Em-Skill Book-10-Answer

®
Be Future Ready
10
CONTENTS
UNIT - 1
1 What is Communication 3
2 Communication Cycle and Feedback 6
3 Barriers to Effective Communication 10
4 Writing Skills 17
UNIT - 2 SELF-MANAGEMENT SKILLS

1 Stress Management 20
2 The Ability to Work Independently 23
UNIT - 3 ICT SKILLS

1 Basics of Computer System 26
2 Care and Maintenance of a PC 31
UNIT - 4 ENTREPRENEURSHIP SKILLS

1 Characteristics of an Entrepreneur 36
UNIT - 5 GREEN SKILLS

1 Sustainable Development 41
COMMUNICATION SKILLS
1 What is Communication
A. Multiple Choice Questions

1. d 2. a 3. a 4. b 5. d
B. Fill in the Blanks
1. sender, message, recipient 2. speaking, listening
3. Visual communication 4. non-verbal communication
5. imagination, creativity
C. Short Answer Questions
1. Communication is a process by which information is exchanged
between individuals through a common system of symbols,
signs, or behavior.
2. Effective communication is not only 'transmitting information'
but also properly understanding what is being said. Hence,
good communication involves clarity and conciseness of
message that could be understood properly.
3. Advantages of non-verbal communication:
• It is a reliable method of communication.
• It saves time and money.
• Obtaining feedback is quick.
• Clearing doubts and misunderstanding is quick and easy.
• It acts as a powerful means of persuasion.
4. Draw the road signs of:-
a. Roundabout b. Hospital
c. Zebra Crossing d. School Ahead
e. No U-turn
3
D. Long Answer Questions
1. Verbal communication is any communication wherein the
message is transmitted through words. The term verbal
c o m m u n i c a t i o n o f t e n e v o ke s t h e i d e a o f s p o ke n
communication, but written communication is also a part of
verbal communication.
Types of Verbal Communication are:
Oral Communication
Oral communication consists of speaking and listening. In oral
communication, listening is as important as speaking. This is
often neglected but in order to communicate effectively, both
speaking and listening should be in tandem.
Oral communication is classified into four types: interpersonal,
intrapersonal, public and small group communication.
Written Communication
Any communication that takes place through the written word
is called written communication. It may be in the form of letters,
reports, text messages, circulars, notices or manuals. It is the
primary mode of communication in any organisation.
2. Oral Communication
Oral communication consists of speaking and listening. In oral
communication, listening is as important as speaking. This is
often neglected but in order to communicate effectively, both
speaking and listening should be in tandem.
Oral communication is classified into four types: interpersonal,
intrapersonal, public and small group communication.
i. Intrapersonal Communication: It involves silent
conversation we have with ourselves, processing our
EMPLOYABILITY SKILLS - 10
thoughts and actions internally.

ii. Interpersonal Communication: It takes place between two
individuals, one sender and the other receiver.
iii. Small Group Communication: More than two people are
involved in this type.
4 iv. Public Communication: In this type, an individual addresses
a large number of people.
3. Difference between Non-verbal and Visual Communication:
Non-Verbal Communication
Non-verbal communication includes facial expressions,
gestures, body language, personal appearance, postures,
presuppositions, paralinguistics, etc.
All of our non-verbal actions — gestures, posture, the tone of
our voice, the amount of eye contact we make — send strong
messages. They can either put people at ease, build trust, and
draw others towards us; or they can offend, confuse, and
undermine what we are trying to convey.
Visual Communication
Visual communication comprises of all the visual elements that
are used to convey a message. Some common examples are
charts, maps, images, graphs, road signs, etc. They are used to
convey a message clearly and catch the attention of the
receiver. They are time-saving, very direct and are universally
understood. For example, we see huge billboards on highways
that convey their message graphically rather than using a lot of
text. Another example is using images and charts for
presentations, so that all the data is graphically represented
and doesn't need a lot of explanation.
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2 Communication Cycle and Feedback

1. b 2. c 3. c 4. c 5. b
1. channel 2. assists, guides
3. decision-making skills 4. No feedback
5. Non-specific feedback
C. State Whether the Following Statements are True or False
1. F 2. T 3. F
4. T 5. T
D. Short Answer Questions
1. Feedback is the response to the sender's message. It helps
us improve our communication immensely. It is very
powerful as it assists and guides us to know how others
view our efforts.
2. Features of a good feedback:
Specific: A feedback must be related to the topic on which
the conversation is going on. It broadens our knowledge.
Timely: A feedback must be as close to the event as
possible or just after receiving a message. It helps us build
better personal and professional relationships.
Meaningful: While our feedback could be either positive
or negative, it needs to be accountable and guide the
other person to do better.

Candid: A feedback should be truthful and straightforward
to avoid conflicts and distress.
3. Feedback is crucial to the communication cycle. It helps
the sender know that the receiver has successfully
understood their message. Following are the reasons why
6 feedback is important:
• It encourages us to improve our decision-making skills
and performance.
• It completes the cycle of communication.
• It validates effective listening.
• It broadens our knowledge.
• It helps us build better personal and professional
relationships.
4. Examples of positive feedback are:
• Well done on the presentation!
• I appreciate all the efforts you've put in to the project.
• The staff here is very courteous and cooperative.
E. Long Answer Questions
1. Stages of a Communication Cycle:
Sender: This is the first stage of the communication
process. The sender initiates by generating a message
which is passed onto the receiver.
Encoding: The message that the sender wants to share
needs to be encoded in order to be sent through and
understood by the receiver.
Channel: The means through which the message is being
sent to the receiver is known as the channel.
Noise: Noise is anything that disturbs the effectiveness of
a communication cycle and makes it difficult for the
receiver to understand the message.
Decoding: After the message is sent, it needs to be
decoded by the receiver in order to understand what is
being conveyed during the process.
Receiver: Anyone with whom the message is shared is
called a receiver. Receiver can either be singular or plural,
depending on the type of communication taking place.
Message: The information, ideas, feelings, etc., that the
sender wants to share are known as messages.
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Feedback: After the receiver has successfully decoded the
message and understood it, they share their feedback with
the sender to complete the cycle and to continue the
communication if required.
2. Different types of feedbacks:
Positive Feedback
A feedback that is constructive, works on building a
person's strength and has positive undertones is known as
a positive feedback. It is very important to keep
students/employees motivated. Some examples are as
follows:
• Well done on the presentation!
• I appreciate all the efforts you've put into the project.
• The staff here is very courteous and cooperative.
Negative Feedback
A feedback that intends on pointing out what someone is
doing poorly, helping them work on it and improving it in
the future is known as a negative feedback. Negative
feedback is important as it helps people overcome their
shortcomings. It need not always be rude or harsh.
Some examples are as follows:
• You never meet your deadlines, please work on your
timelines.
• Please be polite when you talk to customers.
• You have to dress appropriately in school or else we'll
have to take strict action.
Descriptive Feedback
Descriptive feedback helps one in improving their actions

