Annals of Mathematics and Computer Science ISSN: 2789-7206

Vol 21 (2024) 181-191 https://doi.org/10.56947/amcs.v21.277

MACHINE LEARNING METHODS IN CIVIL ENGINEERING:

A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

SAIDJON KAMOLOV1∗

Abstract. Machine learning has found applications across a range of com-

mercial enterprises. One of the exciting industries impacted by AI has been
civil engineering. The aim of this paper is to review recent developments in AI
as they relate to civil engineering. We highlight potential applications as well
as the risks.

1. Introduction
The recent advances in AI has catalyzed its adoption in many industries. In
particular, the potential of AI in civil engineering can not be underestimated.
Despite the vast potential benefits, there exist risks and challenges in implement-
ing AI in civil engineering. The goal of this paper is to review recent trends in
advances in applying AI and machine learning in civil engineering. We discusses
opportunities for success and highlight potential pitfalls.
AI and machine learning have various applications in civil engineering, includ-
ing structural engineering, transportation engineering, geotechnical engineering,
and more [1]. These technologies can improve the efficiency of civil engineering
projects by providing solutions to challenges such as damage inspection, safety
risk management, and information modeling [1]. However, there are also chal-
lenges in applying AI and machine learning to civil engineering, such as the need
to define the interface between humans and AI, collect detailed behavioral data,
and address ethical considerations [39, 19, 34].
To address these challenges, researchers are exploring the integration of intel-
ligent technologies like neural networks, big data, and deep learning throughout
the full life cycle of civil engineering projects [39]. This cross-integration can
promote the synergistic development of AI research in civil engineering .
In terms of future prospects, AI and machine learning have the potential to
profoundly transform the development of civil engineering in areas such as urban
planning, architectural design, structural design, engineering construction, ser-
vice operation and maintenance, and disaster prevention and mitigation [?]. The
use of AI techniques, such as deep learning, computer vision, UAV, 3D print-
ing, BIM, virtual reality, and augmented reality, can lead to unmanned, fully
Date: Received: Dec 8, 2023; Accepted: Feb 12, 2024.
∗
Corresponding author.
Key words and phrases. machine learning, deep learning, civil engineering, design, structural
optimization.
181
182 S. KAMOLOV

automatic, intelligent urban and regional planning, as well as new technologies

for civil engineering design, construction, maintenance, and disaster management
[6].
Overall, the integration of AI and machine learning in civil engineering offers
many possibilities for improving efficiency and addressing challenges. However,
it is important to consider ethical considerations and continue research and de-
velopment to fully realize the potential of these technologies in the field [19, 34].

Figure 1. Applications of AI and machine learning in civil engineering.

2. Design and construction of civil engineering structures

AI and machine learning have various applications in optimizing the design
and construction of civil engineering structures. We discuss the key points in the
following passages:

2.1. Civil engineering for structural design optimization. The current ap-
plications of AI in civil engineering for structural design optimization include:
• AI and machine learning techniques are being used in structural engineer-
ing, transportation engineering, and geotechnical engineering to address
challenges such as damage inspection, safety risk management, and infor-
mation modeling [1].
• AI algorithms assist engineers in creating optimal structural designs by
considering factors like cost limits, environmental circumstances, and ma-
terial qualities [41].
• AI-based computational tools and information technology have become
widely utilized for sustainable and effective design in civil engineering,
particularly in seismic impact optimization and environmental sustain-
ability [41].
One of the key challenges in many scenarios in civil engineering and beyond is
the optimal feature set. Since, in the age of big data, not all the collected data is
useful, it has become paramount to identify the optimal features in a subset [?].
 MACHINE LEARNING METHODS IN CIVIL ENGINEERING 183

2.2. Challenges. The challenges and limitations of using AI and machine learn-
ing in civil engineering for optimizing the design and construction of structures
include:
• Challenges include data availability and effectiveness, defining AI models,
ethical considerations, and the need for collaborative partnerships [16].
• The integration of AI in civil engineering poses questions about the future
role of human engineers and the importance of engineering intuition and
creativity [17].

2.3. Efficiency and sustainability. Contribution of AI and machine learning

algorithms to the efficiency and sustainability of civil engineering structures in-
clude:
• AI technology, such as deep learning, machine learning, and reinforce-
ment learning algorithms, is applied to civil engineering for urban intelli-
gent planning, structural design, construction, maintenance, and disaster
prevention [6].
• AI-driven robotics and autonomous machines contribute to enhanced ef-
ficiency and safety during construction by automating tedious jobs and
continuously monitoring site conditions (Singh et al., 2023).
• AI-based methods in structural design optimization can decrease negative
environmental impacts, improve resource allocation, and create a more
time- and cost-effective design process [18].
Machine learning is bound to play an important role in sustainable develop-
ment in many areas including civil engineering [?]. By utilizing the data-driven
approach AI algorithms have the potential to uncover sustainable solutions that
have hitherto escaped human detection.

