Geospatial

Analysis of
DAL -
NIGEEN
LAKE

Department of Ecology, Environment & Remote Sensing

Government of Jammu and Kashmir
Gladeni, Narwal Jammu / SDA Housing Colony, Bemina, Srinagar
www.jkdears.com/ email: [email protected]

I Geospatial analysis of Dal - Nigeen Lake

 GEOSPATIAL ANALYSIS OF
DAL-NIGEEN LAKE

March 2022

Department of Ecology, Environment & Remote Sensing

Government of Jammu and Kashmir
Gladeni, Narwal Jammu / SDA Housing Colony, Bemina, Srinagar
www.jkdears.com/ email: [email protected]

Geospatial analysis of Dal - Nigeen Lake II

GEOSPATIAL ANALYSIS OF DAL - NIGEEN LAKE
© 2022 Department of Ecology, Environment & Remote Sensing
J&K Govt., Srinagar
The report has been partially funded by J&K Lake Conservation and Management Authority
All rights are reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system of transmitted in any
form or by any means without prior consent of the Department of Ecology, Environment & Remote Sensing, J&K Govt.
Referenced as: “DEE&RS: Geospatial Analysis of Dal - Nigeen lake – March 2022”
Note: The extent of boundaries/mapping do not represent the legal boundaries of Dal-Nigeen Lake
Design & Print by: Associated Media (associatedmedia.org)

III Geospatial analysis of Dal - Nigeen Lake

 EXECUTIVE
SUMMARY
T
his report on the temporal geospatial analysis of land use/ land cover of Dal and Nigeen lake in
the UT of Jammu & Kashmir is based on the study carried out on the directions of Committee
of Experts(CoEs) designated by the Hon’ble High Court of Jammu & Kashmir for conservation
of Dal and Nigeen Lake. The report is based on grid based analysis of very high resolution satellite
images of 2007, 2014, 2018 and 2020. The Lake body has been divided into 40 grids of 1kmx1km size
for analysing the changes in land use / land cover from 2007 to 2020. The grid based comparative
statistics provides a glimpse into the changes brought about by the J&K Lake Conservation and
Management Authority through various interventions like de-weeding, removal of floating gardens,
removal of human settlements etc.
The study revealed the following results:-
S . Drivers of land cover Grids Observations
No. change
1 Growth of built-up 25, 31, 32, 36 and 37 Construction activity.
land Grid No.36 has experienced an unprecedented
growth of settlements by 17.56% followed by
grid No.31 by 7.96% during the period
2 Decrease in built-up 15, 23 and 27 Management interventions by J&K Lake
land Conservation and Management Authority
3 Areas prone to 20, 25, 30, 31, 32, 36, High population growth and urbanization
a n t h r o p o g e n i c 37
pressures
4 Increase in cropland/ 15, 19, 21, 27, 30, 31, Agricultural activity
plantations 32, 33 and 37
5 Increase in water 1, 4, 6, 9, 10, 11, 17, 18, Tendency towards eutrophication due
body with floating/ 24, 27, 28, 33 and 34 channelization of nutrients into the lake body
emergent vegetation
The overall analysis of the spatial extent of various categories of land-use/ land cover indicate that
the built-up land has increased, open water surface has decreased with increase in the spatial extent
of water body with floating /emergent vegetation over the period. Imagery depicting floods of 2014
revealed that the floating gardens (raads) have got dispersed and changed their direction in some
areas. Besides, some of the small structures may also have got inundated by the flood waters and were
not identifiable on the image. Some of the structures had been obscured by the canopy of trees on
the satellite image of 2014 and 2018. However, the imagery of February, 2020 enabled near accurate
mapping of built-up land as the features were easily identifiable due to absence of any vegetal cover.
The statistics generated through analysis of temporal landuse/land cover maps is presented as
under:-

