BUILDING INFORMATION MODELING (BIM)

CHAIR OF APPROPRIATE BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

 BUILDING INFORMATION MODELING (BIM)
• BIM is a new approach to design, construction, and facility management
in which a digital representation of the building process is used to
facilitate the exchange and interoperability of information in digital
format.
• Building Information Modeling (BIM) is a Method supported by various
tools (Software), Technologies and Contracts involving the generation
and management of digital Representations of physical and functional
characteristics of the Lifecycle of an Asset. Building Information Models
are computer files which can be extracted, exchanged, evaluated or
networked to support decision-making to build and manage an Asset.
• Because BIM allows integration, the most effective decisions related to the
sustainable design of a building can be made in the early design and
preconstruction stages.

CHAIR OF APPROPRIATE BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

MN
BIM GLOBALLY

4
BIM GLOBALLY

20??

5
WHAT IS BIM?
BIM Definitions:

1. little bim
2. BIG BIM
➢ Open BIM
➢ Closed BIM

little bim
single User
no Coordination Model
Communication by using paper plan
No difference to conventional planning
Isolated use of software tools to solve specific
tasks.
BIG BIM
• All planers are involved
• Collaboration & Coordination based on the Model
• Plan generation from the Model
• Cost calculation based on Quantity & Quality
survey of the Model
• Integrated use of a digital building model among 6
different disciplines throughout the asset life cycle.
MATRIX OF BIM

The future trend is towards Big Open BIM.

(See Level of Maturity later in these slides)
(Jernigan,2008)
7
WHAT IS BIM?
Open-BIM
All planers are involved
Collaboration & Coordination based on the Model
Plan generation from the Model
Cost calculation based on Quantity survay of the Model
Using different Plattforms
Collaboration based on IFC of the Model
Loss of Information and Quality

Closed-BIM
All planers are involved
Collaboration & Coordination based on the Model
Plan generation from the Model
Cost calculation based on Quantity survey of the Model
Using same Platform
NO need of IFC for Collaboration
NO Loss of Information and Quality
IFC Can be Used for Documentation

8
 IFC – INDUSTRY FOUNDATION CLASSES
An attempt at standardization.

IFC is an ISO standard data schema for holding and transmitting

facility information throughout the facility lifecycle.
(B. Kumar, Course Material, Building Information Modelling)

Developed by International Alliance for Interoperability (IAI), now

called building SMART.
Website: http://www.buildingsmart.org/

9
 IFC

IFC is an open, standardised and object-oriented data

model/format used to define digital building information
including geometric, physical and functional properties.

Open, neutral schema for information exchange.

Most BIM-tools support export and import for IFC files.

10
IFC

Object oriented, providing the following

 Inheritance ‐ Inherited properties of classes.
 Polymorphism ‐ Provision of a single interface to
different types of entities.
 Extensibility ‐ Future growth taken into consideration.

Building objects are instances of classes.

11
 BUILDING INFORMATION MODELING (BIM)
• BIM is a relatively recent switch in design and
documentation methodology in the design and
construction industries.
• BIM is information about the entire building and a
complete set of design documents stored in an integrated
database.
• All the information is parametric and thereby
interconnected. Any changes to an object within the model
are instantly reflected throughout the rest of the project in
all views.
• A BIM model contains the building’s actual construction
and assembly procedures, methodologies and techniques.
CHAIR OF APPROPRIATE BUILDING TECHNOLOGY
BUILDING INFORMATION MODELLING
GENERAL DEVELOPMENTS
The traditional design and planning process is facing new challenges:
❑ Bigger Size & complex projects
❑ Design during construction & design changes due to changes during construction
❑ High flexibility and Transparency in a high range of design options
❑ Minimize Cost Risk, Compliance with Project Schedule

BIM improves the process by changing the traditional planning methods!

General improvement of the planning process by using the BIM database:

❑ Improved workflow (Collaboration and Coordination)
❑ Improved planning quality and productivity
❑ Improved collective understanding of complex design solutions
❑ Changes are shared directly to all project members
13
❑ More Options
❑ Project Transparency for all
❑ Cost risk minimization
BUILDING INFORMATION
MODELING When an element is selected all
the information necessary will be
displayed including
• Material and test results
• Cost (material,labour)
• Ratings (fire, stress, humidity,
energy)
• Geometrical parameters
• Supplier, Contractor
• Location
• Transportation demand
• Quantity schedule and
specification
• Schedule(time table) of
construction and assembly
• Construction and assembly
steps and procedures
• Whether existing on new.
• Whether it is constructed as per
CHAIR OF APPROPRIATE BUILDING TECHNOLOGY the design or modified
BENEFITS OF THE BIM TECHNOLOGY
FOR THE CLIENTS AND USERS
❑ Improved communication using 3D models
(design changes are easier to understand)

❑ Improved coordination (minimizing project risks, improved reliability

of costs and scheduling)

❑ Improved certainty of costs during execution and lower-costs during

operation

❑ Improved project controlling using progress tracking and monitoring

of objectives

❑ Comprehensible visualization, presentation and process

simulation of alternative design solutions using the 3D model
Client
❑ Creating a model-based information database
(basis for facility management)

15
BENEFITS OF THE BIM TECHNOLOGY
FOR THE ARCHITECTS AND ENGINEERS
❑New possibilities and potential through interdisciplinary
collaboration

❑Improved communication in decision-making and

planning processes

❑Improved coordination in decision-making and planning

processes

❑Improved data quality based on a redundant data

management system

❑Clear model based definition of deliverables between Architect / Engineer

all disciplines

❑Comprehensible presentation and simulation of

alternative design solutions using the 3D model

16
BENEFITS OF THE BIM TECHNOLOGY
FOR THE CONSTRUCTION COMPANIES
❑Transfer of a coordinated data model as the basis for the
execution