by providing them with specific details, either in written or
oral form. It consists of the answers to the following three
questions:
• Where am I now?
• Where am I going?
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• How can I close the gap?
Specific Feedback
Specific feedback provides detailed information on what
someone did well or poorly. It gives the receiver something
substantial to think about and work on the areas which
need improvement.
Some examples are:
• It was heart warming, what you said about your
teachers the other day.
• The pasta is missing some spice to it.
• I like the ending. It was different than what I'd
expected.
Non-specific Feedback
A non-specific feedback is vague and generic, and doesn't
really provide any details pertaining to the sender's
message. It gives the impression that the sender has not
given a thoughful response.
Some examples are:
• Good job!
• Please make changes to your speech.
• I'm not happy with this.
No Feedback
This is as simple as it sounds – when you don't receive any
feedback at all. What you need to remember is that no
feedback is also a feedback. It indicates that maybe the
receiver hasn't decoded your message or was unable to
understand it. In such cases, you must figure out what the
barrier is and work on fixing it.
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3 Barriers to Effective Communication

1. c 2. b 3. c 4. b
1. art, skill
2. state of mind
3. needs and requirements
4. prior baseless misconceptions, preconceived notions
5. composition
1. The 7C's of communication are: clarity, conciseness,
concreteness, correctness, completeness, courtesy, and
consideration. They help in making communication
effective.
2. Be unassuming, respect other cultures and opinions and
exercise empathy to overcome interpersonal barriers.
3. Factors related to the environment that become the cause
of miscommunication are known as physical barriers. The
three types of physical barriers are:
(a) Physical and technological issues
(b) Physical disabilities
(c) Physical barriers in non-verbal communication
4. The benefit of exercising empathy is that conscious efforts
towards being more empathetic and understanding others

and their situation from your own side can be effective in
closing the internal communication gaps.
1. The 7C's of communication are:
Clarity: Your message should be clear and should be able
10 to convey your ideas to the receiver effortlessly.
Conciseness: Try to communicate using the least amount of
words possible without defying the other C's of
communication. Keep your message to-the-point and
precise.
Concreteness: Use facts and figures if necessary to support
your arguments and strengthen your credibility.
Concreteness also increases your confidence.
Correctness: Avoid grammatical errors while
communicating. Use a language that you're comfortable
with and make sure the receiver also understands the
same.
Completeness: Your message should be complete. No
important information should be left out as it helps in
better decision-making by the receiver(s).
Courtesy: Being courteous while communicating sends out
a positive message and implies that the sender cares about
the receiver(s) as much they care about the message.
Consideration: Being considerate means being empathetic
towards the receiver(s). Take a ‘you' approach rather than
an 'I' approach. Modify your words as per your audience's
needs and requirements.
2. Barriers, noise or distractions during communication are
inevitable. They distort your message and the chances of
correct interpretation (or decoding) of the message by the
receiver(s) decreases. The type of communication barriers that
we face are:
Internal Barriers
Barriers in communication caused due to underlying, inherent
factors related to the communicators such as a specific,
situational frame of mind or long-term mentality, in general,
are known as internal barriers. They are further divided into:
Interpersonal Barriers: These occur when the sender's
message is misinterpreted by the receiver. It is also extremely
difficult to converse with someone who isn't willing to
express themselves. Personal differences can also act as
interpersonal barrier. 11
Psychological Issues: Barriers caused by someone's state of
mind are known as psychological barriers. For example,
certain disabilities do not allow the brain to comprehend any
sort of communication or the receiver is not in the right
frame of mind to follow through with the communication at
the given time, etc.
Cultural Ignorance: When people from different cultures
come together, they might not be acquainted with each
other's traditions, customs, etc. which could lead to
difficulties and inconvenience in communication. Sometimes,
people also have preconceived notions about others based
on their social backgrounds, which also become barriers
during communication.
Prejudice: Miscommunication might be caused because of
the bias held by communicators against each other due to
many social factors related to class, status, the difference in
cultures, literacy, ethnicity, etc.
Different Viewpoints: Major distinction in the belief system
and ideologies can cause a severe communication gap.
External Barriers
Barriers that cannot be controlled and directed by the
communicators are external barriers.
There is no scope for intrapersonal alteration as far as
external barriers are concerned.
They are further divided into:
Physical Barriers: Factors related to the environment that
become the cause of miscommunication are known as
physical barriers. The three types of physical barriers are:
P hys i ca l a n d Te c h n o l o g i ca l I s s u e s : T h ey refe r to
miscommunication caused due to technical errors or
distance. For example, the unmanageable hearing distance
between two communicators standing on two sides of the
same building, the Internet not working which would disable
the communicators from sending texts and messages, and
the missing phone signal which makes them unable to
12 converse.
Physical Disabilities: They refer to issues related to physical
health and well being which come in the way of effective
communication, such as hearing problems, speech difficulties
and disorders like stuttering, slurring, lisping and
stammering.
Physical Barriers in Non-verbal Communication: Non-verbal
communication heavily depends on physical proximity, or
physical visibility. For example, non-verbal communication
becomes difficult when two communicators are talking
through text or on the phone and cannot see one another.
Organisational Issues: Every organisation has a hierarchical
structure that follows rules, procedures, protocols etc. which
restricts the free flow of communication in the organisation.
This structure can act as a barrier and is known as an
organisational barrier since it hinders the formal relationship
amongst peers.
Distractions: Noise, interruptions and being placed into
situations where one has to focus on more than one
conversation simultaneously can lead to several instances of
miscommunication due to a part of the conversation being
missed, connotations not being discerned, or mixing up of
two different conversations.
Message Formation Barriers
Message formation barriers exist due to issues related to the
composition of the message itself.
Types of message formation barriers are further divided into:
Linguistic Issues: When one language is not understood by
the people participating in a communication process, it is
known as a linguistic barrier. It is important for the sender
and receiver to find a common ground and build the
communication on it.
Inconsistent Tone and Gestures: The message being encoded
might have an incorrect, mismatched tone, in verbal
communication and inappropriate gestures, in the case of
non-verbal communication, which confuses the receiver
about what is being conveyed. 13
Complicated Messages: The encoding of the message might be
too difficult due to complicated vocabulary, intricate
intonations and syntactic structures, which could be the reason
the communicators are unable to understand each other.
3. We can overcome Internal Barriers in the ways given below:
Be Unassuming: Avoid forming prior baseless misconceptions
and preconceived notions about the person you are
communicating with to avoid misunderstandings. Being open-
minded smoothens the process of communication.
Exercise Empathy: Conscious efforts towards being more
empathetic and understanding with others and their situation
from your own side can be effective in closing the internal
communication gap.
Enhance Listening Skills: Be more attentive to what others are
trying to communicate to you when they speak, listen carefully
to the words that are being said and what is being left unsaid.
Fair and Unbiased Approach: Eliminate any type of biased
judgment against the other communicator, and act fairly
towards them to make them feel at ease and communicate
effectively with them.
Respect Other Cultures and Opinions: Be respectful and act
with sensitivity towards the religion and customs of others.
Learn about them if you have the opportunity and take into
account their opinions when you communicate with them to
put them at ease.
Regulate Your Emotions: Keep a tab on how and what you feel
and the way you react to your emotions, depending on the
situation you are in and the person you are communicating with
is very significant regardless of your role as a sender or the
receiver.
Mutual Trust Building: Trust between two communicators
eliminates issues related to reception and conveying of a
message.
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4. We can overcome message formation barriers with the
following:
Use Simple Language: Keep your message precise. Avoid
complicated terms and expressions and reconstruct your
message according to the level of understanding of the receiver
if needed.
Use Correct Language: Pay attention to the structure of the
sentence, vocabulary and connotations so that your message
can be decoded easily.
Use Correct Body-language: Expressing self appropriately
through body language, depending on the relationship the
sender has with the receiver, is highly significant for the
communication to go smoothly. For example, smile when you
are being humorous, to not have your words taken in the wrong
context.
Communicate In-person: In-person communication is the
easiest way to avoid kinds of barriers and have the most
effective communication possible. It minimizes the chances of
any misunderstanding.
Take Someone's Help: If you're having trouble communicating
with someone who speaks a different language or something
similar, you can always ask for a middleman's help to get your
message across.
5. The students will do this question by themselves.
E. Differentiate Between the Following