CLASS Area (Km 2) %age Remarks

2007 2014 2018 2020 change
2007 to
2020
Built Up Land 0.743 0.812 0.943 1.025 1.15 Approx. 0.282 Km2
(Approx. 557 kanals)
of land has transformed
into built-up category
from year 2007 to 2020
Cropland/Plantation 2.290 2.351 2.834 2.849 2.27 Cropland is showing an
increasing trend

Geospatial analysis of Dal - Nigeen Lake IV

 Park/Grassland/Vacant 0.403 0.110 0.384 0.360 -0.17 Some vacant land had
land with or without been inundated by floods
Vegetation of Sept. 2014. However, it
shows a decreasing trend.
Waterbody with Floating/ 5.262 6.366 7.948 6.796 6.23 Increasing trend from 2007
Emergent Vegetation / to 2018. However, 2020
Pachhi image shows lesser value
because of winter season.
Waterbody with House 0.150 0.196 0.167 0.170 0.08 Change probably due
Boats / Shikara Ghat to mixing of spectral
response from houseboats
and adjacent built-up
surfaces on the Image.
Waterbody with Rads/ 0.352 0.556 0.340 0.498 0.59 The water body with
Floating Gardens Rads /floating garden
has increased.
Waterbody with 15.405 14.214 11.989 12.907 -10.15 Open water surface
Submerged vegetation / shows an overall
Open Water surface decreasing trend.
However, the image of
2020 shows increase
because of winter image
Total 24.605 24.605 24.605 24.605

The land use/ land cover maps generated for the years 2007, 2014, 2018 and 2020 have also been
uploaded on the J&K Geoportal at URL: ssdi.jk.gov.in for online access by the concerned stakeholders
to assist in conservation and management of the Lake body.

Temporal satellite images showing dredging out of land mass in Dal lake near northern foreshore road

Temporal satellite images showing removal of settlements in Dal lake –A ground photo
Of the site revealing remnants of the removed settlements

V Geospatial analysis of Dal - Nigeen Lake

 Dr. Arun Kumar Mehta, IAS
Chief Secretary,
UT of J&K
Civil Secretariat, Jammu

MESSAGE

T
he Dal – Nigeen Lake is identified with Kashmiri culture and civilization, being
one of the most fascinating tourist destinations in Jammu and Kashmir. The
lake plays a great role in the ecology and economy of Jammu and Kashmir and
a large population is dependent on it for water supply, livelihoods, fresh vegetables,
recreation and ecotourism. Over the last several decades, this important urban lake
has experienced unprecedented ecological changes, pertaining to water quality,
land transformation and weed infestation.
The Department of Ecology, Environment & Remote Sensing has initiated temporal
geospatial monitoring of its spatial extent over the last several years, using grid-
based approach and study of very high-resolution satellite images of 2007, 2014,
2018 and 2020. This publication, highlights the ecologically sensitive grids besides
documenting positive changes in the lake body achieved through interventions
made by Lake Conservation & Management Authority over the years.
In order to improve efficiency of conservation and management interventions, such
information would be very useful for effective planning, conservation, management
and monitoring of this important aquatic ecosystem. I am sure that the data generated
under the report shall help the Lake Conservation & Management Authority to focus
its attention to the most sensitive grids that need immediate interventions and well-
planned conservation strategies to ensure ecological well-being of Dal-Nigeen lake.
I congratulate the Department of Ecology, Environment & Remote Sensing for this
endeavour and hope the study shall continue in future.

Dr. Arun Kumar Mehta

Geospatial analysis of Dal - Nigeen Lake VI

 Sh. Sanjeev Verma, IAS
Commissioner/Secretary
Forest, Ecology & Environment Department
J&K Government,
Jammu/Srinagar