❑Improved certainty of costs by model-based quantity and

cost evaluation

❑Improved quantity take-off, quality and work scheduling

allows risks minimization

❑Multi-dimensional models allowing 4D and 5D simulation for

work scheduling

Construction
❑4D models allowing progress control on the model

❑Use for automation in prefabrication

(precast construction)

17
BENEFITS OF THE BIM TECHNOLOGY
FOR THE FACILITY MANAGEMENT

❑Transfer of a fully coordinated data model as the basis

for the facility management

❑Complete documentation with architectural, structural

and mechanical details

❑Possibility of subsequent checking of requirements if

changes of the legal regulations taking place

❑Improved basis for the estimation of effort for

Facility Manager
refurbishment and retrofitting

❑Issues of a consistent data flow for the reuse of

information within the model

18
BUILDING INFORMATION MODELING
(BIM)

Workload over time

CHAIR OF APPROPRIATE BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

 COST OF CHANGES
Effect/Cost/Effort

Ability to Impact cost and

performance
Cost of design changes

Drafting-centric workflow

BIM workflow

Design Detailing Construction Operation

Refined from http://www.hok.com/thought-leadership/patrick-macleamy-on-the-future-of-the-
building-industry/ (Patrick MacLeamy, CEO HOK), see also
http://codebim.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/CurtCollaboration.pdf (CURT, 2004)

20
 MODEL BASED COORDINATION
QUALITY CONTROL OF GRAFIC OF THE COMPONENTS & THEIR PARAMETERS VIA
MODEL CHECKER (IFC-Solibri)

▪ PHYSICAL COLLISIONS

▪ STANDARD CHECK
▪ REGULATION CHECK
▪ DISTANCE B/N Elevator Roo
m
ROOMS
▪ MODEL ▪ NOT-PHYSICAL
COMPARISON COLLISIONS

21
 PARAMETRIC BIM OBJECTS

An important aspect of BIM is the concept of parametric

objects. These objects …
•consist of geometric definitions and associated data and
rules.
•have rules that determine when a particular change violates
object feasibility regarding size, manufacturability, etc.
•are defined at different levels of aggregation.
•have the ability to link to or receive, broadcast or export
sets of attributes to other applications and models.
(Eastman, 2008)

22
MODEL BASED COORDINATION
PLANING TEAM JOUR FIXE

23
 BIM TO FIELD (BIM 360)
MODEL BASED CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT

Updated
3D Models Plans

!
Quality- QR-Code on Safety-first QC Model based
management Objects Checklists Handing over

24

24
BIM-CAFM INTEGRATION
MODEL BASED FACILITY MANAGEMENT

▪ Better orientation in the Building

▪ Maintenance and Checking
▪ Availability of Spare Parts
▪ Weather Influe
▪ Optimization of the Disruption management
▪ Evaluations
▪ Checklists for Quality Control
▪ Continiuous data availability over the entire Life Cycle
▪ Digital Documentation

25

25
 BIM-CAFM INTEGRATION
MODELL BASED FACILITY MANAGEMENT

Planning + Execution in Use

Model
graphica Not graphical
l Data Data
01
0101
01010
010101
0101010 Documents
01010101

01
0101
01010
010101
0101010
01010101

Digital Room Book

Dokumentse

26

26
 DIGITAL DOCUMENTATION
AS BUILT MODEL & MODEL BASED FACILITY MANAGEMENT

Not graphical Data

graphical Digital Room book
Data

01
0101
01010
010101
0101010
01010101

www.xxxxxxxxxxx.com
Dokuments

Sunday, March 31, 2024 27

27
 DIGITAL DOCUMENTATION
INTERNATIONAL / NATIONAL STANDARDS AS-BUILT MODEL

Sunday, March 31, 2024 28

28
 BUILDING INFORMATION MODELING
(BIM)
• A BIM model can be holistically used throughout the
design process and the construction process.
• It aids a design team by allowing parametric changes to
a building design by speeding up the design process.
• Contractor can use BIM for quantity take-offs and clean
real-time material quantities.
• Owners can use BIM for managing and operating the
facility and all of the information that surrounds it by
scheduling the materials and furnishings in the project.

CHAIR OF APPROPRIATE BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

BUILDING INFORMATION MODELING
(BIM)

CHAIR OF APPROPRIATE BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

 BUILDING INFORMATION MODELING
(BIM)
• In order to assess building performance in the early
design and preconstruction phases realistically, access
to a comprehensive set of knowledge regarding a
building’s form, materials, context, and technical systems
are required.
• Because Building Information Modeling (BIM) allows for
multi-disciplinary information to be superimposed within
one model, it creates an opportunity for sustainability
measures and performance analyses to be performed
throughout the design process.

CHAIR OF APPROPRIATE BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

 BUILDING INFORMATION MODELING
• (BIM)goal of a BIM methodology is to allow an overall
The
view of the building or project by including everything in
a single-source model.
• With BIM, we can draw or modify building components
in a single place and allow the system to propagate
changes of those objects throughout all the views in the
set of deliverables. So, as you model your plans, it is
creating the elevations, sections and details, schedules
and energy loads. If you make a change in elevation, it
makes the change in plan, section, and so on—or the
other way around.

