, 400062 г. Волгоград, Российская Федерация

Аннотация. Проведен анализ современных радиопоглощающих материалов.

Показано преимущество радиопоглощающего материала на основе метаматериала.
Ключевые слова: радиопоглощающий материал, электромагнитное излучение,
коэффициент поглощения, эффект нейтрализации, матаматериал.

38 НБИ технологии. 2019. Т. 13. № 2

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