Tanvir’s Learning Point

jvjevM,XvKv

GBPGmwm AvBwmwU
Aa¨vq 2t KwgDwb‡Kkb wm‡÷g I †bUIqvwK©s

❖ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welqmg~n
➢ ‡WUv KwgDwb‡Kkb wm‡÷g
➢ e¨vÛDBW_&
➢ ‡WUv KwgDwb‡Kkb †g_W
➢ ‡WUv KwgDwb‡Kkb †gvW
➢ ‡WUv KwgDwb‡Kkb gva¨g
➢ Iq¨vi‡jm KwgDwb‡Kkb wm‡÷g
➢ Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s
➢ ‡bUIqvK© U‡cvjwR
➢ K¬vDW Kw¤úDwUs

‡WUv KwgDwb‡Kkb wm‡÷g

‡h cÖwµqvq †WUv‡K GK ¯’vb †_‡K Ab¨ ¯’v‡b wKsev GK wWfvBm †_‡K Ab¨ wWfvB‡m GKwU wbw`©ó P¨v‡b‡ji gva¨‡g ¯’vbvšÍwiZ
Kiv hvq Zv‡K ‡WUv KwgDwb‡Kkb wm‡÷g e‡j| GLv‡b P¨v‡bj ej‡Z †h‡Kv‡bv gva¨g‡K eySvq|
▪ ‡WUv KwgDwb‡Kkb wm‡÷‡gi Dcv`vb cuvPwU| h_v:
1. Drm(Source): ‡h wWfvBm n‡Z †WUv‡K †cÖi‡Yi D‡Ï‡k¨ Drcbœ ev ˆZwi Kiv nq Zv‡K Drm e‡j| †hgb: †Uwj‡dvb,
K¨v‡giv, Kx-‡evW© BZ¨vw`|
2. ‡cÖiK(Transmitter): ‡h wWfvBm ‡cÖiY‡hvM¨ †WUv‡K Gb‡KvW K‡i gva¨‡gi Dc‡hvMx K‡i †Zv‡j Zv‡K †cÖiK ev
UªvÝwgUvi e‡j| †hgb: g‡Wg, ivDUvi BZ¨vw`|
3. gva¨g(Medium): ‡WUv UªvÝwgk‡b hvi ga¨ w`‡q †WUv Drm n‡Z MšÍ‡e¨ ¯’vbvšÍwiZ nq Zv‡K gva¨g ev UªvÝwgkb
wm‡÷g e‡j| †hgb: dvBevi AcwUK K¨vej, †iwWI I‡qf BZ¨vw`|
4. cÖvcK(Receiver): ‡h wWfvBm Gb‡Kv‡WW †WUv‡K MÖnY K‡i MšÍe¨ wWfvB‡mi Dc‡hvMx d‡g© cwieZ©b K‡i Zv‡K
cÖvcK e‡j| †hgb: g‡Wg, ivDUvi BZ¨vw`|
5. MšÍe¨(Destination): Drm †_‡K me©‡kl MšÍe¨ wn‡m‡e hvi wbKU †WUv cvVv‡bv nq Zv‡K MšÍe¨ e‡j| †hgb: mvf©vi
Kw¤úDUvi, cv‡m©vbvj Kw¤úDUvi BZ¨vw`|

Drm(Source) ‡cÖiK(Transmitter) Transmission System cÖvcK(Receiver) MšÍe¨(Destination)

) )
GLv‡b wWwRUvj wmMb¨vj GwU b‡qR wenxb| Gi gvb (0,1)|
A¨vbvjM wmMb¨vj
G‡Z A‡bK b‡qR m„wó nq| Gi A‡bK gvb _v‡K|
gwWD‡jkb(Modulation): wWwRUvj wmMb¨vj‡K A¨vbvjM wmMb¨v‡j iƒcvšÍi KivB n‡”Q gwWD‡jkb| Avi †h wWfvBm
GB gwWD‡jkb cÖwµqv m¤úbœ K‡i Zv‡K e‡j gwWD‡jUi|
wW-gwWD‡jkb(De-modulation): A¨vbvjM wmMb¨vj‡K wWwRUvj wmMb¨v‡j iƒcvšÍi KivB n‡”Q wW-gwWD‡jkb| Avi †h
wWfvBm GB wW-gwWD‡jkb cÖwµqv m¤úbœ K‡i Zv‡K e‡j wW-gwWD‡jUi|
g‡Wg: ‡h wWfvBm gwWD‡jkb Ges wW-gwWD‡jkb cÖwµqv m¤úbœ K‡i Zv‡K g‡Wg e‡j|
e¨vÛDBW_&
msÁv: GKK mg‡q †cÖiK n‡Z cÖvc‡K †h cwigvY †WUv ¯’vbvšÍwiZ nq Zv‡K e¨vÛDBW_& e‡j|
▪ e¨vÛDBW_& Gi GKK n‡”Q bps|
▪ bps Gi c~Y©iƒc n‡jv bit per second|
1Byte = 8bit
he¨vÛDBW_&& wbY©‡qi m~Î- 1KB 1024B
e¨vÛDBW_& = ‡gvU †WUv÷mgq 1MB 1024KB
1GB 1024MB
‡Kv‡bv gva¨‡gi ga¨ w`‡q 15 ‡m‡K‡Û 4500 weU †WUv ¯’vbvšÍwiZ n‡j 1TB 1024GB
Gi e¨vÛDBW_& KZ? 1PB 1024TB

DËi: †`Iqv Av‡Q,

†gvU †WUv = 4500 bit
mgq = 15 sec
∴ e¨vÛDBW_& = †gvU †WUv ÷ mgq
= 4500 ÷ 15
= 300 bps
▪ e¨vÛDBW_& 128bps ev 128kbps ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?
DËit GKK mg‡q †cÖiK n‡Z cÖvc‡K †h cwigvY †WUv ¯’vbvšÍwiZ nq Zv‡K e¨vÛDBW_& e‡j| e¨vÛDBW_& 128bps ev
128kbps ej‡Z †evSvq †Kv‡bv gva¨‡gi ga¨ w`‡q cÖwZ †m‡K‡Û 128 weU ev 128 wK‡jvweU †WUv ¯’vbvšÍwiZ nq|
e¨vÛDBW_& Gi cÖKvi‡f`:
e¨vÛDBW_& wZb cÖKvi| h_v:
1. b¨v‡iv e¨vÛ
2. f‡qm e¨vÛ
3. eªW e¨vÛ
b¨v‡iv e¨vÛ: (45-300)bps ch©šÍ MwZmxgv‡K e‡j b¨v‡iv e¨vÛ|
▪ b¨v‡iv e¨v‡Û †WUv UªvÝwgk‡bi MwZ mvaviYZ 45 ‡_‡K 300 bps ch©šÍ n‡q _v‡K|
▪ b¨v‡iv e¨vÛ mvaviYZ 300 ‡_‡K 400 nvU©m wd«Kz‡qwÝ cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡K|
▪ mvaviYZ †U·U †g‡mR cÖ`v‡b b¨v‡iv e¨vÛ e¨veüZ nq|
f‡qm e¨vÛ: (1200-9600)bps ch©šÍ MwZmxgv‡K e‡j f‡qm e¨vÛ|
▪ f‡qm e¨v‡Û †WUv UªvÝwgk‡bi MwZ mvaviYZ 1200 ‡_‡K 9600 bps ch©šÍ n‡q _v‡K|
▪ b¨v‡iv e¨vÛ mvaviYZ 200 ‡_‡K 3600 nvU©m wd«Kz‡qwÝ cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡K|
▪ e¨envi: Kw¤úDUvi †_‡K wcÖ›Uv‡i, Kx‡evW© †_‡K Kw¤úDUv‡i, wKsev KvW© wiWvi †_‡K Kw¤úDUv‡i|
eªW e¨vÛ: (1Mbps ev Zvi Dc‡ii)bps ch©šÍ MwZmxgv‡K e‡j eªW e¨vÛ|
▪ eªW e¨v‡Û †WUv UªvÝwgk‡bi MwZ mvaviYZ 1Mbps ev Zvi AwaK ch©šÍ n‡q _v‡K|
▪ eªW e¨vÛ mvaviYZ 1MHz ‡_‡K 300GHz ch©šÍ wd«Kz‡qwÝ cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡K|
▪ e¨envi: IqvBg¨v·, m¨v‡UjvBU KwgDwb‡Kkb I gvB‡µvI‡qf KwgDwb‡Kk‡bi †ÿ‡Î GB e¨vÛDBW_& e¨envi Kiv nq|
 †WUv UªvÝwgkb †g_W
‡h c×wZ‡Z †WUv GKwU wWfvBm †_‡K Av‡iKwU wWfvB‡m ¯’vbvšÍwiZ nq Zv‡K †WUv UªvÝwgkb †g_W e‡j|
▪ ‡WUv UªvÝwgkb †g_W `yB cÖKvi| h_v:
1. c¨vivjvj †WUv UªvÝwgkb †g_W|
2. wmwiqvj †WUv UªvÝwgkb †g_W|
c¨vivjvj †WUv UªvÝwgkb †g_W: ‡h UªvÝwgkb †g_‡W K¨v‡i±v‡ii weUmg~n GKB mg‡q mgvšÍivjfv‡e ¯’vbvšÍwiZ nq Zv‡K
c¨vivjvj †WUv UªvÝwgkb †g_W e‡j|
▪ G UªvÝwgk‡b 8 weU, 16 weU ev 32 weU †WUv PjvPj Ki‡Z cv‡i|
▪ Zvi ev K¨vej, BDGmwe †cvU© I wcÖ›Uv‡i †WUv cvVv‡bvi Rb¨ c¨vivjvj c×wZ e¨eüZ nq|