MESSAGE

I
t is a matter of pleasure to note that the Department of Ecology,
Environment & Remote Sensing is publishing a report titled:
Comparative study on geospatial monitoring of Dal-Nigeen Lake
using very high resolution satellite images of 2007, 2014, 2018 and 2020.
The report, based on grid based comparative land use /land cover
analysis seems to be of immense value for the Lake Conservationists
and researchers involved in the management of Dal Lake. The temporal
maps of Dal Lake uploaded by the department on the J&K Geoportal
developed with technical and financial support of Department of
Science & Technology (DST), Govt. of India is also of great utility
for the line departments in general and Lake Conservation and
Management Authority in Particular, for monitoring the effectiveness
of its conservation efforts to make timely interventions. The outcome
of the study is expected to serve as a baseline information for effective
management and monitoring of Dal-Nigeen aquatic ecosystem.
I compliment Director, Department of Ecology, Environment &
Remote Sensing and acknowledge the efforts of Sh. Humayun Rashid,
Scientist (F) and his entire team involved in the study.

Sh. Sanjeev Verma

VII Geospatial analysis of Dal - Nigeen Lake

 (Dr. Neelu Gera, IFS)
PCCF/Director
Department of Ecology, Environment &
Remote Sensing,
J&K Govt., Jammu/Srinagar

FOREWORD

T
he Geospatial technology provides an opportunity to capture and analyse
near real time geographic information which through integration with other
allied attribute data works wonders to develop comprehensive management
and conservation strategies for protection of lakes and water bodies. The iconic
Dal Lake has, over the last few decades, experienced an unprecedented change
in its water quality and land cover dynamics, prompting authorities, including
judiciary to take proactive measures for its protection and conservation. Since,
remote sensing technology comes handy in providing near real time information
about any natural phenomenon because of its synoptic and repetitive coverage
at a very economical cost, the technology was employed to repetitively monitor
the lake and its surrounds. The first ever land-use land cover assessment of Dal
and Nigeen Lake using high resolution satellite image of year 2007 provided the
best opportunity to observe the lake features, since, in the immediate past, under
orders of Hon’ble High court, the plantations in the lake body had been removed.
Although assessment of the dynamics of land use/land cover was repeated using
high resolution image of 2014, 2018 and 2020, yet the image of 2007 is considered
to provide the baseline data with respect to the aerial extent of various land use/
land cover features of the lake system and the image of 2014 provides a glimpse of
the extreme event of inundation in the lake system owing to the devastating floods
of 2014.
The present report provides comparative assessment of the land use/ land cover
of Dal and Nigeen Lake using grid-based approach. The lake body was divided into
1kmx1km grids and on the basis of analysis of the land-use/ land cover changes in
each of the grids, the sensitive ones have been identified that are prone to change
due to anthropogenic pressures.
I hope the concerned planning, monitoring and executing agencies will find the
report useful in planning and monitoring of the Lake.

Neelu Gera

Geospatial analysis of Dal - Nigeen Lake VIII

 Dr. Bashir Ahmad Bhat (IRS)

Vice Chairman,
J&K Lake Conservation and Management
Authority, Srinagar.

MESSAGE

T
he availability of temporal high resolution satellite imagery provide
an opportunity to study the dynamics of land transformation in urban
lakes which are often under tremendous anthropogenic pressures. The
Department of Ecology, Environment & Remote Sensing has come up with this
scientific publication based detailed study of the temporal land use/ land cover
changes in and around Dal lake using high resolution satellite images of 2007,
2014, 2018 and 2020.
The report provides valuable statistics on how the various regions of the lake
body are temporally responding through land use/ land cover changes owing
to anthropogenic pressures and interventions made the Lake Conservation and
Management Authority over periods of time.
I hope the data generated on Dal Lake and made accessible at ssdi.jk.gov.
in on the J&K Geoportal solution developed by the Department of Ecology,
Environment & Remote Sensing will help us a lot in our conservation efforts.
Lastly, I congratulate the Department of Ecology, Environment & Remote
Sensing for this great effort and hope for a constructive future collaboration to
conserve this important lake.