CHAIR OF APPROPRIATE BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

BUILDING INFORMATION MODELLING (BIM)

Leadership in Energy and

Environmental Design (For
green building certification

Geographic Information
System
Contract for
difference

CHAIR OF APPROPRIATE BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

BUILDING INFORMATION MODELLING (BIM)

Construction staging

CHAIR OF APPROPRIATE BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

BUILDING INFORMATION MODELLING (BIM)

Solar design

CHAIR OF APPROPRIATE BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

BUILDING INFORMATION MODELLING (BIM)

Energy design

CHAIR OF APPROPRIATE BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

BUILDING INFORMATION MODELLING (BIM)
Day light modeling

CHAIR OF APPROPRIATE BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

BUILDING INFORMATION MODELLING (BIM)

Construction Details

CHAIR OF APPROPRIATE BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

BUILDING INFORMATION MODELLING (BIM)

Furniture, Fixtures
and Equipment.

CHAIR OF APPROPRIATE BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

BUILDING INFORMATION MODELING
(BIM)

(Indoor Environment Quality)

CHAIR OF APPROPRIATE BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

 BUILDING INFORMATION MODELING
(BIM)
• BIM can reduce the costs associated with sustainability
analyses by making the information required for
sustainable design, analysis and certification routinely
available simply as a byproduct of the standard design
process.

CHAIR OF APPROPRIATE BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

 BUILDING INFORMATION MODELLING (BIM)
BIM can aid in the following aspects of sustainable design.
• Building orientation (to select the best building orientation
that results in minimum energy costs)
• Building massing (to analyze building form and optimize the
building envelope)
• Day lighting analysis
• Water harvesting (to reduce water needs in a building)
• Energy modeling (to reduce energy needs and analyze
renewable energy options such as solar energy)
• Sustainable materials (to reduce material needs and to use
recycled materials)

CHAIR OF APPROPRIATE BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

 BUILDING INFORMATION MODELLING (BIM)
• Building Information Modeling is the development and
use of a multi-faceted computer software data model to
not only document a building design, but to simulate the
construction and operation of a new capital facility or a
recapitalized (modernized) facility.
• The resulting Building Information Model is a data-rich,
object-based, intelligent and parametric digital
representation of the facility, from which views
appropriate to various users’ needs can be extracted
and analyzed to generate feedback and improvement of
the facility design.

CHAIR OF APPROPRIATE BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

DATABASE MANAGEMENT BEHIND THE
EVOLUTION
Enablement of the BIM process can drive the creation of
significant volumes of consistent data used by dispersed
teams. As a basis for a multidisciplinary collaboration, all
types of project information need to be managed and
used in a more effective way.
(Keaney, 2011)

Management of non-geometric data:

 Schedule, manpower, coordination, cost, material, etc.
See also COBIE in later slides

44
DATABASE MANAGEMENT BEHIND THE
EVOLUTION

To keep the construction project on-track, all changes of the

project information from any team need to be
communicated to all other stakeholders to avoid errors and
delays.

BIM and the Cloud: Projects can be accessed by anyone

(having permission) in any location (even at the building
site) at anytime.

45
CAD VS BIM

CAD: Drawings are core entities.

BIM: Based on object-based parametric modeling. The core
objects of BIM are building objects with attached information
and rules about behavior.

Building information includes: Geometry, spatial relationships,

geographic information, quantities and properties of building
components.

46
LEVEL OF MATURITY

The process of moving the AEC industry to ‘full’

collaborative working is progressive.

Several distinct and recognizable milestones are

defined in terms of “level” within such process.

The broad concept is to define the level of BIM from 0

to 3.

(UK National Building Specification, 2014) 47

LEVEL OF MATURITY

Level 0
No collaboration. Only 2D CAD drafting.
Level 1 (Little Closed BIM)
Many organizations are currently operating on this level.
Typically comprises a mixture of 3D CAD and 2D
CAD drafting.
3D CAD for concept work and 2D for drafting of statutory
approval documentation and production information.
No collaboration between disciplines.

48
LEVEL OF MATURITY

Level 2 (Little Open BIM or Big Closed BIM)

Collaboration comes in the form of exchanging
information, design information is shared through a
common file format.
Software used by each discipline should be capable to
export to or import from one of the common file formats,
such as IFC.
Level 3 (Big Open BIM)
Full collaboration between all disciplines by means of using
a single shared project model stored in central repository.

49
 BIM MATURITY DIAGRAM

Level 0 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3

2D Separate BIM Single
models shared by integrated
3D integration tools BIM model
4D Scheduling
5D Cost Estimation
6D
Facility
management
50
 BIM Documents:
AIR (EIR): Asset/ Information Requirements ➔ ISO 19650
to be clear of all required assets, their management, and maintenance procedures,

EIR (XIR): Exchange Information Requirements ➔

to agree how to transfer the information, in what format, what level of information,

OIR: Organizational Information Requirements ➔

to clarify the organization needs, necessities and objectives,

PIR: Project Information Requirements ➔

to agree on what asset information should be delivered for each certain project,

Ethiopian BIM Society Arch. Dereje Alemu, BIM Senior Consultant @ TUV SUD, Munich Sunday, March 31, 2024 51
 BIM Documents: AIR/EIR
AIR (EIR): Asset Information Requirements ➔ ISO 19650

➢ AIR/ EIR is a document that contain the sum ofContract

all content-related specifications that a
building owner demands from his contractors.