1. Completeness Correctness
It means that our message It means to avoid
should be complete. No grammatical errors while
important information communicating. Use a
should be left out as it language that you're
helps in better decision- comfortable with and make
making by the receiver(s). sure the receiver also
understands the same.
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2. Internal Barriers to External Barriers to
Communication Barriers in Communication
communication caused due to Barriers that cannot be
underlying, inherent factors controlled and directed by
related to the communicators the communicators are
such as a specific, situational external barriers. There is
frame of mind or long-term no scope for intrapersonal
mentality, in general, are alteration as far as external
known as internal barriers. barriers are concerned.
3. Using Simple Language Using Correct Language

It means to keep your It means to pay attention to
messages precise. Avoid the structure of the
complicated terms and sentence, vocabulary and
expressions, reconstruct your connotations so that your
message according to the message can be decoded
level of understanding of the easily.
receiver if needed.
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4 Writing Skills

1. a 2. c 3. b 4. a 5. b
B. Rewrite the Following Sentences Using Punctuation Marks
and Capitalising the Required Letters.
1. Anshu is very surprised.
2. I bought bananas, apples, grapes and oranges.
3. How could I know who you are?
4. Anita entered the house. She got surprised to see her kids
engrossed in books.
5. How dare you do this!
C. Name the Parts of Speech to Which the Highlighted Words
Belong
1. Noun 2. Verb 3. Adverb
4. Preposition 5. Conjunction 6. Noun
7. Interjection 8. Adjective
D. Name the Type of Each of the Following Sentences
1. Interrogative sentence 2. Exclamatory sentence
3. Imperative sentence 4. Interrogative sentence
5. Imperative sentence
E. Convert the Following Sentences into Passive Voice
1. The deer was killed by the tiger.
2. A delicious cake has been baked by her .
3. A diary is regularly maintained by me.
4. Their projects had been finished on time by Ananya and
Ridhima.
5. She will not be ignored by them.
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F. Write a Paragraph on Each of the Following Topics
1. Coronaviruses (CoV) are a large family of viruses that
cause illness, ranging from the common cold to more
severe diseases. A novel coronavirus (nCoV) is a new
strain that has not been previously identified in humans.
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease
caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The full form of SARS is
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome. Most people who fall
sick with COVID-19 experience mild to moderate
symptoms and recover without special treatment. China
alerted the WHO to cases of unusual pneumonia in
Wuhan on December 31, 2019. COVID-19 is thought to
have originated in a seafood market where wildlife was
sold illegally. According to Chinese researchers, the virus
could have spread from an infected animal to humans
through illegally trafficked pangolins prized in Asia for food
and medicine. Scientists around the world are tracking
changes in the virus that causes COVID-19. Their research
is helping experts understand whether certain COVID-19
variants spread faster than others, how they might affect
our health, and how effective different vaccines might be
against them.
2. The students will do this by themselves.
3. India is a land of villages, though, urbanisation is taking
place at a fast pace. Still, most of the people in India live
i n v i l l a g e s . T h e y d o n o t h av e m a ny m e a n s o f
entertainment and shopping in the village and have to go
to the nearby towns for this purpose. But fairs, which are
held frequently in villages, provide them a welcome relief.
Many fairs are held every year in the villages. These fairs
generally take place on the occasion of some festivals. The