1
1 1
1
1 1
0
0 0
1
1 1
†cÖiK cÖvšÍ 0 cÖvcK cÖvšÍ
0 0
1
1 1
1
1 1
0
0 0
wPÎt c¨vivjvj †WUv UªvÝwgkb †g_W

wmwiqvj †WUv UªvÝwgkb †g_W: ‡h UªvÝwgkb †g_‡W K¨v‡i±v‡ii weUmg~n avivevwnKfv‡e ¯’vbvšÍwiZ nq Zv‡K wmwiqvj †WUv
UªvÝwgkb †g_W e‡j|
▪ g‡Wg, gvDm BZ¨vw` h‡š¿ wmwiqvj †WUv UªvÝwgkb c×wZ e¨envi Kiv nq|

1 1
1 1
0 0
†cÖiK cÖvšÍ 01101011 cÖvcK cÖvšÍ
1 1
0 0
1 1
1 1
0 0
wPÎt wmwiqvj †WUv UªvÝwgkb †g_W

wmwiqvj †WUv UªvÝwgkb †g_W wZb cÖKvi| h_v:

1. A¨vwmb‡µvbvm|
2. wmb‡µvbvm|
3. AvB‡mv‡µvbvm|
A¨vwmb‡µvbvm †WUv UªvÝwgkb †g_W: ‡h UªvÝwgkb †g_‡W †WUv K¨v‡i±vi evB K¨v‡i±vi UªvÝdvi nq Zv‡K A¨vwmb‡µvbvm
†WUv UªvÝwgkb †g_W e‡j|

†cÖiK cÖvšÍ cÖvcK cÖvšÍ

DHAKA
A
K
A
H
D
wPÎt A¨vwmb‡µvbvm †WUv UªvÝwgkb †g_W

▪ cÖwZwU K¨v‡i±vi 8 weU †WUv aviY K‡i|

‰ewkó¨
1. ‡h‡Kv‡bv mgq †cÖiK †WUv cvVv‡Z cv‡i Ges MÖvnK Zv MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i|
2. ‡WUv K¨v‡i±vi evB K¨v‡i±vi UªvÝwgU K‡i|
3. cÖwZwU K¨v‡i±v‡ii mv‡_ GKwU ÷vU© weU Ges GKwU ev `yBwU ÷c weU cvVv‡Z nq|
4. GKwU K‡i K¨v‡i±vi UªvÝwgU Kivi gvSLv‡bi weiwZ memgq mgvb bvI n‡Z cv‡i|
5. ‡WUv UªvÝwgkb MwZ Kg|
6. ‡WUv UªvÝwgkb `ÿZv Kg|
7. LiP Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e Kg|
A¨vwmb‡µvbvm UªvÝwgk‡bi e¨envi
▪ Kx‡evW© n‡Z Kw¤úDUv‡i|
▪ cvÂKvW© wiWvi n‡Z Kw¤úDUv‡i|
▪ Kw¤úDUvi n‡Z KvW© cvÂv‡i|
▪ Kw¤úDUvi n‡Z wcÖ›Uv‡i Ges
▪ wfwWI †M‡gi Rb¨ Rqw÷K †_‡K †WUv cvVv‡bv nq A¨vwmb‡µvbvm †WUv UªvÝwgkb c×wZ e¨envi K‡i|
wmb‡µvbvm †WUv UªvÝwgkb †g_W: ‡h UªvÝwgkb †g_‡W †WUv eøK evB eøK ev c¨v‡KU evB c¨v‡KU AvKv‡i UªvÝdvi nq Zv‡K
wmb‡µvbvm †WUv UªvÝwgkb †g_W e‡j|
block-1 block-2 block-3 block-4
primary
†cÖiK cÖvšÍ cÖvcK cÖvšÍ
storage
device

wPÎt wmb‡µvbvm †WUv UªvÝwgkb †g_W

▪ cÖwZwU eøK ev c¨v‡K‡U 80 †_‡K 132 wU K¨v‡i±vi _v‡K|

‰ewkó¨
1. ‡WUv eøK evB eøK AvKv‡i UªvÝwgU K‡i|
2. ‡WUv UªvÝwgk‡b †cÖiK cÖv‡šÍ cÖvBgvwi †÷v‡i‡Ri cÖ‡qvRb nq|
3. cÖwZwU eø‡Ki ïiæ‡Z GKwU 2 evB‡Ui †nWvi Bbdi‡gkb I †k‡l GKwU 2 evB‡Ui †UªBji Bbdi‡gkb wmMb¨vj w`‡Z
 nq|
4. cÖwZwU eø‡Ki gv‡S weiwZi mgq mgvb nq|
5. ‡WUv UªvÝwgkb MwZ Zzjbvg~jK †ewk|
6. ‡WUv UªvÝwgkb `ÿZv Zzjbvg~jK †ewk|
7. GwU Zyjbvg~jK e¨qeûj|
wmb‡µvbvm UªvÝwgk‡bi e¨envi
▪ Kw¤úDUvi ‡_‡K Kw¤úDUv‡i †WUv KwgDwb‡Kk‡bi mgq e¨envi Kiv nq|
▪ GK ¯’vb n‡Z `~ieZ©x Ab¨ ‡Kv‡bv ¯’v‡b †WUv ¯’vbvšÍ‡i|
▪ GK Kw¤úDUvi ‡_‡K GKB mv‡_ A‡bK¸‡jv Kw¤úDUv‡i †WUv ¯’vbvšÍ‡ii †ÿ‡Î wmb‡µvbvm †WUv UªvÝwgkb c×wZ e¨eüZ
nq|
A¨vwmb‡µvbvm I wmb‡µvbv‡mi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨
A¨vwmb‡µvbvm wmb‡µvbvm
1. ‡h UªvÝwgkb †g_‡W †WUv K¨v‡i±vi evB K¨v‡i±vi 1. ‡h UªvÝwgkb †g_‡W †WUv eøK evB eøK ev c¨v‡KU evB
UªvÝdvi nq Zv‡K A¨vwmb‡µvbvm †WUv UªvÝwgkb †g_W c¨v‡KU AvKv‡i UªvÝdvi nq Zv‡K wmb‡µvbvm †WUv
e‡j| UªvÝwgkb †g_W e‡j|
2. ‡WUv UªvÝwgk‡b †cÖiK cÖv‡šÍ †Kv‡bv cÖvBgvwi 2. ‡WUv UªvÝwgk‡b †cÖiK cÖv‡šÍ cÖvBgvwi †÷v‡i‡Ri
†÷v‡i‡Ri cÖ‡qvRb nq bv| cÖ‡qvRb nq|
3. GKwU K‡i K¨v‡i±vi UªvÝwgU Kivi gvSLv‡bi weiwZ 3. cÖwZwU eø‡Ki gv‡S weiwZi mgq mgvb nq|
memgq mgvb bvI n‡Z cv‡i|
4. cÖwZwU K¨v‡i±v‡ii mv‡_ GKwU ÷vU© weU Ges GKwU ev 4. cÖwZwU eø‡Ki ïiæ‡Z GKwU 2 evB‡Ui †nWvi Bbdi‡gk-
`yBwU ÷c weU cvVv‡Z nq| b I †k‡l GKwU 2 evB‡Ui †UªBji Bbdi‡gkb wmMb¨vj
w`‡Z nq|
5. ‡WUv UªvÝwgkb MwZ Kg| 5. ‡WUv UªvÝwgkb MwZ ‡ewk|
6. ‡WUv UªvÝwgkb `ÿZv Kg| 6. ‡WUv UªvÝwgkb `ÿZv ‡ewk|
7. mgq Zzjbvg~jK †ewk jv‡M| 7. mgq Zzjbvg~jK Kg jv‡M|
8. LiP Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e Kg| 8. LiP Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e ‡ewk|