Bashir Ahmad Bhat

IX Geospatial analysis of Dal - Nigeen Lake

 Humayun Rashid

Scientist
Principal Investigator/Incharge

PREFACE

I
n the year 2010, under orders of Hon’ble High Court of J&K, this Department
undertook assessment of the water spread of the lake using LISS-II+ PAN
merged satellite images with spatial resolution of 5.8 meters on the request
of J&K Lake Conservation and Management Authority. The exercise was
subsequently repeated using Cartosat-2 image having 1 m spatial resolution and
latter Quick bird imagery with 0.60 m spatial resolution which further improved
the figures on water spread of the lake at 21.50 km2. Further, detailed mapping
of land use/ land cover was conducted using Quickbird image of the year 2007.
Subsequently, the assessment was repeated using satellite images of the year
2014, 2018 and 2020 using grid-based approach. This has enabled identification
of highly sensitive grids based on rate of transformation of the land use/ land
cover from 2007 to 2020. The results are expected to enable focussed attention
on ecologically sensitive grids so that timely interventions are made to conserve
this important natural asset. The maps relating to all the assessment years have
already been uploaded on J&K Geoportal at URL:ssdi.jk.gov.in for online access
by various stakeholders.
Lastly, I express my sincere indebtedness to Mr. Sanjeev Verma, IAS, Dr. Mohit
Gera, IFS and Dr. Neelu Gera, IFS for their overwhelming support and guidance. I
also thank my colleagues especially Dr. Majid Farooq, Mr. Manzoor Ahmad Rather
and Mr. Sajad Hamid and other colleagues for their assistance.

Humayun Rashid

Geospatial analysis of Dal - Nigeen Lake X

 DOCUMENT CONTROL SHEET

S.No. Item Detail

1 Document Title Geospatial analysis of Dal - Nigeen Lake
2 Report No. DEERS/SDI/2021-22/01
3 Publication Date March, 2022
4 No. of pages 82
5 Author & Principal Investigator Humayun Rashid, Scientist
6 Supporting project-mode staff Manzoor Ahmad Rather, Sajad Hamid,
Wakil Ahmad Shah, Nissar Ahmad,
Asim Gulzar, Muzaffar Ahmad, Tufail
Mohideen Wani, Gowhar Naseem Shah,
Gowhar Mehraj, Syed Asif Farouqi,
Sohieb Ghazali, Muzamil Ahmad Rather,
Mudasir Ahmad Dada
7 Internal Quality Assessment by Mr. Majid Farooq, Junior Scientist
8 Originating unit Spatial Data Infrastructure Centre,
Department of Ecology, Environment &
Remote Sensing
9 Security classification Unrestricted
10 Distribution statement Govt. Departments
11 Abstract The report provides a bird’s eye view of
the dynamics of land-use/ land cover
changes in and around Dal lake from
2007 to 2020. It provides comparative
statistics on land use/ land cover within
spatial grids of 1km x 1km and on the
basis of rate of land transformation, the
spatial grids have been designated as
sensitive grids.
The detailed land use/ land cover maps
for the year 2007, 2014, 2018 and 2020
have been uploaded on J&K Geoportal of
the Spatial Data Infrastructure Centre for
online access by the Line Departments
involved in conservation of the lake body.
12 Copyright Department of Ecology, Environment
and Remote Sensing
13 Referenced as “DEE&RS: Geospatial Analysis of Dal -
Nigeen lake – March 2022”
14 Funding / Sponsoring Agency 1. Department of Ecology Environment
and Remote Sensing
2. J&K Lake conservation and
Management Authority