➔ BIM Specifications/ Use Cases:

 Definition in Coordination with Client

Ethiopian BIM Society Arch. Dereje Alemu, BIM Senior Consultant @ TUV SUD, Munich Sunday, March 31, 2024 52
 BIM Documents: AIR/EIR
AIR (EIR): Asset/ Information Requirements ➔
to be clear of all required assets, their management, and maintenance procedures,

Three major definition areas

1. Technical
2. Managerial
3. Commercial

Ethiopian BIM Society Arch. Dereje Alemu, BIM Senior Consultant @ TUV SUD, Munich Sunday, March 31, 2024 53
 BIM Documents: AIR/EIR
1st major definition area
1. Technical Aspects
➢ Software or Platforms
➢ Data Exchange format
➢ Data Exchange platforms
➢ Level of development
➢ Training

Ethiopian BIM Society Arch. Dereje Alemu, BIM Senior Consultant @ TUV SUD, Munich Sunday, March 31, 2024 54
 BIM Documents: AIR/EIR
➢ Documents are made available for everyone on one platform
CLIENT
➢ work collaboratively & interdisciplinary on an overall
FM ARC
coordination model
➢ Uniform folder structure across all projects BIM

➢ Data sovereignty between all project partners CONSTRUCTION

COMPANY CCDE
DE
LANDSCAPE
ARC

➢ Traceability of the activities

Management
➢ Avoidance of redundancies
SITE MANAGER SE
➢ Timeliness and clear status of information
MEP

Ethiopian BIM Society Arch. Dereje Alemu, BIM Senior Consultant @ TUV SUD, Munich Sunday, March 31, 2024 55
 BIM Documents: AIR/EIR
CDE providers
➢ BIM 360 (Autodesk)
➢ BIM+ (Allplan)
➢ Trimble Connect (Trimble)
➢ ConjectPM (Aconex AG)
➢ PKM (Conclude)
➢ Thinkproject CDE
➢ etc.

Ethiopian BIM Society Arch. Dereje Alemu, BIM Senior Consultant @ TUV SUD, Munich Sunday, March 31, 2024 56
 BIM Documents: AIR/EIR
2nd major definition area
2. Managerial Aspects
➢ Roles and responsibilities
➢ Coordination and clash detection
➢ Collaboration process
➢ Systems performance
➢ Security and safety
➢ Delivery strategy for asset information

Ethiopian BIM Society Arch. Dereje Alemu, BIM Senior Consultant @ TUV SUD, Munich Sunday, March 31, 2024 57
 BIM Documents: AIR/EIR
CLIENT
BIM-Management Client
BIM-Manager Informationsmanager

Contractors All-Over BIM Coordinator (arc.)

Con. Experts

BIM-Coordinator 1 BIM-Coordinator 2 BIM-Coordinator 3 Expert n

Expert 3
Trade 1 Trade 2 Trade 3
eg.: ARC eg.: MEP eg.: SE Expert 2
BIM-Author BIM-Author BIM-Author Fire
Protection
Ethiopian BIM Society Arch. Dereje Alemu, BIM Senior Consultant @ TUV SUD, Munich Sunday, March 31, 2024 58
 BIM Documents: AIR/EIR

ARC SE MEP
Model Model Model

Ethiopian BIM Society Arch. Dereje Alemu, BIM Senior Consultant @ TUV SUD, Munich Sunday, March 31, 2024 59
 BIM Documents: AIR/EIR
➔: https://bimforum.org/
Level of Development ➔ LOD

LoG + LoI= LOD

Level of Geometry (LoG) Level of Information (LoI)

Ethiopian BIM Society Arch. Dereje Alemu, BIM Senior Consultant @ TUV SUD, Munich Sunday, March 31, 2024 60
 BIM Documents: AIR/EIR
3rd major definition area

3. Commercial Aspects

➢ Data Drops & Project Deliverables

➢ Client’s strategic purposes

➢ BIM-specific competence

Ethiopian BIM Society Arch. Dereje Alemu, BIM Senior Consultant @ TUV SUD, Munich Sunday, March 31, 2024 61
 BIM Documents: AIR/EIR
Plan derivation only from the Model
BIM Use Cases: •
• Model based clash detection and coordination
• Design Optimization
• Flexibility of Floor Plan/ Space Optimization
• LOD= LoG + LoI
• Model based Scheduling (4D)
• Model based Cost Calculation (5D)
• Energy Simulation (6D)
• Thermal Building Simulation
• Air Flow Simulation
• Simulation for evacuation
• MEP Calculation and Quantity take off
• Model based Defect Management
• Delivery of FM-Ready BIM Data to be coordinated with CAFM System
• As-Built model /Laser Scanning for CAFM (7D)
Ethiopian BIM Society Arch. Dereje Alemu, BIM Senior Consultant @ TUV SUD, Munich Sunday, March 31, 2024 62
 BIM EXECUTION PLAN
QUALITY MANAGEMENT

Quality control
❑ Quality Control Requirements
❑ Quality Control Review Schedule
Types of quality control
❑ Visual examination (graphical information)
❑ Checking the parametric (non-graphical information)
❑ Design intent is properly implemented (standards)
❑ Completeness check (data exchange)
Checking the model integrity
❑ Clash detection (Design Coordination)
❑ Parameter checks (Filter Definition)

Ethiopian BIM Society Arch. Dereje Alemu, BIM Senior Consultant @ TUV SUD, Munich BIM ኮንፍረንስ
Sunday, ፣ ኢትዮጵያ
March 31, 2024 ፣ አዲስ አበባ ፣ መስከረም 63
12. 2011
 BIM EXECUTION PLAN
PROJECT AND BIM STANDARDS & GOALS

Based on Client requirements

Project Goals Statement
❑ Project orientated work-sharing (BIM Level)
❑ Level of Development (LoD) or
❑ Level of Information & Geometry (LoI/ LoG) (Germany)
Project Priorities List
❑ Project Mile Stones
❑ Preparation of planning documents
❑ Optimising the planning process
❑ Optimising costs
Process & Quantity
❑ Clash detection during the planning process
❑ Generating qualified room datasheets, window and door schedules