AvB‡mv‡µvbvm †WUv UªvÝwgkb †g_W: ‡h UªvÝwgkb †g_‡W †WUv GKB mg‡q ¯’vbvšÍwiZ nq Zv‡K AvB‡mv‡µvbvm ‡WUv
UªvÝwgkb †g_W e‡j|
▪ AvB‡mv‡µvbvm UªvÝwgkb‡K wmb‡µvbvm UªvÝwgk‡bi Avc‡WU ejv nq|
▪ wi‡qj UvBg A¨vwcø‡Kk‡bi †WUv UªvÝdv‡i G c×wZ †ewk e¨eüZ nq|
▪ weiwZnxbfv‡e †WUv UªvÝwgU K‡i|
▪ ‡hgb: jvBf wUwf m¤úªPvi, w÷ªwgs wfwWI BZ¨vw`|
‡WUv UªvÝwgk‡bi `ÿZv
cÖK…Z †WUv
`ÿZv, = ×100%
‡gvU †WUv

A¨vwmb‡µvbvm Gi †ÿ‡Î,
cÖK…Z †WUv = 8 bit Ges †gvU †WUv = 11 bit|
 cÖK…Z †WUv
`ÿZv,  = ×100%
‡gvU †WUv
8 bit
= ×100%
11 bit
= 72.73%
wmb‡µvbvm Gi †ÿ‡Î,
cÖK…Z †WUv = 80 Byte
†gvU †WUv = 84 Byte
cÖK…Z †WUv
`ÿZv,  = ×100%
‡gvU †WUv
80 Byte
= ×100%
84 Byte
= 95.24%
‡WUv UªvÝwgkb †gvW
‡WUv KwgDwb‡Kk‡bi mgq †WUv UªvÝdv‡ii ‡ÿ‡Î †WUv cÖev‡ni w`K‡K †WUv UªvÝwgkb †gvW ejv nq|
▪ ‡WUv cÖev‡ni w`‡Ki Dci wfwË K‡i †WUv UªvÝwgkb †gvW‡K wZb fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v:
1. wmg‡cø·
2. nvd-Wz‡cø·
3. dyj-Wz‡cø·
wmg‡cø·: ‡h †WUv UªvÝwgkb †gv‡W †WUv cÖevn GKgyLx nq Zv‡K wmg‡cø· †WUv UªvÝwgkb †gvW e‡j|

gva¨g
†cÖiK cÖvšÍ cÖvcK cÖvšÍ

wPÎt wmg‡cø· †gvW

▪ e¨envi: †iwWI Ges wUwfi m¤úªPvi, Kx‡evW©, gvDm BZ¨vw`|
nvd-Wz‡cø·: ‡h †WUv UªvÝwgkb †gv‡W †WUv Dfq w`‡K PjvPj Ki‡Z cv‡i wKš‘ GKB mgq bq Zv‡K nvd-Wz‡cø· †WUv
UªvÝwgkb †gvW e‡j|
gva¨g
†cÖiK cÖvšÍ .......................... cÖvcK cÖvšÍ

wPÎt nvd-Wz‡cø· †gvW

e¨envi: IqvwK-UwK, d¨v·, GmGgGm BZ¨vw`|

dyj-Wz‡cø·: ‡h †WUv UªvÝwgkb †gv‡W †WUv Dfq w`‡K GKB mg‡q PjvPj Ki‡Z cv‡i Zv‡K dyj-Wz‡cø· †WUv UªvÝwgkb †gvW
e‡j|

gva¨g
†cÖiK cÖvšÍ cÖvcK cÖvšÍ

wPÎt dzj-Wz‡cø· †gvW

▪ e¨envi: †Uwj‡dvb, †gvevBj ‡dvb BZ¨vw`|

▪ cÖvc‡Ki msL¨vi Dci wfwË K‡i †WUv UªvÝwgkb †gvW‡K wZb fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v:
1. BDwbKv÷
2. eªWKv÷
3. gvwëKv÷
BDwbKv÷: ‡h †WUv UªvÝwgkb †gv‡W cÖvc‡Ki msL¨v GKRb _v‡K Zv‡K BDwbKv÷ †WUv UªvÝwgkb †gvW e‡j|
▪ wmg‡cø·, nvd-Wz‡cø· I dzj-Wz‡cø· Gi ˆewkó¨‡K aviY K‡i BDwbKv÷|

†cÖiK cÖvšÍ cÖvcK cÖvšÍ

wPÎt BDwbKv÷ †gvW

▪ e¨envi: †gvevBj, †Uwj‡dvb, IqvwK-UwK, wm‡½j GmGgGm BZ¨vw`|
eªWKv÷: ‡h †WUv UªvÝwgkb †gv‡W GKwU †bUIqv‡K©i AvIZvaxb mKj MÖvnK †WUv MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i Zv‡K eªWKv÷ †WUv
UªvÝwgkb †gvW e‡j|
B

C
„A
D

▪ e¨envi: †iwWI, †Uwjwfkb m¤úªPvi BZ¨vw`|

gvwëKv÷: ‡h †WUv UªvÝwgkb †gv‡W GKwU †bUIqv‡K©i AvIZvaxb wbw`©ó msL¨K wKQz MÖvnK †WUv MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i Zv‡K
gvwëKv÷ †WUv UªvÝwgkb †gvW e‡j|

A
D

E
▪ e¨envi: MÖæc GmGgGm, MÖæc GgGgGm, B-‡gBj ev wfwWI Kbdv‡iwÝs BZ¨vw`|
‡WUv KwgDwb‡Kkb gva¨g
msÁv: hvi ga¨ w`‡q Drm †_‡K MšÍe¨ ch©šÍ †WUv UªvÝwgU ev ¯’vbvšÍwiZ n‡Z cv‡i Zv‡K †WUv KwgDwb‡Kkb gva¨g e‡j|
▪ gva¨g `yB cÖKvi| h_v:
1. Zvi gva¨g(wired) ev MvB‡WW(Guided) wgwWqv|
2. Zviwenxb gva¨g(wireless) ev AvbMvB‡WW(Unguided) wgwWqv|
▪ Zvi gva¨g(wired) ev MvB‡WW(Guided) wgwWqv wZb cÖKvi| h_v:
1. UzB‡÷W †cqvi K¨vej|
2. ‡Kv-Gw·qvj K¨vej|
3. dvBevi AcwUK K¨vej|
UzB‡÷W †cqvi K¨vej: LAN ‡bUIqvK© I †Uwj‡dvb jvB‡bi Kv‡bKkb ˆZwii Rb¨ †h K¨vejwU e¨envi Kiv nq Zv‡K
UzB‡÷W †cqvi K¨vej e‡j|
▪ UzB‡÷W †cqvi K¨ve‡ji e¨vÛDBW_& 1Mbps – 10Gbps ch©šÍ n‡q _v‡K|
▪ G K¨ve‡j †gvU Pvi †Rvov Zvi _v‡K|
▪ cÖwZ †Rvov‡Z GKwU mv`v Zvi _v‡K Ges Gi mv‡_ bxj, †Mvjvcx, meyR I ev`vgx GB Pvi i‡Oi Zvi _v‡K|
▪ UzB‡÷W †cqvi K¨vej `yB cÖKvi| h_v:
1. (Unshielded Twisted Pair Cable – UTP)|
2. (Shielded Twisted Pair Cable – STP)|