XI Geospatial analysis of Dal - Nigeen Lake

Contents
CHAPTER PAGE
1 Introduction
2 Remote Sensing Applications and its limitations
3 Mapping of the lake body
4 Monitoring of the lake body
5 Results, discussion and recommendations
TABLES
1 Table showing overall temporal statistics of land use/ land cover (2007, 2014 , 2018 and 2020) in Dal
and Nigeen Lake, J&K
FIGURES
1 ETM Plus image showing Dal Lake and its catchment area
2 Comparative water spread maps of Dal Lake using varying resolution satellite images
3 Selection of appropriate image on search engine of Digital Globe
4 Grey colour objects with sharp features representing Built-up land on image
5 Pink coloured features with lines representing crop land on image
6 Image depicting parks/grassland and vacant lands
7 Image depicting water body with houseboats
8 Waterbody with submerged vegetation/Open water surface
9 Waterbody with emergent vegetation/Pachii
10 Waterbody with floating gardens/Raads
11 ETS generated revenue boundary provided by JKLCMA overlaid on the satellite image
12 Mismatch of ETS revenue generated boundary and ground features seen in zoomed in image
13 1km x1km spatial reference grid overlaid on the satellite image depicting Dal and Nigeen lake
14 Open water surface near SKICC
15 Landmass created for cultivation by dumping soil and weeds
16 Manually extracted weeds being dumped on the shoreline temporarily
17 Floating raads being transported outside the lake
18 Floating gardens that sustain vegetables
19 House boats in Nigeen Lake
20 Water channels as means of local transport in the lake
21 Cultivated land inside the lake body
22 Lotus in full bloom in the water body with floating vegetation category
23 Human settlement inside the Lake body
24 An archive photograph of Dal Lake
25 Present photograph of Dal Lake
26 Land use/ Land cover map of Dal Lake on J&K Geoportal, 2007
27 Land use/ Land cover map of Dal Lake on J&K Geoportal, 2014
28 Land use/ Land cover map of Dal Lake on J&K Geoportal, 2018
REFERENCES
ANNEXURES
A Land use/ Land cover map of Dal Lake( 2007)
B Land use/ Land cover map of Dal Lake( 2014)
C Land use/ Land cover map of Dal Lake( 2018)
D Land use/ Land cover map of Dal Lake( 2020)

Geospatial analysis of Dal - Nigeen Lake XII

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
D
al and Nigeen-the Himalayan urban Lake, located act as its permanent sources of water. The Lake drains into
in the heart of Srinagar city at 340 04’ North to 340 river Jehlum through Chunt-i-Kul Nalla in the southwest
09’ North Latitude and 740 49’ East to 740 53’ East through an outflow channel at Dal gate. There are two Dal
Longitude at an average elevation of 1,583m above sea gates that serve as navigation locks for movement of boats
level, is identified with Kashmiri culture and civilization. The in and out of the lake. The gates are kept closed during
lake is approximately 8 km in length and 4 km in width. Stein floods in Jhelum River to prevent the river water.
(1888) had reported its length to be four miles and width Sir Walter Roper Lawrence, who served in Indian Civil
to be two and a half miles. Ennex (1978) had reported the Service in British India and was the first Settlement
area of Dal Lake as 21 km2 . Vass and Zutshi (1979) reported Commissioner of Kashmir (1889 to 1895), reports in his
that the total open water surface was 11.75 km2 . The Lake book Vale of Kashmir that the area of the lake was 9.9846
is bound by Zabarwan Hills in the East, Dachigam National Square Miles (25.86 km2) with 7.0346 Square Miles (18.21
Park in the North East, Anchar Lake in the North West, km2) as water and 2.96 Square Miles (7.65 km2) as land
and Srinagar city in the west and South West. It supports mass, fixed cultivation, habitations, dembs etc. However,
a large population for drinking water supply, employment, during 2010, conflicting versions on the areal extent of
vegetables, recreation and tourism related activities. Dal Lake were reported by scholars and some calculating
The Lake is a major source of vegetable supply to its areal extent at just 13 km2 . Following a Public Interest
Srinagar city. Large quantity of Lotus Stems locally called Litigation and subsequent directions from the Hon’ble
Nadru and vegetables are cultivated within the lake on High Court of J&K at Srinagar, the J&K Lake Conservation
floating gardens. Raw water from the lake is lifted for two of and Management Authority (earlier called as Lakes and
the City’s water treatment plants
at Nishat and Pokhribal for supply
of potable water to the city. The
water Lilies in the lake present a
marvellous sight and its stems and
leaves are used as fodder for the
cattle. The lake presents an aquatic
ecosystem with all components
interlinked and interdependent to
each other.
The lake comprises of five basins
viz. Lakut Dal, Bod-Dal, Gagribal,
Nagin and Brar-i-Nambal. The
basins are connected through
inter-connecting water channels.
A perennial inflow channel of
Telbal Nallah enters the lake from
the north and supplies 80% of
the water from the high attitude
Marsar Lake with its catchment
spread over more than 350 km2 .
The Lake body has a number of Fig.1: ETM Plus image showing Dal Lake and its catchment area
springs feeding the Lake, which