Ethiopian BIM Society Arch. Dereje Alemu, BIM Senior Consultant @ TUV SUD, Munich BIM ኮንፍረንስ
Sunday, ፣ ኢትዮጵያ
March 31, 2024 ፣ አዲስ አበባ ፣ መስከረም 64
12. 2011
 BIM EXECUTION PLAN
PROJECT AND BIM STANDARDS & GOALS

BIM Implementation
❑ Project-specific implementation
❑ Requirements for coordination and communication
❑ Definition of general requirements
BIM Use Matrix
❑ List of BIM uses as contracted in context to each phase
❑ Definition of additional BIM uses
Model Contents
❑ Establishing a model element author chart (MEA)
❑ Virtual Model creation based on reality

Ethiopian BIM Society Arch. Dereje Alemu, BIM Senior Consultant @ TUV SUD, Munich BIM ኮንፍረንስ
Sunday, ፣ ኢትዮጵያ
March 31, 2024 ፣ አዲስ አበባ ፣ መስከረም 65
12. 2011
 BIM Documents: AIR/EIR vs. BEP/ BxP
AIR/ EIR BEP/ BxP
Who is responsible for what? How and when is this done?
Strategy and goal definition - specification Implementation description - Obligation (ensures
that the goals are achieved)
prescribes standards prescribes precise implementation
(e.g .: CDE must be used) (e.g .: BIM 360 must be used as CDE)
Initial phase Planning phase till Execution finished
X (not changeable) ✓ document in development

✓Contract relevant document Not Contract relevant

Ethiopian BIM Society Arch. Dereje Alemu, BIM Senior Consultant @ TUV SUD, Munich Sunday, March 31, 2024 66
 LEVEL OF DEVELOPMENT
“The Level of Development (LOD) specification is a reference that
enables practitioners in the AEC Industry to specify and articulate the
content and reliability of BIMs at various stages in the design and
construction process.” (BIMForum,2013)

67
 LEVEL OF DEVELOPMENT

“This clear articulation allows model authors to define what their

models can be relied on for, and allows downstream users to clearly
understand the usability and the limitations of models they are
receiving.” (BIMForum,2013)

68
Level Descriptions
LOD100 Conceptual design,
master planning
LOD200 Schematic design,
design development
LOD300 Construction
documents,
shop drawings
LOD400 Fabrication and
assembly
documentation
LOD500 As-built situation for
operation and
maintenance
Csocsics, M., LOD: Level of Detail or Level of Development? www.in-ex.hu/
eng/blog/content/75-lod:-level-of-detail-or-level-of-development/level=4

69
 LEVEL OF DEVELOPMENT
LOD can be built into “views” to clarify expectations of stakeholders,
in terms of information “granularity”, which are often linked to time
and stage of work.

Concept – Construction – Management

(AECmag.com, 2013)

70
 BIM AND IPD
IPD – Integrated Project Delivery

“A project delivery approach that integrates people, systems,

business structures, and practices into a process that collaboratively
harness the talents and insights of all project participants to optimize
project results, increase value to the owner, reduce waste, and
maximize efficiency through all phases of design, fabrication and
construction.”
(AIA, 2007)

71
 BIM AND IPD
“IPD has materialized as a delivery method that could most
effectively facilitate the use of BIM for construction projects.”
(Becerik-Gerber, et al, 2009)

Engineer Contractor

Architect
Manufacturer

Trades BIM Owner

72
 BIM PROJECT EXECUTION PLAN
PEP (Project Execution Plan)
“To successfully implement BIM, a project team must perform detailed
and comprehensive planning. A well documented BIM Project Execution
Plan will ensure that all parties are aware of the opportunities and
responsibilities associated with the incorporation of BIM into the project
workflow.”
(The Computer Integrated Construction Research Group, 2010)

“90% of the costs of a building occur after construction.” Michael

Schley, FM:Systems (UK National Building Specification, 2014)

73
BIM PROJECT EXECUTION PLAN PROCEDURE

Identify BIM Uses and Goals

• Define project and team value.

Design BIM Project Execution Process

• Develop a process which includes tasks supported by
BIM along with information exchanges.

Develop Information Exchanges

• Develop the information content, level of detail and
responsible party for each exchange.

Define supporting infrastructure for BIM Implementation

74
 IDM - INFORMATION DELIVERY MANUAL
Similar idea to PEP procedure.

To use BIM effectively by improving the quality of communication

between different participants in the construction process.

“IDM will grow progressively to provide a comprehensive reference

to the processes that may be executed within building construction.”
(buildingSMART, 2015)

75
The components of IDM are:
Process Map
“Provides a description of an activity (or set of activities) related to a
domain in the AEC/FM industry.”
Exchange Requirement
“A non technical description of the information required as input to
the process and the expected source of that information together with
a description of the expected results of the process.”
Model View Definitions
“Defines a subset of the IFC schema that is needed to satisfy one or
many Exchange Requirements of the AEC industry.”
(buildingSMART, 2015)

76
BIM USES THROUGHOUT A BUILDING LIFECYCLE

Plan Design Construction Operate

Existing Condition Modeling & Cost Estimation
Phase Planning
Programming & Site Analysis
Design Reviews
Engineering Analysis
Code Validation
3D Coordination
Site Utilization Planning
Digital Fabrication
3D Control and planning Maintenance &
Management
(Column Width – Scale Irrelevant)
77
BIM DIMENSIONEN
(DEFINITION)