wPÎtUTP wPÎtSTP

UTP I STP Gi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨

UTP STP
1. BDwUwc ev Avbwk‡ìW UzB‡÷W †cqvi K¨ve‡ji evB‡i 1. GmwUwc ev wk‡ìW UzB‡÷W †cqvi K¨ve‡ji cÖwZwU
AwZwi³ †Kv‡bv wkì ev AveiY _v‡K bv| cu¨vPv‡bv †Rvov Zvi GKwU K‡i k³ wkì ev Avei‡Yi
†fZi _v‡K|
2. BDwUwc †Zgb myiwÿZ bv| 2. GmwUwci k³ wkwìs‡qi Kvi‡Y A‡bK myiwÿZ _v‡K|
3. BDwUwc K¨ve‡ji e¨vÛDBW_& mvaviYZ 10Mbps| 3. GmwUwc K¨ve‡ji e¨vÛDBW_& mvaviYZ 16Mbps|
4. G‡Z EMI(Electro Magnetic Interference) 4. Gi eo myweav n‡jv BGgAvB cÖfve n«vm cvq|
cÖfve Lye †ewk|
UzB‡÷W †cqvi K¨ve‡ji myweavmg~n:
1. Kg `~i‡Z¡ †hvMv‡hv‡Mi Rb¨ UzB‡÷W †cqvi K¨vej e¨vcKfv‡e e¨eüZ nq|
2. Ab¨vb¨ K¨ve‡ji †P‡q `v‡g m¯Ív|
3. A¨vbvjM I wWwRUvj Dfq ai‡Yi †WUv UªvÝwgU Ki‡Z cv‡i|
4. mn‡R ¯’vcb Kiv hvq|
5. mn‡R †givgZ Kiv hvq|
UzB‡÷W †cqvi K¨ve‡ji Amyweavmg~n:
1. ‡ewk `~i‡Z¡ †WUv cvVv‡bvi Rb¨ 2 wK‡jvwgUvi ci ci wiwcUvi e¨envi Ki‡Z nq|
2. UªvÝwgkb jmI A‡cÿvK…Z †ewk|
3. mn‡RB b‡qR wmMb¨vj Øviv cÖfvweZ nq|
4. MVb cvZjv nIqvi Kvi‡Y mn‡RB †f‡½ hvIqvi m¤¢vebv _v‡K|
5. 100 wgUv‡ii †ewk `~i‡Z¡ GwU Iq¨vwis Kiv †ek RwUj|
UzB‡÷W †cqvi K¨ve‡ji e¨envi:
1. ‡Uwj‡dvb jvB‡b GB K¨vej e¨eüZ nq|
2. wWwRUvj wmMb¨vwjs I LAN ‡bUIqv‡K©i †ÿ‡Î G ai‡Yi K¨vej e¨eüZ nq|
‡Kv-Gw·qvj K¨vej: Kgvwk©qvj wfwWI K‡¤úvwRU, wWk ev K¨vej wUwf †bUIqv‡K© Kv‡bKkb †`Iqvi Rb¨ ‡h K¨vejwU
e¨envi Kiv nq Zv‡K †Kv-Gw·qvj K¨vej e‡j| plastic metallic dielectric centre
▪ GB K¨ve‡ji e¨vÛDBW_& 200Mbps| Jacket shield insulator core

▪ ‡Kv-Gw·qvj K¨vej `yB cÖKvi| h_v:

1. w_K‡bU;
2. w_b‡bU|
wPÎt †Kv-Gw·qvj K¨vej

w_b‡bU I w_K‡bU Gi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨

w_b‡bU w_K‡bU
1. w_b †Kv-Gw·qvj K¨vej e¨envi K‡i †h †bUIqvK© M‡o 1. w_K †Kv-Gw·qvj K¨vej e¨envi K‡i †h †bUIqvK© M‡o
D‡V Zv‡K ejv nq w_b‡bU| D‡V Zv‡K ejv nq w_b‡bU|
2. w_b †Kv-Gw·qvj K¨ve‡ji e¨vm 0.25 BwÂ| 2. w_K †Kv-Gw·qvj K¨ve‡ji e¨vm 0.5 BwÂ|
3. ‡Kv‡bv cÖKvi wiwcUvi Qvov GwU 185 wgUvi ch©šÍ 3. ‡Kv‡bv cÖKvi wiwcUvi Qvov GwU 500 wgUvi ch©šÍ
e¨envi Kiv hvq| e¨envi Kiv hvq|
4. G ai‡Yi †bUIqvK©‡K 10 †eR 2 (10 Base 2) 4. G ai‡Yi †bUIqvK©‡K 10 †eR 5 (10 Base 5)
‡bUIqvK©I ejv nq| ‡bUIqvK©I ejv nq|
5. GwU miæ I nvjKv, d‡j mn‡R evKuv‡bv hvq| 5. GwU fvix I ‡gvUv, d‡j mn‡R evKuv‡bv hvq bv|
‡Kv-Gw·qvj K¨ve‡ji myweavmg~n:
1. dvBevi AcwUK K¨ve‡ji Zzjbvq `v‡g m¯Ív|
2. UªvÝwgkb jm A‡cÿvK…Z Kg nq|
3. A¨vbvjM I wWwRUvj Dfq †WUv UªvÝwgk‡b G K¨vej e¨eüZ nq|
4. mn‡RB Bb÷j Kiv hvq|
5. ‡WUv UªvÝdvi MwZ Zzjbvg~jK †ewk|
6. UzB‡÷W †cqvi K¨ve‡ji †P‡q AwaK `~i‡Z¡ †WUv cvVv‡bv hvq|
‡Kv-Gw·qvj K¨ve‡ji Amyweavmg~n:
1. UzB‡÷W †cqvi K¨vej A‡cÿv wKQyUv e¨eeûj|
2. ‡bUIqv‡K©i wWfvBm¸‡jvi g‡a¨ ms‡hvM ¯’vcb Kiv Zzjbvg~jK RwUj|
3. Zv‡ii ‰`‡N©¨i Dci †WUv UªvÝwgkb †iU wbf©i K‡i|
4. wiwcUvi Qvov 1 wK‡jvwgUv‡ii †ewk `~‡i †WUv cvVv‡bv hvq bv|
‡Kv-Gw·qvj K¨ve‡ji e¨envi:
1. cÖavbZ †jvKvj Gwiqv †bUIqv‡K©i Rb¨ e¨eüZ nq|
2. K¨vej wUwf wm‡÷‡g Gi e¨envi †`Lv hvq|
dvBevi AcwUK K¨vej: ‡h K¨vejwU wmwjKv, KuvP A_ev ¯^”Q cøvw÷K w`‡q ˆZwi Ges Av‡jvi c~Y© Af¨šÍixY cÖwZdjb c×wZ‡Z
†WUv‡K Drm †_‡K MšÍ‡e¨ †cÖiY Ki‡Z cv‡i Zv‡K dvBevi AcwUK K¨vej e‡j|
▪ GB K¨vejwU EMI(Electro Magnetic Interference) gy³|
▪ Gi e¨vÛDBW_& 10Gbps ‡_‡K 1Pbps ch©šÍ nq|
▪ GwU bb-‡gUvwjK K¨vej|
▪ G‡Z e¨eüZ gvwë K‡¤úv‡b›U KuvP¸‡jvi g‡a¨ †mvWv †ev‡ivwmwj‡KU, †mvWv jvBg wmwj‡KU, †mvWv A¨vjywgbv wmwj‡KU
BZ¨vw` e¨envi nq|