Holi fair, the Raksha Bandhan fair, the Basant fair, and the
Baisakhi fair are the chief and common ones. Every year,
in the first week of May, soon after Holi, a big fair is held
near our village. It is held in memory of a Hindu saint who
had worked hard for the uplift of the nearby villages. His
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Samadhi is just outside our village at a distance of about
half a mile. The preparations for the fair begin a week or
two earlier, under the guidance of Village Panchayat
members. The whole place is swept clean and shrubs and
bushes are removed. A temporary bazaar is set up and
stalls are allotted to traders who display their wares for
sale. These wares included items of public interest. On the
appointed day, villagers from far and near flock to the
place to see the fair called Sadhu Mela.
4. Dr. Rajendra Prasad was the first President of Independent
India. He was a well-read Indian politician. He was a
lawyer, professor, scholar and an active figure in India's
independence movement. He was an intelligent student
and a very admired political leader. While studying in
Calcutta, Rajendra Prasad first became involved with the
Indian National Congress during the 1906 annual session,
which he attended as a volunteer. He officially joined the
Indian National Congress in 1911, when the annual session
was held in Calcutta once again. In 1916, he met Mahatma
Gandhi at the Indian National Congress Lucknow session.
Mahatma Gandhi invited him to accompany him on one of
his fact-finding missions in Champaran. In October 1934, he
was elected President of the Indian National Congress
during the Bombay session. His contribution to the
freedom struggle of India is unforgettable. He was elected
the first President of Independent India in 1950.
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UNIT - 2 SELF- MANAGEMENT SKILLS
1 Stress Management

1. c 2. b 3. b 4. d 5. b
B. Short Answer Questions
1. Self-management is the ability to control and guide oneself
in the right direction that would take a person towards a
successful and productive life.
2. Five stress management tips that can help you to relax are:
listen to music and write do physical exercises
go on vacation do meditation and yoga
sleep keep a stress diary
3. Benjamin Franklin defines stress as a ‘twentieth-century
syndrome, born out of man's race towards modern progress
and ensuing complexities.’
4. Five probable symptoms of stress are:
Deteriorating physical appearance or personal hygiene,
skin problems and hairfall
Sleeping less or way too much, feeling extremely fatigued
and experiencing extreme changes in daily diet
Exaggeration in personality traits and experiencing every
emotion on a heightened level
Irritability, pessimism, constant anxiety and always
feeling on the edge of a breakdown
A sense that something is very wrong without

comprehending what the issue is
C. Long Answer Questions
1. Five self-management skills are:
Responsibility: The first step towards self-management is
the ability to take responsibility for your actions. One
20
should have the courage to accept one's mistakes.
Rather than denying shortcomings or shirking your
responsibility, accept them and use them as a stepping
stone. Learn from your mistakes and move on.
Self-awareness: The most crucial and difficult understanding
is the understanding of self. Keep analyzing your behaviour –
what you did, why you did it, how you did it, and how it may
affect others.
Positivity: A person must have a positive outlook in life and
to achieve this, they must setup both long-term and short-
term goals. Besides, they should stay motivated and
consciously keep their mind away from negative thoughts.
Responsibility: The first step towards self-management is
the ability to take responsibility for your actions. One should
have the courage to accept one's mistakes. Rather than
denying shortcomings or shirking your responsibility, accept
them and use them as a stepping stone. Learn from your
mistakes and move on.
Time Management: It might be the most important
characteristic of directing oneself and making every passing
minute as productive as possible. Students should focus on
maintaining a routine and follow a time-table as closely as
possible.
Adaptability: It is the skill of self-reflection, and making
changes in your behaviour and habits according to your own
self-analysis. Learning encompasses the art of knowing
oneself and making the much-needed changes with an open
mind and the zeal of being adaptable and flexible in every
situation.
2. Stress management is important because it helps you get the
following benefits:
• Develops a sound immunity
• Keeps you happy, healthy and in a good mood
• Gives you physical and mental energy to undertake
different tasks
21
• Increases efficiency by effective handling of a project
• Prevents psychological disorders and behavioural
problems
• Keeps you blessed with a long life
3. Five results of stress are:
• It can suppress your immune system, upset your
digestive system, increase the risk of heart attack and
stroke, and make you experience never-ending tiredness
no matter how much you rest.
• It can even rewire the brain, leaving you more vulnerable
to mental health problems such as depression, anxiety,
periodic panic attacks, etc. It may also cause memory
issues and hinder judgement skills.
• It can cause many chronic physical ailments such as
migraine, back problem, and insomnia that affect your
daily routine.
• It affects diet and metabolism, resulting in loss of
appetite or over-eating which adds on to other diseases.
• Stress has a severe effect on social life, causing conflicts
and miscommunication that ends up creating distance in
relationships.
• A student facing stress will find it difficult to connect with
friends, peers, parents, and teachers.
D. Write a Short Note on the Following
1. The students will do this activity by themselves.
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2 The Ability to Work Independently