78
 BIM Dimension
3D + time = 4D

➢ Linking the individual components with a construction

schedule
➢ Construction process simulations
➢ Tracking of the 4D model to the actual construction Site
progress
➢ Comparison of the construction site with the model-based
schedule
eg.: iTWO; Synchro Pro, BIM 360, Dalux
eg.: Tablets, Barcodes

Schedule

Sunday, March 31, 2024 79

(Collier and Fischer, 1995)
80
 BIM Dimension

4D + cost = 5D

➢ Real time Conceptual modeling & Cost Planning

➢ Quality extraction for detailed Cost estimation
➢ Trade Verifications from Fabrication Models
(Structural steel, Rebar, MEP)
➢ Value Engineering (what if Scenarios, visualization,
Quantity extractions)
➢ Prefabrications Solutions
(Equipment rooms, MEP Systems, multi trade
prefabrication, unique Arch. Structural Elements)

eg.: iTWO; Synchro Pro,

Sunday, March 31, 2024 81

 BIM Dimension

5D + Sustainability = 6D

➢ Conceptual Energy analysis

➢ Detailed Energy analysis
➢ Sustainable Element tracking
➢ LEED tracking (International)
➢ DGNB tracking (National)

eg.: Dprofiler; Eco Tec; IDA ICE …

Sunday, March 31, 2024 82

 BIM Dimension

6D + CAFM = 7D

➢ Life Cycle BIM Strategies

➢ BIM As-Built
➢ BIM embedded O & M manuels
➢ BIM Maintenance Plans & Technical Support
➢ Predictive Maintenance

Sunday, March 31, 2024 83

 BIM Dimension
PIM➔ AIM ➔ CAFM SYSTEM „As Built" Model

OWNER
Asset-
Projekt- Information
Information Modell
Model AIM
PIM Inputs from CAFM
System

Digital monitoring and

support of the entire CAFM-System
Provision system of the building
the reports

Sunday, March 31, 2024 84

BIM related Software

Sunday, March 31, 2024 85

 BUILDING INFORMATION MODELLING (BIM)
LIST OF BIM SOFTWARE
• IES <VE> (http://www.iesve.com) (Integrated Environmental solutions)
• Ecotect (http://www.ecotect.com) (Autodesk tool to simulate building performance)
• Green Building Studio (http://www.greenbuildingstudio.com) (Autodesk Cloud-based energy
simulation)
• eQUEST (http://www.doe2.com/equest/) (the QUick Energy Simulation Tool)
• EnergyPlus (http://www.energyplus.gov) (a whole building energy simulation program)
• Daysim (http://www.daysim.com) (validated daylighting analysis software that calculates the
annual daylight availability in arbitrary buildings based on the RADIANCE backward raytracer)
• Radiance (http://radsite.lbl.gov/radiance/index.html) (Validated Lighting Simulation Tool)
• Climate Consultant (http://newton.aud.ucla.edu/energy-design-tools/) (program that helps
architects, builders, contractor, homeowners, and students understand their local climate)
• WUFI-ORNL/IBP (http://web.ornl.gov/sci/btc/apps/moisture/) (allows realistic
calculation of the transient coupled one-dimensional heat and moisture transport in
multi-layer building components exposed to natural weather)
• Microsoft Excel (http://www.microsoft.com/office)

CHAIR OF APPROPRIATE BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Medical Center Replacement, Kaiserslautern, Germany (HDR)

Sunday, March 31, 2024 87

Medical Center Replacement, Kaiserslautern, Germany (HDR)

88
 Medical Center Replacement, Kaiserslautern, Germany (HDR)
ISO-SCHNITT / GRUNDRISS
Medical Center Replacement, Kaiserslautern, Germany (HDR)

90
 MODEL CREATION

Work Level, UEFF Work Level, UERF

Arch. Arch.

Work Level, LERF

MEP.

▪ Grids and Levels model (master)

▪ The geographic location of the project
91
 MODEL CREATION

f. eg. Linked SE Model, Equipment

92
MODEL CREATION - COMPONENTS

93
 MODEL CREATION - COMPONENTS
Clear definition of the model elements:
▪ Reference plane for the creation
▪ Geometry / dimensions of the component
▪ Modeling M1: 1
▪ Materiality & material properties
▪ Families (system families)
▪ Shared parameters

94
 MODEL CREATION – COMPONENTS (FAMILY)

▪ Name of the family

▪ Materiality / properties
▪ Modeling M1: 1
▪ Element parameter

95
 PRODUCT CATALOGUE

▪ Download formats: Revit Families, ArchiCAD, Vectorworks

3DS, AutoCAD, IFC, Rhino, ARC Plus, PDF
▪ Platforms with component libraries and product catalogs
▪ https://www.mepcontent.com/de/
▪ https://www.bimsystems.de/
▪ https://www.nationalbimlibrary.com/en/
Note: level of detail of components: only as detailed as necessary! ▪ https://www.bimandco.com/de
▪ https://www.magicad.cloud/products/
▪ https://www.bimobject.com/de/product

96
 LIBRARY ELEMENTS
INTERNATIONAL / NATIONAL STANDARDS

❑ Standards in UK (G0–G3) and USA (LOD 100–500):

❑ Component Grade 0 (G0) – Schematic
Symbolic place-holder representing an object and symbols which
may never exist as a 3D object.
❑ Component Grade 1 (G1) – Concept
Simple place-holder with absolute minimum level detail to be
identifiable.
❑ Component Grade 2 (G2) – Defined
Contains relevant metadata and technical information, and is
sufficiently modelled.
❑ Component Grade 3 (G3) – Rendered
Identical to the Grade 2 version if scheduled or interrogated by
annotation and differs only in 3D.