Jacket Cladding Core

wPÎt dvBevi AcwUK K¨vej

dvBevi AcwUK K¨ve‡ji MVb: dvBevi AcwU‡Ki wZbwU Ask _v‡K| h_v:
1. ‡Kvi(Core)
2. K¬vwWs(Cladding)
3. R¨v‡KU(Jacket)
‡Kvi(Core): we‡kl ai‡Yi AwZ ¯^”Q KuvP Øviv ˆZwi GK ai‡Yi dvBevi| †Kv‡ii e¨vm 8 †_‡K 100 gvB‡µvb n‡q _v‡K|
dvBevi AcwU‡Ki me‡P‡q wfZ‡ii AskwU n‡jv †Kvi|
K¬¨vwWs(Cladding): K¬¨vwWs KuvP ev cøvw÷K Øviv ˆZwi GK we‡kl ai‡Yi AveiY hv ‡Kvi‡K wN‡i Ae¯’vb K‡i| †Kvi †_‡K
AvMZ Av‡jvK Zi½ K¬¨vwWs G euvav †c‡q cÖwZdwjZ n‡q cybivq †Kv‡i wd‡i mvg‡bi w`‡K GwM‡q hvq| K¬¨vwWs Gi cÖwZmivsK
†Kv‡ii †P‡q Kg|
R¨v‡KU(Jacket): cøvw÷K Øviv ‰Zwi evB‡ii AveiY hv m¤ú~Y© e¨e¯’vwU‡K Ave„Z K‡i iv‡L| GwU cvwb, Rjxqev®ú, Av`ª©Zv,
evB‡ii AvNvZ Ges Ab¨vb¨ cÖvK…wZK `~‡h©v‡Mi nvZ †_‡K K¨vejwU‡K iÿv K‡i|
dvBevi AcwUK K¨ve‡ji ˆewkó¨ / myweavmg~n:
1. B‡jKwUªwmwUi g‡Zv Av‡jvK ms‡KZ evB‡i Qwo‡q c‡o bv e‡j G‡Z GwUwbD‡qkb †bB ej‡jB P‡j|
2. GwUwbD‡qkb bv _vKvq Gi gvS w`‡q wmMb¨vj A‡bK `~i ch©šÍ AwZµg Ki‡Z cv‡i|
3. dvBevi AcwUK K¨ve‡j EMI ‡bB e‡j GwU me ¯’v‡b e¨envi Kiv hvq|
4. GwU B‡jKwUªK¨vj wmMb¨v‡ji cwie‡Z© Av‡jvK ev jvBU wmMb¨vj UªvÝwgU K‡i|
5. G‡Z Av‡jv‡Ki c~Y© Af¨šÍixY cÖwZdjb c×wZ‡Z †WUv Drm n‡Z MšÍ‡e¨ Mgb K‡i|
6. G‡Z Gbps ‡iÄ ev Zvi †P‡q †ewk MwZ‡Z †WUv PjvPj Ki‡Z cv‡i|
7. cwi‡ekMZ mgm¨vi Kvi‡Y †WUv PjvPj evavMÖ¯’ nq bv|
8. kw³i AcPq Kg nq|
9. ‡WUv UªvÝwgk‡b wbivcËv I †MvcbxqZv †ewk|
Zviwenxb gva¨g: †Kv‡bv cÖKvi Zv‡ii ms‡hvM QvovB Z_¨ Av`vb-cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ †h gva¨g e¨eüZ nq Zv‡K Zviwenxb gva¨g
e‡j| Zviwenxb gva¨g wZb cÖKvi| h_v:
1. ‡iwWI I‡qf;
2. gvB‡µvI‡qf ( GwU `yB cÖKvi| h_v: †Uwiw÷ªqvj gvB‡µvI‡qf; m¨v‡UjvBU gvB‡µvI‡qf );
3. Bbd«v‡iW|
 Iq¨vi‡jm msÁv m¤¢ve¨ ‰ewkó¨ e¨envi ÿwZKi myweav Amyweav
wgwWqv UvBc Zi½‰`N©¨ cÖfve
1. ‡iwWI 10 10 KHz cvnvo ‡hvMv‡hv‡Mi LyeB `~‡h©vMc~Y© ‡jv
I‡qf wK‡jvnvU©R(KHz †_‡K 1 ev †ÿ‡Î N‡i I †ewk AvenvIqvq wd«Kz‡qwÝi
) †_‡K 1 GHz wewìs- evB‡i cwigvY I GwU Kvi‡Y
wMMvnvU©‡Ri(GHz ch© š |
Í ‡K †f` e¨vcKfv‡e(we‡k †iwW‡qk mÂvwjZ GKmv‡_
) Ki‡Z l K‡i b bv n‡j n‡Z cv‡i| A‡bK
B‡j‡±ªvg¨vM‡bwUK cv‡i| †iwWI,wUwf wbivc`| †WUv
‡¯úKUªv‡gi cÖf…wZi cwienY
wd«Kz‡qwÝ †ićK m¤úªPv‡i) †iwWI Ki‡Z
†iwWI I‡qf I‡qf e¨eüZ cv‡i bv|
e‡j| nq|
2. gvB‡µvI‡q `xN© `~i‡Z¡ 300MH wmMb¨v `xN© `~i‡Z¡ Zi½
wecyj Lvivc
f Zviwenxb Dcv‡q z ‡_‡K j euvKv GKUvbv iwk¥‡K
cwigvY AvenvIqv
KwgDwb‡Kk‡bi 300GH c‡_ †Uwj‡hvMv‡hvM, †K›`ªxf~Z
†WUv i Kvi‡Y
Rb¨ e¨eüZ D”P z ch©šÍ| Pj‡Z m¨v‡UjvBU Ki‡j
Av`vb- UªvÝwgk‡b
Zi‡½i †iwWI cv‡i KwgDwb‡Kkb I Av¸b cÖ`vb Ges weNœ N‡U|
I‡qf| bv| eªWKv÷ cÖf…wZ‡Z †j‡M
AvšÍt
e¨eüZ nq| †h‡Z
gnv‡`kxq
cv‡i|
†hvMv‡hvM
e¨e¯’v M‡o
†Zvjv hvq|
3. Bbd«v‡iW `„k¨gvb jvj 300GH k³ ev wmwKDwiwU Zi½ Kuv‡Pi ga¨ KvQvKvwQ
Av‡jvi †P‡q †ewk z ‡_‡K B‡Ui wm‡÷g, iwk¥‡K w`‡q †Kv‡bv bv ivL‡j
wKš‘ 430THz †`qvj wi‡gvU K‡›Uªvj, †K›`ªxf~Z iKg †WUv
gvB‡µvI‡q‡fi ch©šÍ| †f` †QvULv‡Uv †WUv Ki‡j UªvÝwgkb UªvÝwgkb
†P‡q Kg Zi½ Ki‡Z UªvÝdv‡i e¨eüZ Av¸b jm QvovB axi MwZi
‰`‡N©¨i cv‡i nq| †j‡M Z_¨ n‡q c‡o|
B‡j‡±ªvg¨vM‡bwUK bv| †h‡Z cwievwnZ
†iwW‡qkb| cv‡i| n‡Z cv‡i|
ZvB
AcwUK¨vj
dvBev‡i
†WUv
UªvÝwgk‡b
e¨eüZ nq|