1. b 2. a 3. c 4. c
1. self-regulation 2. achievable
3. Time-bound goal 4. plan, goals
1. Skills needed to work independently are being a
multitasker, organised, self-motivated, disciplined,
resourceful and an excellent communicator.
2. The benefits of working independently are:
• Increases self-confidence
• Emotional independence
• Showcases your strength
• Increases self-worth
• Makes self-reliant
• Enhances efficiency
3. Self-regulation refers to controlling one's impulses,
judgment, management of aggression, planning and
reasoning, emotional regulation, and social skills.
4. Two types of self-awareness are:
Internal Self-awareness External Self-awareness
1. Self-regulation is the process by which students monitor and
control their cognition, motivation, and behaviour in order to
achieve certain goals. Self-regulated learners monitor their
own progress regardless of adult supervision. Individuals can
monitor their own understanding, feelings, and behaviour
towards a goal with the assistance of self-directing skills. 23
Children and young adults have to develop skills in
controlling their emotions and actions, which is why self-
regulation has emerged as a vital principle of early childhood
development. Self-regulation enhances a student's learning
capabilities and makes the classroom environment
productive. If students do not learn to self-regulate their
listening skills, they will either miss part of the lesson or
inadequately learn the material. Self-regulating helps a
person in not just academics, but it assists them in building a
temperament that is useful in social and professional life as
well.
2. There are two types of motivation: intrinsic and extrinsic.
Intrinsic Motivation: Intrinsic motivation refers to behaviour
that is driven by internal rewards. In other words, the
motivation to engage in a behaviour arises from within the
individual because it is naturally satisfying. We simply enjoy
an activity or see it as an opportunity to explore, learn, and
actualise our potentials. A student might enjoy completing a
project because of the internal satisfaction that it provides,
rather than for the praise the teacher would give. Doing
tasks because they leave one with the feeling of
contentment is a reward on its own.
Extrinsic Motivation: Extrinsic motivation is the behaviour
that a person indulges in to receive material and external
rewards. In extrinsic motivation, rewards or other incentives
— like praise, awards, or money — are used as motivation
for specific activities. Unlike intrinsic motivation, external
factors drive this form of motivation. Being paid to do a job
is an example of extrinsic motivation. You may enjoy
spending your day doing something other than work, but
you focus on completing a project instead because you

expect to be praised. In this example, you're extrinsically
motivated. Extrinsic motivation doesn't always aims for a
tangible reward. It can also be done through abstract
rewards, like complements and fame. In an appropriate
amount, such type of external motivation might be useful
but it edges on the verge of developing into people-pleasing
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habits if done excessively.
3. Three qualities needed for one to become an independent
person:
• Self-awareness: When a person is aware of various
aspects of self including traits, behaviour, and feelings, it
is called self-awareness.
• Self-motivation: When a person wants to achieve
something because of their own enthusiasm or interest,
without needing pressure from others, it refers to self-
motivation.
• Self-regulation: When a person can direct their own
behaviour, emotions, and thoughts in the pursuit of long-
term goals, it is called self-regulation.
E. Write a Short Note on the Following
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UNIT - 3 ICT SKILLS
1 Basics of Computer System

1. c 2. b 3. a 4. d 5. b
1. hardware and software 2. interface
3. icons 4. Microsoft Edge
5. wallpaper 6. file
7. window
1. Software, a set of programs, consists of a series of related
instructions, organized for a common purpose that tells the
computer what tasks to perform and how to perform them.
2. A real-time operating system is used to control machinery,
scientific instruments like robots, in complex animations and
computer- controlled automated machines. It manages the
resources of the computer so that any particular operation is
executed in the same amount of time whenever it is
executed. Windows CE and Lynx OS are examples of real-
time operating systems.
3. When you start your computer for the first time or after
complete shut down, this process is called cold boot. When
you restart a computer that is already powered on, this
process is called warm boot.
4. Windows apps are used for customizing and configuring
many aspects of Windows operating system.

5. A multitasking operating system allows a single user to work
on two or more applications that reside in the computer's
memory at the same time.
26
6. In a computer, a folder is a location for organizing files. A
similar group of files saved together under a common name
is called a folder. A folder also has its unique name. There
cannot be two folders of the same name at a particular
location.
7. A path is a route the user must follow to reach a particular
folder or file in the drives. A path always starts with the drive
letter.
8. The File Explorer is used for viewing files and folders in a
hierarchical order. It is very helpful for efficiently organizing
files and folders that are stored in different disk drives (hard
disk) of a computer.
1. Software is available in a variety of forms:
Package software: It is a copyrighted software that is
available in retail stores or on the web.
Custom software: If you want a particular software as per
your need, then you may ask programmers to develop and
design custom software for you, which usually costs more.
Web application: It is an application software that allows
users to access software from any computer that is
connected to the Internet.
Mobile application: A mobile application (app) is an
application software designed to run on a mobile device.
New smartphones usually come with some pre-installed
applications. Many mobile apps are free while others have a
minimal cost.
Open source: You can use and do modifications on an open
source software. It can usually be downloaded from the
Internet, free of cost.
Shareware: It is a copyrighted software that is distributed
free of cost for a trial period. You have to pay the program
developer if you want to use the program after the trial
period ends.
27
Freeware: It is a copyrighted software provided at no cost by
an individual or a company that retains all rights to the
software.
2. There are different kinds of operating systems which are
designed for all types of computers, and many of them have
similar functions, which are as follows:
• Each time you start your computer, the computer loads
the operating system (OS) from hard disk into the
computer memory so that it can be used. This process is
called booting.
• The operating system lets you give commands to the
system. When you delete old documents or move a file
from one folder to another, you use the operating system.
• You use the operating system to tell the computer to run
an application software, such as a word processing or
graphics application.
• The operating system acts as an interface or link between
the user and the computer hardware.
• It manages the structure of files and directories on a
computer system.
• It keeps track of the amount of disk space used by a
specific file.
3. The operating system on mobile devices is called a mobile
operating system. These operating systems reside in the ROM
chips. Mobile operating systems typically include or support
calendar and contact management, text messaging, e-mail,
touch screen, camera, media player, speech recognition, GPS
navigation, a variety of third-party applications, a browser,
and wireless connectivity such as cellular Wi-Fi and
Bluetooth.
Google Android: Android is an open source, Linux-based
m o b i l e o p e rat i n g syste m d e s i g n e d b y G o o g l e fo r
smartphones and tablets. Features unique to Android include
the following:
• Google Play Store provides access to apps, games, songs,
28
etc.
• Google Drive provides access to e-mail, contacts,
calendar, photos, files and more.
• Google Assistant enables users to give verbal instructions.
iPhone OS: iOS (originally called iPhone OS), developed by
Apple, is a mobile operating system specifically made for
Apple's mobile devices. Supported devices include the
iPhone, iPad and iPod Touch. Features unique to iOS
include the following:
• Siri, a virtual assistant, enables you to give verbal
instructions for which it takes actions, and it responds
with speech output.
• iCloud enables you to sync e-mail, calendar, contacts, and
other items.
• App Store provides access to additional apps and
software updates.
• FaceTime is Apple's video calling service. You can use it
from any iPhone, iPad or Mac to call anyone using any of
these devices.
4. File management helps you organise and keep track of your
files in the computer. There are thousands of files stored in
the computer, and every file has a name called filename. File
management helps to manage these files according to their
name, format, size, date, etc. so that they are easy to find
when you need them.
5. The File Explorer plays a key part in your Windows
experience. It is used for viewing files and folders in a
hierarchical order. It is very helpful for efficiently organising
files and folders that are stored in different disk drives (hard
disk) of a computer.
You can view the files and folders in different ways and
arrange them according to your choice.
• Large Icons or Extra Large Icons: The images on a folder
icon are displayed in Thumbnail View. It enables the users
to identify quickly the contents of the folder.
29
• Medium-sized Icons view: It displays your files and
folders as small icons. The file name is displayed under
the icon.
• Small Icons view: It displays more information about the
file.
• List view: It displays the contents as a list of files or folder
names preceded by small icons.
• Details view or Content view: It gives us detailed
information about files including name, type, size and
modified date.
30
2 Care and Maintenance of a PC