Sunday, March 31, 2024 97

 CASE STUDY
Project overview:
College of Liberal Arts (CoLA) Building on campus.
Owner: University of Texas at Austin.
Construction duration: 08/2010/-03/2013.
Total project cost: $100M
(Design cost $30M, Construction cost $70M)
Reasons for using BIM:
 Requirement by owner
 Complex MEP system
 Energy analysis
(F. Leite, Course material) 98
BIM TO FIELD PROCESS

(Retrieved from BIM course slides, F. Leite)

99
DESIGN COORDINATION PROCESS

(Retrieved from BIM course slides, F. Leite)

100
BIM TO FIELD TECHNICAL COMPONENTS

Robotic Total Stations

 Effective Field-to-Office Communication
Tablet PCs/iPads
 Information Distributors
Sync
 Updates Overnight
 Maintains useful As-Built
Virtual Superintendent
 Virtual Inspection
 “Noodle-like mess” is easier to inspect
 Verifies what is drawn is what is built.

101
MEASURABLE IMPROVEMENTS

Schedule: project delivery 6 months ahead original

schedule

Cost: ~$200,000 estimated savings due to BIM-based

design coordination

102
5 Risks, Challenges and
Future

103
RISKS
Ownership of BIM data and its protection
 Owner pays for the design and team members provide
proprietary information.
 May reduce motivation to fully realize the potential of BIM.
Licensing issues
 Use of vendor’s design of a designer not licensed in the project
location.
Responsibility for data entry and inaccuracy
 Controls on the entry of data.
 Cost of inputting and reviewing BIM data.
(Azhar, 2011)
104
RISKS start
Blurred level of responsibility due to integrated concept of BIM
 Which team fixes which errors?
Responsibility for the proper technological interface among
various programs
 Incomplete submitted data.
 Data submitted from various scheduling and costing programs
which have been developed in isolation.
 Increase in coordination costs and decreased accuracy of data
transmission.
(Azhar, 2011)

105
 SOLUTIONS
BIM protocol
“The Protocol identifies the building information models that need
to be produced by members of the project team and puts into
place specific obligations, liabilities and associated limitations
on the use of the models.”

The BIM protocol addresses the issues of ownership, licensing and

responsibility by defining “Obligations”, ”Electronic Data
Exchange”, “Use of Models”, “Liability in respect of a model”, etc.
(Construction Industry Council, 2013)

106
 SOLUTIONS (CONT.)

Scope of Services for Information Management

Information Management is a mandated role in the BIM Protocol.

“The initial responsibility for the appointment of the information

manager lies with the employer, who must ensure that there is an
Information Manager appointed (whether by the employer or
another party) at all times until completion of the Project.”
(Construction Industry Council, 2013)

107
 SOLUTIONS (CONT.)
EIR(Employer’s Information Requirements)
“EIRs are an important element of Project BIM Implementation as they
are used to set out to the bidder what models are required and what
the purposes of the models will be. These requirements will be written
into the BIM Protocol and implemented through the BIM Execution
Plan.”

The content of the EIR covers three sections:

Technical: Software Platforms, etc.
Management: Roles and Responsibilities, etc.
Commercial: Defined BIM/Project Deliverables, etc.
(Bimtaskgroup,2013)
108
OTHER RISKS

Use of inappropriate IFCs can make modifications costly

Information loss

Small return on investment

Increase in costs over traditional methods

More errors and more delays than without BIM

109
CHALLENGES

Lack of Expertise
 BIM has been suspected to be a complex and
non-robust system
 Teams in the construction industry lack of knowledge and
competency to put the concept into full practice.

Resistance to change
 Effective implementation of BIM requires changes to many
aspects of business of an organization, with a throughout
understanding and mature plan of BIM.
(BIMhub, 2013)
110
CHALLENGES

Management of Information
The involvement and implementation of BIM by
practitioners will lead to challenging management.
New processes and skills
To achieve successful implementation of BIM, new legal
and negotiation processes need to be in place.
Experienced and skilled partners are needed. This takes
time.

111
 CHALLENGES

Technical challenges
 Requirement of tested practical strategies for exchange and
integration of meaningful information among BIM models.
 Building object models can be difficult to standardize
universally due to technical, cultural, regional, climatic, legal and
political differences.

112
 CHALLENGES

Managerial challenges
 Who should develop and operate the building information models?
 Who pays for the development and operation?
 When should stakeholders be included?
(Azhar, 2011)

113
THE FUTURE OF BIM

An increasing range of owners and manufacturers are

adopting BIM.

BIM is improving.

“The lack of appropriately trained professional staff,

rather than the technology itself, is the current
bottleneck to widespread implementation”(Eastman,
2008). This remains true today and it is expected to be
true for another couple of decades.
114
THE FUTURE OF BIM

“The big picture is that BIM will facilitate early integration of

project design and construction teams, making closer
collaboration possible.
This will help make the overall construction delivery process
faster, less costly, more reliable, and less prone to errors and
risk.”
(Eastman, 2008)

115
SUMMARY

116
 SUMMARY

BIM is a process involving generation and management

of digital representations of building objects, which are
used during planning, design, construction, operation
and maintenance of diverse physical infrastructures.

BIM helps to improve quality, reduce costs and save

time.

There are risks and challenges.