Iq¨vi‡jm KwgDwb‡Kkb wm‡÷g

‡h KwgDwb‡Kkb wm‡÷‡g Zvi ev †Kv‡bv iK‡gi mwjW wgwWqvg e¨envi bv K‡iB Z_¨ Av`vb-cÖ`vb Kiv hvq Zv‡K Iq¨vi‡jm
KwgDwb‡Kkb wm‡÷g e‡j|
 Zzjbvi welq eø-y Uz_(Bluetooth) IqvB-dvB(Wi-Fi) IqvB-g¨v·(Wi-Max)
÷¨vÛvW© 802.15 802.11 802.16
wd«Kz‡qwÝ 2.45GHz 2.4GHz †_‡K 5GHz 2GHz †_‡K 66GHz
w¯úW ev MwZ 1Mbps – 26Mbps 10Mbps – 50Mbps 30Mbps – 1Gbps
‡iÄ ev `~iZ¡ (1-10) wgUvi| (50-200) wgUvi| (10-60) wK‡jvwgUvi|
UªvÝwgkb †gvW nvd-Wz‡cø·| nvd-Wz‡cø·| dyj-Wz‡cø·|
e¨q webv Li‡Pi cÖhyw³| Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e ¯^í e¨q|
Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e e¨q †ewk|
e¨envi ¯^í `~i‡Z¡ e¨w³MZ †WUv Iq¨vi‡jm j¨vb (WLAN) Iq¨vi‡jm g¨vb (WMAN)
UªvÝwgk‡bi Rb¨ e¨eüZ nq ‰Zwi‡Z e¨eüZ nq| ‰Zwi‡Z e¨eüZ nq|
†bUIqvK© UvBc cv‡m©vbvj Gwiqv †bUIqvK© ‡jvKvj Gwiqv †bUIqvK©‡g‡UªvcwjUb Gwiqv †bUIqv-
(WPAN)| (WLAN)| K© (WMAN)|
myweav 1. LiP †bB| 1. LiP Kg| 1. `ªæZMwZ m¤úbœ|
2. ¯^í we`y¨r e¨envi| 2. `ªæZMwZ m¤úbœ| 2. ‡bUIqvK© Kvfv‡iR
3. Lye mn‡RB Kv‡bKkb 3. mn‡RB KbwdMvi Kiv Gwiqv †ewk|
†mU Avc Kiv hvq| hvq| 3. K¨vej ms‡hvM hvq bv
Ggb RvqMvqI †bUIqv-
K© †`Iqv hvq|
Amyweav 1. †iÄ Kg| 1. we`y¨r †ewk LiP nq| 1. e¨qeûj Ges iÿYv‡e-
2. ‡bUIqvK© Awbivc`| 2. ågYiZ Ae¯’vq UªvÝwg- ÿY LiP †ewk|
3. `yB Gi AwaK wWfvB‡mi k†b weNœ N‡U| 2. BÝU‡jkb cÖwKqv RwUj
g‡a¨ †bUIqvK© ¯’vcb 3. IqvB-g¨v‡·i Zzjbvq 3. Lvivc AvenvIqvq †WUv
KóKi| Kvfv‡iR A‡bK Kg| UªvÝwgk‡b weNœ NUvq|

wewfbœ cÖR‡b¥i †gvevBj †dvb

cv_©‡K¨i welq cÖ_g cÖRb¥ wØZxq cÖRb¥ Z…Zxq cÖRb¥ PZz_© cÖRb¥ cÂg cÖRb¥
mgqKvj 1979-1990 1991-2000 2001-2008 2009-eZ©gvb 2020-fwel¨r
‡WUv †iU 2kbps (56-115)kbps 2Mbps ev Zvi 100Mbps- (1-10)Gbps
†ewk| 1Gbps
wd«Kz‡qwÝ 30kHz 1.8GHz (1.6-2.0)GHz (2-8)GHz (3-300)GHz

e¨eüZ A¨vbvjM wWwRUvj wWwRUvj wWwRUvj wWwRUvj

wmMb¨v‡ji cÖK…wZ
wmMb¨vj FDMA CDMA TD-SCDMA OFDM
Gb‡KvwWs c×wZ TD-CDMA
Bbdi‡gk‡bi f‡qm K_v I †WUv K_v I †WUv K_v I ‡WUv K_v I ‡WUv
aiY (U·U) (‡U·U,Qwe,wfwWI) (‡U·U, (‡U·U,
wÎgvwÎK Qwe, wÎgvwÎK Qwe,
wfwWI) wfwWI)
PjšÍ Ae¯’vq Am¤¢e m¤¢e m¤¢e m¤¢e
†hvMv‡hvM
 cÖhyw³ Analog Digital CDMA,UMTS LTE,Wi-Fi WWWW
Cellular Cellular(GSM) EDGE

Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s
msÁv: hLb `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK Kw¤úDUvi Zvi ev Zviwenxb gva¨‡gi mvnv‡h¨ mshy³ n‡q Z_¨, mdUIq¨vi BZ¨vw` †kqvi K‡i
ZLb D³ e¨e¯’v‡K Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvK© e‡j|
▪ ‡fŠ‡MvwjK we¯Í…wZ Abymv‡i Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvK©‡K cuvPfv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v:-
1. Personal Area Network(PAN)
2. Local Area Network(LAN)
3. Campus Area Network(CAN)
4. Metropoliton Area Network(MAN)
5. Wide Area Network(WAN)
Personal Area Network(PAN): mvaviYZ 10 wgUvi ev Zvi Kg Gwiqvi g‡a¨ Aew¯’Z wWfvBmmg~‡ni g‡a¨ Zviwenxb
†bUIqvK© e¨e¯’v‡K Personal Area Network(PAN) ejv nq| Zviwenxb gva¨g wn‡m‡e eø~Uz_ Ges Bbd«v‡iW BZ¨vw`
cÖhyw³ e¨envi Kiv nq|
Local Area Network(LAN): mvaviYZ 100 wgUvi ev Zvi Kg Gwiqvi g‡a¨ †ek wKQz Kw¤úDUvi ev †cwi‡divj
wWfvBm mshy³ K‡i †h †bUIqvK© ¯’vcb Kiv nq Zv‡K Local Area Network(LAN) ejv nq| j¨vb ms‡hv‡Mi Rb¨
ms‡hvMKvix wWfvBmmg~‡ni g‡a¨ IqvB-dvB cÖhyw³ e¨envi Kiv nq| †hgb: GKB fe‡bi wewfbœ wWfvBm¸‡jvi g‡a¨ j¨vb
Kv‡bKkb _v‡K|
Campus Area Network(CAN): GKvwaK j¨vb †bUIqv‡K©i mgš^‡q CAN ‡bUIqvK© MwVZ nq| GB ai‡Yi
†bUIqv‡K©i we¯Í…wZ 1 †_‡K 5 wK‡jvwgUvi ch©šÍ n‡Z cv‡i| †hgb: GKvwaK fe‡bi wewfbœ wWfvBm¸‡jvi g‡a¨ CAN
Kv‡bKkb _v‡K|
Metropoliton Area Network(MAN): wbw`©ó †Kv‡bv kn‡ii wewfbœ ¯’v‡b Aew¯’Z Kw¤úDUvimg~‡ni g‡a¨ ¯’vwcZ
†bUIqvK©‡K Metropoliton Area Network(MAN) ejv nq|
▪ g¨vb ms‡hvM GjvKvi we¯Í…wZ mvaviYZ GKwU kn‡ii wbw`©ó GjvKvi g‡a¨ nq| g¨vb MVb Kivi Rb¨ IqvB-g¨v· cÖhyw³
e¨eüZ nq|
▪ Gi Kvfv‡iR Gwiqv 10 †_‡K 30 wK‡jvwgUvi ch©šÍ we¯Í…Z n‡Z cv‡i|
Wide Area Network(WAN): we¯Í…Z †fŠ‡MvwjK GjvKvq Aew¯’Z GKvwaK j¨vb ev g¨vb †K wb‡q †h †bUIqvK© ¯’vcb
Kiv nq Zv‡K Wide Area Network(WAN) ejv nq|
▪ GwU GKvwaK kni ev †`k ev cy‡iv c„w_exe¨vcx we¯Í…Z Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s e¨e¯’v|
▪ ‡hgb: B›Uvi‡bU, m¨v‡UjvBU BZ¨vw`|
‡bUIqvK© wWfvBm
1. g‡Wg: ‡h wWfvBm gwWD‡jkb Ges wW-gwWD‡jkb cÖwµqv m¤úbœ K‡i Zv‡K g‡Wg e‡j|
2. NIC KvW©: Network Interface Card| Kw¤úDUvi‡K †bUIqvK© wgwWqvi mv‡_ ms‡hvM †`Iqvi Rb¨ †h we‡kl
B›Uvi‡dm Gi `iKvi nq Zv‡K NIC KvW© e‡j|
3. wiwcUvi: wiwcUvi GK ai‡Yi Kv‡bKwUwfwU wWfvBm, hv `ye©j wmMb¨vj‡K kw³kvjx K‡i MšÍ‡e¨ †cÖiY K‡i|
4. nve ev myBP: nve ev myBP n‡jv eû †cvU©wewkó GKwU †bUIqvK© wWfvBm hvi mvnv‡h¨ †bUIqv‡K©i Kw¤úDUvimg~n ci¯ú‡ii
mv‡_ †K›`ªxqfv‡e hy³ _v‡K|
▪ cv_©K¨: nv‡ei Kv‡bKkb c×wZ n‡jv eªWKv÷ †gvW Ges myB‡Pi Kv‡bKkb c×wZ n‡jv gvwëKv÷ †gvW|
5. ivDUvi: ‡h wWfvB‡mi mvnv‡h¨ GKB cÖ‡UvKj wewkó `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK †bUIqvK©‡K mshy³ Kiv hvq Zv‡K ivDUvi e‡j|
6. eªxR: ‡h wWfvB‡mi mvnv‡h¨ GKB cÖ‡UvKj wewkó GKvwaK †bUIqvK© Gi g‡a¨ ms‡hvM ¯’vcb Kiv hvq Zv‡K eªxR e‡j|
7. ‡MUI‡q: ‡h wWfvB‡mi mvnv‡h¨ wfbœ cÖ‡UvKj wewkó GKvwaK †bUIqvK© Gi g‡a¨ ms‡hvM ¯’vcb Kiv hvq Zv‡K ‡MUI‡q
e‡j|
‡bUIqvK© U‡cvjwR
msÁv: GKwU †bUIqv‡K©i AšÍM©Z wewfbœ wWfvBmmg~n †hfv‡e †bUIqv‡K© ci¯ú‡ii mv‡_ mshy³ _v‡K Zv‡K †bUIqvK© U‡cvjwR
ejv nq|
▪ ‡bUIqvK© U‡cvjwR 6 cÖKvi| h_v:-
1. ÷vi U‡cvjwR
2. wis U‡cvjwR
3. evm U‡cvjwR
4. wUª U‡cvjwR
5. ‡gk U‡cvjwR
6. nvBweªW U‡cvjwR
÷vi U‡cvjwR: †h †bUIqv‡K©i cÖ‡Z¨KwU Kw¤úDUvi GKwU †K›`ªxq wWfvB‡mi gva¨‡g mshy³ n‡q †bUIqvK© KvVv‡gv ˆZwi
K‡i Zv‡K ÷vi U‡cvjwR e‡j|