1. c 2. d 3. d 4. d 5. a
1. Dust 2. Information 3. Sleeper
4. ScanDisk 5. Analyze
1. T 2. T 3. F 4. F 5. F
1. Computer is a machine that is capable of doing multiple
things, but just like any other machine, it also needs regular
maintenance to perform at its best. Maintenance offers the
best of both worlds. Well-maintained devices last years
longer than their maltreated equivalents. Some benefits of
maintenance are:
• Frees hard disk space from unnecessary files
• Improves computer's speed
• Resolves Internet browser problems
2. If I accidently spill liquid on the keyboard, I will quickly shut
down the computer, unplug the keyboard from the port and
then turn the keyboard upside down to allow the liquid to
drain out.
3. Malware (short for ‘malicious software’) is a term used for
computer viruses, worms, trojan horses, and rootkits. It is a
program that acts without a user's knowledge and
deliberately alters the computer operations. Some corrupt
programmers or virus authors write malware and then test it
to ensure it can deliver its payload.
4. Some known viruses are Stuxnet, Slammer, Storm Worm,
MyDoom, CryptoLocker, etc. 31
5. Sometimes hard drive errors can corrupt your files, which
may prevent you from running a program or opening a
document. you can improve the performance of your
computer by using ScanDisk to detect and repair hard disk
errors. You should check your hard disk for errors at least
once a month.
6. Backup is useful when a system causes you to lose one or
more files; you can restore them from the backup.
1. The problems caused by dust are:
a. It slows down the air flow inside your computer's system
unit or computer case, which can raise the computer's
temperature to dangerous levels. This can cause your
computer to fail prematurely and you can even lose data.
b. Dust collected on your monitor can cause eye strain,
especially if you spend long hours working on your
computer every day.
c. When you insert media, such as an optical disc, be sure
the media is clean from dust. Inserting dirty media can
damage a computer's internal components.
2. Different types of malware are:
Virus: It is a malicious program when executed as it
replicates itself by modifying other computer programs and
inserting its own code. The areas infected by it start
malfunctioning.
Worm: It is a harmless virus that simply replicates itself. But
in the long run, it takes over the resources of a computer
system, and eventually the computer becomes useless.
Worms have the capacity to travel from system to system

very easily.
Trojan Horse: It comes as a friendly program (as a game,
application, etc.); however, it is very dangerous as it destroys
all the data on your system. The Trojan horse can be spread
through a number of ways, but the common means of
infection is attachment of e-mail.
32
Rootkit: It is a program that hides in a computer and allows
someone from a remote location to take full control of the
computer.
Sleeper: It is known to steal your personal and financial
information.
Adware: It is a program that displays an unwanted
advertisement in the form of a banner, pop-up window on
web pages or on other Internet services. If you click on the
advertisement, sometimes it will take you to a virus-
contained site, and the virus will be installed in your
computer.
Spyware: It is a program placed on a computer or mobile
device without the user's knowledge that secretly collects
information about the user and then communicates or sends
the same information to some outside source when the user
is online.
3. The following steps are the basic cleaning tips that will help
you keep your keyboard clean:
• Unplug the keyboard from the USB port.
• Turn the keyboard upside down and gently shake it to
remove the dirt and dust between the keys.
• Use a can of compressed air to clean between the keys.
• Moisten cotton cloth with rubbing liquid and use it to
clean the top of the keys.
Cleaning tips that will help you keep your mouse clean are:
• Unplug the mouse from the USB port.
• Moisten cotton cloth or paper towel with rubbing liquid
and use it to clean the top and bottom of the mouse.
• Take a cotton bud and gently wipe lens and the LED on
the back side of the mouse.
• If you want to give the mouse a quick cleaning, place it on
a clean white sheet of paper and move the mouse back
and forth. Some of the dust particles would rub off onto
the paper.
33
4. If your computer works differently from usual, it may have
been infected by a virus. A computer, infected by a virus,
worm, or Trojan horse, often has one or more of the
following symptoms:
• Computer runs much slower than usual.
• Memory of computer is less than expected.
• Files become corrupted.
• Screen displays unusual message or image. Music or
unusual sound plays randomly.
• Existing programs and files disappear.
• Unknown programs or files mysteriously appear.
• System properties change.
• Operating system does not start up or sometimes it shuts
down unexpectedly.
5. You can take the following precautions to protect your
computer from these infections:
a. Do not start a computer with removable media inserted in
the drives or plugged in the ports. For example, optical
disc drives should be empty, and USB port should not
contain a USB flash drive.
b. Never open an e-mail attachment unless you are
expecting it, or it is from a trusted source. A trusted
source is a company or person you believe will not send a
virus knowingly. If the e-mail is not from a credible
source, delete the e-mail immediately, without opening
or executing any attachments.
c. If a friend unexpectedly sends you an e-mail with an
attachment, do not assume that the attachment is safe.