2.4. Future prospects. The future prospects of AI and machine learning in

revolutionizing the design and construction of civil engineering structures include:
• The use of AI in civil engineering has the potential to improve the effi-
ciency, safety, and sustainability of infrastructure systems [16].
• AI can bring digitalization in the construction industry to a new level and
create new services and business models [19].
• The ongoing research and development of AI-based methods in civil en-
gineering indicate a growing interest in leveraging AI for contemporary,
intelligent, safe, and resilient infrastructure [19].
AI and machine learning have diverse applications in civil engineering for op-
timizing structural design and construction. These technologies contribute to
efficiency, sustainability, and safety in the field. However, challenges such as data
availability and ethical considerations need to be addressed. The future prospects
of AI in civil engineering are promising, with the potential to revolutionize the
industry and create innovative solutions for infrastructure development.
184 S. KAMOLOV

Figure 2. Applications Intelligent Design in civil engineering.

3. Prediction and mitigation of natural disasters

AI and machine learning have the potential to greatly impact the prediction
and mitigation of natural disasters on civil engineering infrastructure. We discuss
some of the key research uncovered in the literature:
3.1. Disaster management. There are several applications of AI in disaster
management. AI is being utilized in various fields and industries, including disas-
ter management. It is used in geospatial analysis, robotics, machine learning, and
remote sensing, among others [20]. AI can provide quick and efficient responses
characterized by increased speed, precision, and readiness in disaster manage-
ment (Abid et al., 2023). It can also improve planning and analysis capabilities,
facilitate situational awareness, and accelerate recovery efforts [20].
3.2. Challenges. There exist several challenges in using AI for predicting nat-
ural disasters. The use of AI for disaster risk analysis presents potential pitfalls
that society must be cautious of [26]. Challenges that need to be overcome
include the need for high-quality and diverse data, compatibility with existing
systems and technologies, ethical and social implications, and ongoing research
and development [27].
3.3. Accuracy. One of the key facets is improving accuracy of predicting nat-
ural disasters. AI models have shown remarkable success in handling huge and
nonlinear data, making them perfect tools for disaster monitoring and manage-
ment [28]. By leveraging AI techniques such as big data, machine learning, and
deep learning, tasks in visualizing, analyzing, and predicting natural disasters
can be facilitated [29].
3.4. Ethical considerations. Ethical considerations and risks of AI must be
take into serious consideration. The use of AI in disaster management raises
ethical considerations and potential risks. Data privacy and security are critical
issues, as the use of AI often involves the collection and analysis of sensitive
information . Additionally, there is a need to ensure that AI is developed and
 MACHINE LEARNING METHODS IN CIVIL ENGINEERING 185

used in ways that are fair, equitable, and effective in reducing the impact of
disasters [27].

3.5. Key technologies. The progress in AI applications is driven by the key

technologies and methodologies. AI techniques such as machine learning and
deep learning are commonly used in disaster management for tasks such as dis-
aster and hazard prediction, risk assessment, early warning systems, and damage
assessment [30, 62] . These technologies have the potential to enhance accuracy,
decrease calculation time, and reduce model creation costs [38].
There exists a significant capacity for AI to improve the accuracy of predicting
natural disasters and their impact on civil engineering infrastructure. However,
there are challenges to overcome, including the need for high-quality data and
addressing ethical considerations. Key technologies such as machine learning and
deep learning are commonly used in disaster management for various tasks. It is
important to ensure that AI is developed and used responsibly to mitigate the
risks associated with natural disasters [27].

4. Maintenance and monitoring

The use of AI and machine learning algorithms in civil engineering systems and
infrastructure maintenance and monitoring has the potential to bring numerous
benefits, but also poses certain challenges and limitations. We summarize below
the key issues:
(1) Current challenges in maintenance and monitoring of civil engineering
systems and infrastructure:
• Traditional methods fall short in adequately accounting for the com-
plexity of infrastructure systems [16].
• Limited visibility into how AI technology works and performs [33].
• Barriers to collecting detailed behavioral data from humans and con-
textual environments [34].
• Issues with data availability and effectiveness, defining AI models,
and ethical considerations [16].
(2) Key applications of AI and machine learning in civil engineering systems
and infrastructure maintenance:
• Structural health monitoring, damage inspection, and safety risk
management [?].
• Optimization of construction processes, project scheduling, resource
allocation, and risk assessment [16].
• Accurate estimation of soil properties, foundation construction, and
transportation planning [16].
• Infrastructure monitoring, including bridge inspection, pipeline in-
tegrity assessment, and defect detection [16, 35].
• Condition assessment, health state prediction, and maintenance op-
timization (Cline et al., 2017).
(3) Potential benefits of using AI and machine learning for monitoring civil
engineering systems and infrastructure:
186 S. KAMOLOV

• Improved efficiency, safety, and sustainability of infrastructure sys-

tems ([16].
• Enhanced decision-making based on meaningful insights from data
(Shandilya et al., 2022).
• Reduction of errors and quick results through quick decision-making
[38].
• Automation of structural inspection and assessment tasks [35].
(4) Limitations and risks associated with the use of AI and machine learning
in civil engineering systems and infrastructure maintenance:
• Uneven development of intelligence at various stages and limitations
in practical applications (Liu et al., 2024).
• Challenges with data availability, AI model definition, and ethical
considerations [16].
• Need for collaborative partnerships and overcoming knowledge gaps
[34].
• Potential impacts on job site injuries and industry business models
[40].
AI has the potential to significantly improve the maintenance and monitoring
of civil engineering systems and infrastructure. However, challenges such as data
availability, model definition, and ethical considerations need to be addressed.
Collaborative efforts and further research are necessary to fully harness the ben-
efits of AI in civil engineering.