▪ G‡ÿ‡Î mshy³ †bvW¸‡jv †K›`ªxq wWfvBm (nve ev myBP) Gi gva¨‡g Z_¨ Av`vb-cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡K|
▪ ÷vi U‡cvjwR‡Z GKwU Kw¤úDUvi A‡K‡Rv n‡j cy‡iv †bUIqvK© A‡K‡Rv n‡q hvq bv|
▪ ÷vi †bUIqv‡K© †Kv‡bv Kw¤úDUvi †hvM Ki‡j ev mwi‡q wb‡j Zv cy‡iv †bUIqv‡K©i Kvh©µg e¨vnZ K‡i bv|
▪ ÷vi †bUIqv‡K© †Kv‡bv mgm¨v †`Lv w`‡j mn‡RB mgvavb Kiv hvq|
▪ ÷vi U‡cvjwR GKwU eûj e¨eüZ U‡cvjwR Ges G U‡cvjwR‡Z wewfbœ ai‡bi K¨vej e¨envi Kiv hvq|
▪ Z‡e G‡ÿ‡Î †K›`ªxq wWfvBmwU (nve ev myBP) bó n‡q †M‡j mg¯Í †bUIqvK© e¨e¯’v APj n‡q c‡o|
wis U‡cvjwR: ‡h U‡cvjwR‡Z me¸‡jv Kw¤úDUvi‡K Zv‡ii gva¨‡g GKwU wis ev jy‡ci g‡Zv m„wó Kiv hvq Zv‡K wis U‡cvjwR
e‡j|

▪ G e¨e¯’vq †Kv‡bv Kw¤úDUvi †WUv cvVv‡j Zv e„ËvKvi c‡_ Kw¤úDUvi¸‡jvi g‡a¨ Nyi‡Z _v‡K, hZÿY bv wbw`©ó
Kw¤úDUvi †WUv MÖnY K‡i|
▪ G e¨e¯’vq †Kv‡bv ‡K›`ªxq wWfvBm ev mvf©vi Kw¤úDUv‡ii cÖ‡qvRb nq bv| G‡Z cÖwZwU Kw¤úDUv‡ii ¸iæZ¡ mgvb|
▪ wis U‡cvjwR‡Z GKwU Kw¤úDUvi A‡K‡Rv n‡j cy‡iv †bUIqvK© A‡K‡Rv n‡q hvq|
▪ wis †bUIqv‡K© †Kv‡bv Kw¤úDUvi †hvM Ki‡j ev mwi‡q wb‡j Zv cy‡iv †bUIqv‡K©i Kvh©µg e¨vnZ K‡i|
▪ wis †bUIqv‡K© †Kv‡bv mgm¨v n‡j ÎæwU Lyu‡R †ei Kiv KwVb n‡q `vouvq|
▪ wis †bUIqv‡K© Kw¤úDUv‡ii msL¨v evov‡j †WUv UªvÝwgk‡bi mgqI †e‡o hvq| d‡j †bUIqvK© cvidig¨vÝ Lvivc nq|
▪ wis †bUIqv‡K© †WUv cÖevn GKgyLx n‡q _v‡K|
evm U‡cvjwR: †h U‡cvjwR‡Z GKwU ms‡hvM jvB‡bi mv‡_ mKj wWfvBmmg~n hy³ _v‡K Zv‡K evm U‡cvjwR e‡j|

▪ evm †bUIqv‡K© †WUv cÖevn wØgyLx n‡q _v‡K, ‡hLv‡b cÖwZwU †bvW ¯^Zš¿fv‡e ev‡m mshy³ _v‡K|
▪ cÖvcK kbv‡³i Z_¨mn †cÖwiZ †WUv hLb evm ev e¨vK‡ev‡b Pjv‡div K‡i, ZLb ïay cÖvcK Kw¤úDUvi †WUv MÖnY K‡i,
evwKiv G‡K AMÖvn¨ K‡i|
▪ G U‡cvjwR †QvU AvKv‡ii †bUIqv‡K© e¨envi Lye mnR,mvkÖqx I wek^¯Í|
▪ G‡ÿ‡Î ms‡hvM jvB‡bi LiP Kg A_©vr Kg Zvi jv‡M| ‡Kv-Gw·qvj K¨vej e¨eüZ nq hv `v‡g mvkÖqx|
▪ G msMV‡b †Kv‡bv Kw¤úDUvi bó n‡q †M‡j m¤ú~Y© wm‡÷g bó n‡q hvq bv|
▪ ¯^í e¨‡q j¨ve‡iUwi‡Z evm U‡cvjwR AwaKZi Dc‡hvMx|
▪ Z‡e G‡ÿ‡Î e¨vK‡evb Zvi bó n‡q ‡M‡j mg¯Í Kw¤úDUviB A‡K‡Rv n‡q c‡o|
▪ ‡bUIqvK© eo n‡j †ewk UªvwdK m„wó nq Ges †WUv UªvÝwgkb e¨vnZ nq|
wUª U‡cvjwR: †h U‡cvjwR‡Z GKwU †K›`ªxq wWfvBm (nve ev myBP) ev mvf©vi Kw¤úDUv‡ii mv‡_ Ab¨ Kw¤úDUvi¸‡jv ¯Í‡i
¯Í‡i mshy³ _v‡K Zv‡K wUª U‡cvjwR e‡j|