The friend's computer may be infected with a virus that
the e-mail attached itself with. Send a message to your
friend to confirm whether they actually sent the file.
d. If you receive an e-mail with a file attachment that you
suspect is a virus, delete it immediately. Even if you are
only slightly suspicious about it and you have no other
34
way to verify if it is legitimate, delete the e-mail anyway.
In all cases, it is better to permanently delete it rather
than send it to 'Deleted Items' folder.
e. Never trust any e-mail or website that asks you to update
or confirm sensitive data such as your bank account
number, credit card information or account password.
Bear in mind that no legitimate company or organization
will ever contact you via e-mail to update or confirm such
information online.
f. Install an antivirus software on your computer. Update
the software and the virus signature files regularly. An
antivirus software or malware is a computer program that
is used to prevent, detect and remove virus/malware.
Some commonly used antivirus software are QuickHeal,
Norton and McAfee.
g. Scan all downloaded programs for viruses and other
malware.
35
UNIT - 4 ENTREPRENEURIAL SKILLS
1 Characteristics of an Entrepreneur

1. a 2. c 3. d 4. c
1. give-and-take 2. Risks
3. Organising 4. OLA 5. industry
1. T 2. F 3. F
4. T 5. F 6. T
1. Entrepreneurship is the ability and readiness to develop,
organise and manage a business enterprise. In simple words,
it refers to starting of a new business.
2. Entrepreneurs run their businesses in a society. Therefore,
they need all kinds of support from the society to prosper in
the long run. Following are some ways in which a society
assists an entrepreneur:
• Provides raw material
• Assists in building infrastructure
• Provides human and non-human resources
• Creates needs and demands
• Enables financial support
• Facilitates networking
3. When an entrepreneur is running a business that involves
taking risks, he or she has to be a responsible leader, since a
lot of people – employees, vendors, clients, etc. – depend on
him or her for various reasons.
36
4. No. It is a myth. Sachin Bansal, CEO, Flipkart, started his
business with only ₹ 4,00,000. An entrepreneur must know
how to make the most out of the available resources,
including money. So, if you're stopping yourself from starting
something new just because you think you don't have
enough money, it is time to reconsider.
5. Entrepreneurs need a number of tools, ideas, skills and more
to maintain a business, but the most important thing they
need to maintain is positivity as it helps them in becoming
successful.
1. Growing businesses play a crucial role in strengthening a
society by fulfilling the demands and needs that it creates.
Following are some ways in which an entrepreneur assists
the society:
• Creates employment opportunities
• Provides solutions to social problems
• Supports economic growth
• Stimulates innovation
• Encourages welfare of the society
• Promotes creativity
• Provides basic amenities
2. It is important for an entrepreneur to have the following
qualities in order to successfully run their enterprise:
Self-confident: Believing in self and being confident about
one's ideas are the cornerstones of being a good
entrepreneur.
Patient: To succeed in life, you must be patient with
everyone and everything.
Creative: Creativity is one of the most important qualities of
an entrepreneur. Creating things as per the requirement of
people needs creativity. You need to have ideas that stand
out and grab people's attention.
37
Risk taker: Risks are inevitable for any venture to be
successful. Only an entrepreneur who has the ability to take
calculated risks will be able to dominate the market and
move forward.
Responsible: When you're running a business that involves
taking risks, you have to be a responsible leader, since a lot of
people – your employees, vendors, clients, etc. – depend on
you for various reasons.
Hard worker: To set an example for everyone working with
and for you, you must be a hard working individual yourself.
Treat your enterprise like your baby and nurture it by putting
your heart, mind and soul into it.
Decision maker: Don't be in haste while making decisions –
however minute or huge they are. Remember that these
decisions will not only affect you, but also other people.
Tenacious: Your business won't take off on Day 1. It will take
a lot of time, energy and patience. The key is to not give up
and stay focused on your goal.
3. There are a lot of myths about the characteristics of an
entrepreneur, what a successful business should look like,
how entrepreneurs develop business ideas and so on. Here
are some myth busters about entrepreneurship:
Every Business is Unique: If every business were unique,
there would be no competition in the market and people
would have very limited options. When you start a business,
what matters is how creative you can get with a pre-existing
idea to develop such a venture that will attract people. That
is the only trick to success. For example, Bhavish Aggarwal,
CEO, OLA, redefined the way taxi services work in our country
with his app. OLA gave competition to regular taxis with its
fixed and comparatively lower prices.
You Require a Lot of Money: To give you some perspective,
Sachin Bansal, CEO, Flipkart, started his business with only ₹
4,00,000. An entrepreneur must know how to make the most
out of the available resources, including capital. So, if you're
38
stopping yourself from starting something new just because
you think you don't have enough funds, it is time to
reconsider.
All Businesses Start Big: Any person who runs their own
business is an entrepreneur, regardless of how small or big it
is. Dhirubhai Ambani's first office was a 350 sq. ft. room with
a telephone, a table and three chairs. Look where Reliance
Industries stands now. As a matter of fact, all businesses start
small. They grow if you put in the hard work, patience and
creativity required.
Entrepreneurs are Born, Not Made: Anybody can be an
entrepreneur if they have the necessary skills or are willing to
learn them. What matters the most is how passionate you are
about transforming an idea into a full-grown business and
how focused you are towards your goal. If entrepreneurship
was an innate skill and could not be acquired, then you
wouldn't be here reading this.
4. An entrepreneur is a job creator. If you value independence
and are willing to take the risk to build something of your
own from the ground up, then you can most definitely be an
entrepreneur. In that case, the following steps will help:
Step 1 - Find your industry: The first step towards being an
entrepreneur is to find your niche – something that you excel
at. You cannot be an entrepreneur without knowing what
industry you want to be involved in. In most cases, it could be
a field that you've worked in for years or something that you
have an excellent knowledge of. In doing so, you will not only
attain success, but you will also love what you do.
Step 2 - Research your market: Once you've decided the
industry you want to work in, you need to do market
research. Find out what strategies your competitors are
using, what their USPs are, how you can be better than them,
what it is that the customers aren't satisfied with, etc.
Step 3 - Educate yourself: Education is an asset that will
always be useful no matter what you do in life. Therefore,
you must never back down from learning. Also, while there is
a common myth that most entrepreneurs are dropouts, the 39
numbers don't actually back this up. According to a team of
researchers, over 95% of entrepreneurs in high-growth
industries have at least a bachelor's degree.
Step 4 - Build your business slowly: Aristotle once said, “Well
begun is half done.” So, take your time and pick your pace
wisely. Building a business from scratch is a process which
could take years or even decades in some cases. Starting slow
will help you avoid a lot of risks and will give you more time
to learn, as opposed to plunging forward with no knowledge
whatsoever. A lot of people even start their business in spare
time while studying or working full- time to reduce
precariousness.
40
UNIT - 5 GREEN SKILLS
1 Sustainable Development