117
SUMMARY OF ACRONYMS

IFC – Industry Foundation Classes

LOD – Level of Development
IPD – Integrated Project Delivery
IDM – Information Delivery Manual
PEP – Project Execution Plan

IAI – International Alliance for Interoperability

AIA – The American Institute of Architects
118
PRINCIPAL SOURCE DOCUMENTS

Course material
Building Information Modeling – Introduction (BIM As
Technology), B. Kumar, Glasgow Caledonian University.
CEE 4140 - Introduction to Building Information Modeling
(BIM) in Construction, J. Teizer, Georgia Institute of
Technology.
BIM Course Slides, F. Leite, University of Texas at Austin.

119
 REFERENCES
Advancedsolutions.com, (n.d.). Lifecycle BIM - Advanced Solutions. [online] Available at:
http://www.advancedsolutions.com/services/lifecyclebim.aspx [Accessed 21 Jul. 2015].

AIA, (2007). Integrated project delivery: a guide, The American Institute of Architects California Council.

Aecmag.com, (2013). Executive guide to BIM: part 2. [online] Available at: http://aecmag.com/technology-mainmenu-35/564-executive-guide-to-
bim-part-2 [Accessed 28 Jul. 2015].

Azhar, S. (2011). Building Information Modeling (BIM): Trends, Benefits, Risks, and Challenges for the AEC Industry. Leadership Manage. Eng., 11(3),
pp.241-252.

bimforum.org/LOD, (2013). Level of Development Specification For Building Information Models Version: 2013. [online] Available at:
http://bimforum.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/2013-LOD-Specification.pdf [Accessed 21 Jul. 2015].

Becerik-Gerber, B. (2010). Implementation of Integrated Project Delivery and Building Information Modeling on a Small Commercial Project. Ddes,
Kent, D.

Bimhub.com, (2013). Challenges in BIM Implementation. [online] Available at: http://www.bimhub.com/blog/challenges-bim-implementation/

[Accessed 21 Jul. 2015].

Bimtaskgroup.org, (2013). Employer’s Information Requirements Version 07 28.02.13 Available at: http://www.bimtaskgroup.org/wp-
content/uploads/2013/04/Employers-Information-Requirements-Core-Content-and-Guidance.pdf [Accessed 17 Aug. 2015].

buildingSMART, (2015). IDM Makes IFC Work. [online] Available at: http://web.stanford.edu/group/narratives/classes/08-
09/CEE215/ReferenceLibrary/Industry%20Foundation%20Classes%20(IFC)/IDM/IDM%20Makes%20IFC%20Work!.pdf [Accessed 3 Aug. 2015].

Collier, E. and Fischer, M. (1995) Four Dimensional Modelling in Design and Construction, CIFE tech Report 101.

Construction Industry Council, (2013). Building Information Model (BIM) Protocol CIC/BIM Pro first edition 2013. UK. Available at:
http://cic.org.uk/download.php?f=the-bim-protocol.pdf

CURT (2004) "Collaboration, Integrated Information, and the Project Lifecycle in Building Design and Construction and Operation", Construction User
Roundtable WP-1202

Csocsics, M. (n.d.). LOD: Level of Detail or Level of Development?. [online] Studio IN-EX. Available at: http://www.in-ex.hu/eng/blog/content/75-
lod:-level-of-detail-or-level-of-development/level=4 [Accessed 29 Jul. 2015]. 120
 REFERENCES
East, E.W. (2007) Construction Operations Building Information Exchange (COBIE) Requirements Definition and Pilot Implementation Standard,
Construction Engineering Research Laboratory (CERL) U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Champaign, IL, USA

Eastman, C. (2008). BIM handbook: A guide to building information modeling for owners, managers, designers, engineers, and contractors. Hoboken,
N.J.: Wiley.

Hamilton, t. (2012). BIM deployment: A Process to Adopt and Implement a Disruptive Technology. Austin, Tex.: University of Texas.

IHS Economics, 2013, Global Construction Outlook: Executive Outlook, [online] www.ihs.com. Available at:
https://www.ihs.com/pdf/IHS_Global_Construction_ExecSummary_Feb2014_140852110913052132.pdf

Jernigan, F.E. (2008): BIG BIM little bim: The practical approach to Building Information Modeling: Integrated Practice done the right way! 2nd
ed., 4 Site Press, Salisbury, MD, USA.

Keaney, P. (2011). BIM 360: Collaboration, Data Management, and BIM - Buildipedia. [online] Buildipedia.com.

Kumar, B. (2015) Personal Communication

Rundell, R. (2007). BIM and Visualization, Part 2 (1-2-3 Revit Tutorial) | Cadalyst. [online] Cadalyst.com. Available at:
http://www.cadalyst.com/aec/bim-and-visualization-part-2-1-2-3-revit-tutorial-3635 [21.7.15]

Sabol, L. (2008). Challenges in cost estimating with Building Information Modeling. IFMA World Workplace.

Schlosser, M. (2010). Visualization and BIM: A Powerful Combination. [online] Geoexpressions.blogspot.ch. Available at:
http://geoexpressions.blogspot.ch/2010/07/visualization-and-bim-powerful.html [28.7.15].

Smith, D. (2007) “An Introduction to BIM”. Journal of Building Information Modeling. Fall, 2007. p 12-14. Available at:
http://buildipedia.com/aec-pros/design-news/bim-360-collaboration-data-management-and-bim [Accessed 21 Jul. 2015].

The Computer Integrated Construction Research Group, (2010). Building Information Modeling Execution Planning Guide Version 2.0. The
Pennsylvania State University.

UK National Building Specification (2014) Thenbs.com, (n.d.). What is BIM?. [online] Available at: http://www.thenbs.com/bim/what-is-bim.asp
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THANK YOU!

CHAIR OF APPROPRIATE BUILDING TECHNOLOGY