▪ G U‡cvjwR‡Z GK ev GKvwaK ¯Í‡ii Kw¤úDUvi †nv÷ Kw¤úDUv‡ii mv‡_ hy³ _v‡K| A_©vr cÖ_g ¯Í‡ii Kw¤úDUvi¸‡jv
wØZxq ¯Í‡ii Kw¤úDUvi¸‡jvi †nv÷ nq| GKBfv‡e wØZxq ¯Í‡ii Kw¤úDUvi¸‡jv Z…Zxq ¯Í‡ii Kw¤úDUvi¸‡jvi †nv÷
nq| G‡ÿ‡Î GKvwaK nve ev myBP e¨envi K‡i mKj Kw¤úDUvi¸‡jv GKwU we‡kl ¯’v‡b mshy³ Kiv nq, hv‡K iæU †bvW
ejv nq|
▪ Awdm e¨e¯’vcbvi Kv‡R GB U‡cvjwR LyeB Dc‡hvMx|
▪ wUª U‡cvjwR‡Z GKvwaK nve ev myBP e¨envi K‡i kvLv-cÖkvLv m„wói gva¨‡g †bUIqvK© m¤úªmviY Kiv mnR|
▪ wUª U‡cvjwR nvqviviwKK¨vj U‡cvjwR bv‡gI cwiwPZ| GwU ÷vi U‡cvjwRi ‰ewk󨸇jv‡K GKwÎZ K‡i|
▪ wUª †bUIqv‡K© †Kv‡bv Kw¤úDUvi †hvM Ki‡j ev mwi‡q wb‡j Zv cy‡iv †bUIqv‡K©i Kvh©µg e¨vnZ K‡i bv|
▪ wUª U‡cvjwR‡Z GKwU Kw¤úDUvi A‡K‡Rv n‡j cy‡iv †bUIqvK© A‡K‡Rv n‡q hvq bv|
▪ Z‡e G‡ÿ‡Î iæU APj n‡q †M‡j m¤ú~Y© †bUIqvK©B APj n‡q c‡o|
▪ hLb AwaK †jqv‡ii nq ZLb Zv iÿYv‡eÿY Sv‡gjvc~Y© nq|
‡gk U‡cvjwR: ‡h U‡cvjwR‡Z GKwU Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvK©f‚³ Ab¨ cÖwZwU Kw¤úDUv‡ii mv‡_ mivmwi hy³ _v‡K Zv‡K †gk
U‡cvjwR e‡j| GwU m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c AvšÍtmshy³ U‡cvjwR bv‡gI cwiwPZ|

▪ ‡gk U‡cvjwR `yB cÖKvi| h_v:

1. c~Y© †gk U‡cvjwR: G‡ÿ‡Î cÖwZwU †bvW †bUIqv‡K©i Ab¨vb¨ mKj †bv‡Wi mv‡_ mivmwi mshy³ _v‡K|
2. AvswkK †gk U‡cvjwR: G‡ÿ‡Î cÖwZwU †bvW †bUIqv‡K©i Ab¨vb¨ mKj †bv‡Wi mv‡_ mshy³ bv †_‡K wbw`©ó †bvWmg~‡ni
mv‡_ mshy³ _v‡K|
▪ G‡Z †bUIqvK©f‚³ Kw¤úDUvi¸‡jv ci¯ú‡ii mv‡_ mivmwi I A‡cÿvK…Z `ªyZ †WUv Av`vb-cÖ`vb Ki‡Z cv‡i|
▪ GB U‡cvjwRi †bUIqv‡K© †Kv‡bv †K›`ªxq mvf©vi ev wWfvB‡mi cÖ‡qvRb nq bv|
▪ G‡Z †WUv KwgDwb‡Kk‡b A‡bK †ewk wbðqZv _v‡K Ges †bUIqv‡K©i mgm¨v Lye mn‡R mgvavb Kiv hvq|
▪ ‡gk U‡cvjwR‡Z ‡Kv‡bv Kw¤úDUvi ev ms‡hvM jvBb bó n‡q †M‡j †Zgb †Kv‡bv Amyweav nq bv|
▪ ‡WUv †hvMv‡hv‡Mi wbf©ikxjZv †hLv‡b Acwinvh©, †hgb cÖwZiÿv ev e¨vsK BZ¨vw` †ÿ‡Î †gk U‡cvjwR e¨eüZ nq|
▪ GB U‡cvjwR‡Z n msL¨K †bv‡Wi Rb¨ cÖwZwU †bv‡W (n-1) wU ms‡hv‡Mi cÖ‡qvRb nq| d‡j †bUIqv‡K© †gvU Zv‡ii
msL¨v n‡e n(n-1)/2|
▪ Z‡e G‡ÿ‡Î ms‡hvM jvB‡bi msL¨v †ewk nIqvq LiP †ewk|
nvBweªW U‡cvjwR: `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK U‡cvjwRi mgš^‡q †h U‡cvjwR ˆZwi nq Zv‡K nvBweªW U‡cvjwR e‡j|

▪ nvBweªW U‡cvjwR mvaviYZ ÷vi, wis I evm U‡cvjwRi mgš^‡q MwVZ|

▪ A‡bK ai‡bi U‡cvjwR _vKvi d‡j nvBweªW U‡cvjwR‡Z Z_¨ †cÖiY A‡bK `ªæZ Kiv hvq|
▪ GB ai‡bi U‡cvjwR‡Z cÖ‡qvRb Abyhvqx †bUIqvK© e„w× Kivi my‡hvM i‡q‡Q|
▪ GLv‡b †Kv‡bv GKwU Kw¤úDUvi ev †bUIqvK© bó n‡q †M‡j m¤ú~Y© †bUIqvK© bó bv n‡q Askwe‡kl bó n‡q hvq|
▪ G U‡cvjwR‡Z †Kv‡bv mgm¨v †`Lv w`‡j Zv mn‡RB wbY©q Kiv hvq|
▪ Z‡e G‡ÿ‡Î BÝU‡jkb I KbwdMv‡ikb †ek RwUj cÖK…wZi|
▪ GKvwaK U‡cvjwR _vKv‡Z KvVv‡gvi LiP †ewk|

U‡cvjwRØq myweavRbK U‡cvjwR ¯^í e¨‡qi Rb¨ AwaK Dc‡hvMx

÷vi I evm ÷vi U‡cvjwR evm,÷vi,wis,wUª,‡gk,nvBweªW evm U‡cvjwR
÷vi I wis ÷vi U‡cvjwR U‡cvjwR †WUv PjvP‡ji MwZ me‡P‡q †ewk
÷vi I †gk ‡gk U‡cvjwR evm,÷vi,wis,wUª,‡gk,nvBweªW ‡gk U‡cvjwR
‡gk I nvBweªW ‡gk U‡cvjwR wet`ªt m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœvˇii Rb¨ Dc‡hvMx|
‡gk I wis ‡gk U‡cvjwR
‡gk I wUª wUª U‡cvjwR
wet`ªt m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœvˇii Rb¨ Dc‡hvMx|
K¬vDW Kw¤úDwUs
msÁv: Kw¤úDUvi I †WUv †÷v‡iR mn‡R †µZvi myweavg‡Zv PvwnevgvÎ Ges e¨envi Abyhvqx fvov †`qvi c×wZ‡K K¬vDW
Kw¤úDwUs e‡j|
K¬vDW Kw¤úDwUs-G Aek¨B wZbwU ˆewkó¨ _vK‡e
1. Resource Flexibility / Scalability (hZ Pvwn`v ZZ mvwf©m): †µZv hZ PvB‡e, †mev`vZv ZZB AwaK cwigv‡Y
†mev w`‡Z cvi‡e|
2. On Demand (hLb Pvwn`v ZLb mvwf©m): †µZv hLb PvB‡e, ZLbB †mev w`‡Z cvi‡e| †µZv Zvi B”Qvq hLb Lywk
Zvi Pvwn`v evov‡Z Kgv‡Z cvi‡e|
3. Pay as you go (hLb e¨envi ZLb g~j¨‡kva): †µZv‡K Av‡M †_‡K †Kv‡bv mvwf©m wiRvf© Ki‡Z n‡e bv| †µZv hv
e¨envi Ki‡e, Zvi Rb¨B †Kej cqmv w`‡Z n‡e|