1. b 2. c 3. d 4. a
1. Renewable 2. Brundtland
3. saves 4. 2050
1. Non-renewable resources have a limited supply and get
exhausted once they're used up. They generally takes
millions of years to form and be available for human use.
Some examples are coal, natural gas, petroleum, etc.
2. The idea that humans must take care of their needs without
compromising the ability of the future generations to meet
their own needs is known as sustainable development. The
first official definition of sustainable development was
developed in the Brundtland Report in 1987.
3. Sustainable development's main agenda is to conserve,
protect and control world resources. It aims to maintain a
balance between human activities and the nature in such a
manner that the future generations do not live on fewer
resources as compared to our generation.
4. The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, adopted by
all United Nations member states in 2015, provides a
shared blueprint for peace and prosperity for people and
the planet, now and into the future. At its core are the 17
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which are an
urgent call for action by all countries in a global
partnership.
5. Some of the issues that create obstacles in achieving ideal
sustainable development are: lack of financial resources,
other priorities in war-torn countries, natural disasters,
41
government's conflict between profit and investment
towards sustainable technologies, lack of awareness and
lack of efforts at municipal level.
1. All these years, human beings have been aggressively
taking the non-renewable resources into use, since they
are a good source of energy. What we fail to realise is that
once these resources are exhausted completely, our future
generations will be deprived of them. Hence, the need for
sustainable development arises. Sustainable development is
a way of assisting the society to exist in the long term. It
means that, we will have to take into consideration the
requirements of both the present and the future
generations. This can happen only if we preserve the
environment and natural resources, and use them
mindfully.
2. The four primary objectives of sustainable development:
Economic Growth: Building a strong, competitive economy
by ensuring that the right type of sufficient land is
available in the right places, and at the right time to
support growth and innovation while also identifying the
coordinating development requirements.
Environmental Protection: Contributing towards protecting
and enhancing our natural and developed environment,
while helping improve biodiversity, using natural resources
wisely, minimising waste and pollution, and helping
decrease climate change, along with the global shift to low-
carbon economy.
S o c i a l I n c l u s i o n : S u p p o r t i n g st ro n g a n d h e a l t hy
communities by creating a high-quality of development

with accessible local services that reflect the society's
needs and support its health, social and cultural well-being.
Cultural Diversity: Respecting all cultures, ethnicities and
races, eliminating ignorance towards other communities
and enforcing unity by accepting the core differences in
values, beliefs, traditions and customs.
42
3. The principles of sustainable development are:
a. Living Within Environmental Limits: We have to be
conscious of exactly how much we can take from the
nature and set limitations on the use of resources we
extract from the environment. The society cannot attain
balance till we do not become more sensitive and
conscious towards the ecosystem.
b. Achieving a Sustainable Economy: A long-term,
successful economy needs to be achieved wherein
people are treated equally in terms of pay, health-care
utilisation, job protection, etc. There is a need for social
cohesion and investment in community-led response
systems.
c. Using Sound Science Responsibly: Science has served
as a double-edged sword which is responsible for
human development and environmental destruction
simultaneously. Technology has been used to harm the
nature and has led to irreversible consequences. There
is a need for responsible use of science not just for the
betterment of the human race but also for the
protection of the ecosystem.
d. Ensuring a Strong, Healthy and Just Society: Justice
and equality in society is a consequential component
which goes hand in hand with the agendas of
sustainable development. Fair enforcement of
sustainable goals is not possible till there is a bilateral
effort to develop the current social structure along with
preserving the ecosystem.
4. These are some necessary steps needed for effective
implementation of sustainable development:
• Proper use of means and resources that eliminates
wastage
• Holistic approach towards conservation of resources
and non-renewable energy
43
• Development and utilisation of renewable energy along
with equitable distribution, and affordable prices
• I n t e g ra t e d s o c i o - e c o n o m i c d e v e l o p m e n t t h a t
incorporates class, gender and status equality in
economic growth
• Participation of people in learning and advocating for
sustainable development, and its necessity
• Choosing between limited and long-lasting development
for specific fields based on its need, usage, current
situation and plans for its requirement in the future
44

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UNIT - 2 SELF-MANAGEMENT SKILLS

UNIT - 3 ICT SKILLS

UNIT - 4 ENTREPRENEURSHIP SKILLS

UNIT - 5 GREEN SKILLS

A. Multiple Choice Questions

c. Zebra Crossing d. School Ahead

thoughts and actions internally.

A. Multiple Choice Questions

other person to do better.

Descriptive feedback helps one in improving their actions

A. Multiple Choice Questions

towards being more empathetic and understanding others

E. Differentiate Between the Following

3. Using Simple Language Using Correct Language

A. Multiple Choice Questions

generally take place on the occasion of some festivals. The

A. Multiple Choice Questions

A sense that something is very wrong without

A. Multiple Choice Questions

you focus on completing a project instead because you

1 Basics of Computer System

A. Multiple Choice Questions

many aspects of Windows operating system.

A. Multiple Choice Questions

Worms have the capacity to travel from system to system

attachment, do not assume that the attachment is safe.

A. Multiple Choice Questions

A. Multiple Choice Questions

communities by creating a high-quality of development

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