5. Structural design optimization

Using AI algorithms to optimize the structural design of civil engineering
projects has the potential to improve efficiency and sustainability. Several types
of AI algorithms can be applied in this context, including natural language pro-
cessing, machine learning, neural networks, and deep learning [41, 18, 42, 43].
However, there are key challenges and ethical considerations to consider when
using AI algorithms in this field.
Key challenges in using AI algorithms to optimize the structural design of civil
engineering projects include the need for improvement in requirement documents
and information management [44]. Additionally, there is a need for method devel-
opment and knowledge gap identification in this field [44]. Ethical considerations
and potential risks associated with using AI algorithms include the need for data
privacy and security, potential bias in algorithmic decision-making, and the im-
pact on employment in the construction industry [45, 16].
In terms of comparing AI algorithms to traditional methods in optimizing the
structural design of civil engineering projects, AI algorithms offer advantages
such as enhanced decision-making, automation of tedious tasks, and the ability
to consider multiple aspects such as cost limits, environmental circumstances,
and material qualities (Singh et al., 2023). Traditional methods may fall short
in adequately accounting for the complexity of civil engineering projects [19].
However, it is important to note that AI algorithms should not replace human
engineers, but rather serve as tools to assist and enhance their work [17].
 MACHINE LEARNING METHODS IN CIVIL ENGINEERING 187

There is an enormous potential to optimize the structural design of civil engi-

neering projects by improving efficiency, sustainability, and decision-making using
modern AI technology. However, there are challenges and ethical considerations
that need to be addressed. AI algorithms offer advantages over traditional meth-
ods, but should be seen as tools to assist human engineers rather than replace
them.

6. Forecasting the likelihood and severity of natural disasters

Forecasting has become one of the key applications of machine learning in many
areas of scientific endeavour [?]. Using AI and machine learning algorithms to an-
alyze historical data can help predict the likelihood and severity of future natural
disasters on civil engineering infrastructure. However, there are several key chal-
lenges and ethical considerations associated with this approach as summarized
below.
Data quality and diversity plays a crucial role. High-quality and diverse data
are crucial for accurate predictions. However, obtaining such data can be chal-
lenging, as it may be limited or incomplete [46]. Additionally, integrating different
types of data, such as geospatial data, social media data, and wireless network
sensor data, can be complex [46].
Another key issues is compatibility with existing systems. Integrating AI and
machine learning algorithms with existing civil engineering infrastructure can
be challenging. It requires ensuring compatibility and interoperability between
different systems and technologies (Adams et al., 2022).
Ethical considerations and biases must be taken into account. The use of AI
and machine learning algorithms for predicting natural disasters raises ethical
considerations and potential biases. There is a need to ensure fairness, trans-
parency, and accountability in the algorithms and models used [60]. Biases can
arise from biased training data or algorithmic biases.
Different types of AI and machine learning algorithms that can be used to
predict the likelihood and severity of natural disasters on civil engineering infras-
tructure include:
(1) Machine learning algorithms, such as supervised, unsupervised, and rein-
forcement learning, can be used for disaster prediction, risk assessment,
and early warning systems [38, 62].
(2) Deep learning algorithms, a subset of machine learning, can be used for
tasks such as hazard prediction, risk assessment, disaster detection, and
damage assessment [62].
(3) Artificial neural networks, including recurrent neural networks and con-
volutional neural networks, are effective in processing spatial information
and can be used for weather forecasting, healthcare, and flood detection
[61].
There exist several ethical considerations and potential biases associated with
using AI and machine learning for predicting natural disasters on civil engineering
infrastructure. Ensuring fairness and transparency in the algorithms and models
used is crucial to avoid biases and discrimination [60]. Biases can arise from biased
188 S. KAMOLOV

training data, which can lead to inaccurate predictions and unfair outcomes [60].
There is a need for accountability in the development and use of AI and machine
learning algorithms to ensure responsible and ethical practices [60].
Integrating AI and machine learning algorithms with existing civil engineer-
ing infrastructure can improve disaster preparedness. There exist multiple ap-
proaches in this field. AI algorithms can provide quick and efficient responses
characterized by increased speed, precision, and readiness, improving decision-
making in disaster management [20]. Utilizing remote sensing, geographic infor-
mation systems, and AI analyses can improve planning and analysis capabilities,
facilitate situational awareness, and accelerate recovery efforts [20]. AI can help
address challenges in disaster management by integrating with climate modeling
and traffic management systems, leading to more efficient systems for emergency
management operators and improved resilience [59].

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1
Faculty of Engineering, Tajik Technical University, Dushanbe, Tajikistan.
Email address: [email protected]