01 Geospatial analysis of Dal - Nigeen Lake

 Development Authority (LAWDA)), approached the Department of
Ecology, Environment & Remote Sensing during 2010 for initiating 2007 60 cm
a remote sensing based study for ascertaining the actual areal
extent of the waterspread of the lake. Accordingly, the Department
of Ecology, Environment & Remote Sensing digitized the limits of the
waterspread from readily available IRS1D+PAN sharpened merged
image with 5.6 m spatial resolution and it was found that the area
of waterspread of Lake was 20.1 km2 . Subsequently, Cartosat-2
image with 1 m spatial resolution and Quick bird image with 0.60 m
spatial resolution were procured to arrive at an accurate figure which
revealed that the actual water spread was approx..21.50 km2 .
On a Public Interest Litigation titled Syed Tahir Iqbal Geelani
Vs State & Others, the Hon’ble High Court of J&K constituted the
Dal Lake conservation Monitoring Committee headed by the Chief
Secretary and the Committee of Experts to take all appropriate
measures for conservation of this important water body. During
the meeting of Committee of Experts held on 26 th of February, 21.50 Km2
2019 at New Delhi, it was desired to conduct grid based analysis
of the changes in land-use / land cover of Dal and Nigeen Lake
using satellite images of 2007 and 2014 or later. Accordingly, a
classification system and format for 1 km x 1 km spatial grid was
devised for analysis. The Committee desired to get the already 2009 1m
available satellite images analysed for a first hand report and
fixed the deadline on 15 th of March, 2019 till the latest image of
Dal lake area is procured. In the meantime, in pursuance to the
minutes of meeting of the monitoring committee of Dal lake and
other officers of state government with committee of experts held
under the chairmanship of chief secretary, J&K on 18/03/2019 the
Department procured the latest high resolution satellite image of
Dal lake area of spring, 2018. Subsequently, high resolution images
of 2020 were also procured by the department to use in its sustained
efforts to monitor the land use / land cover in Dal-Nigeen lake. The
present report contains analysis of Land use/Land Cover changes
using 2007, 2014, 2018 and 2020 images.

20.21 Km2

2000 5.8m

20.16 Km2

Fig. 2: Comparative water spread maps

of Dal Lake using varying resolution
satellite images

Geospatial analysis of Dal - Nigeen Lake 02

CHAPTER 2
REMOTE SENSING
APPLICATION FOR
GEOSPATIAL MONITORING
R
emote Sensing involves capturing the ground concerned revenue authorities. In fact, the remote sensing
information from a distance without direct contact with technique only helps to provide a synoptic photographic
it. Since, remote sensing imagery provides a synoptic view of the entire area which enables to map and monitor
view of the entire landscape, it provides an opportunity the dynamics of land use/ land cover of the lake and
of mapping it economically, accurately and repetitively. its surrounds. This view was also appreciated by the
Remote sensing, in conjunction with Geographical Committee of Experts during discussions on 26th of
Information System (GIS), helps the user to capture, store, February, 2019 at New Delhi.
analyse, interpret and share large volumes of geographical
data for improving efficiency of governance. In order to 2. Intermixing of spectral response from diff erent
evolve robust conservation strategies for management features on the image
of Dal and Nigeen Lake, the remote sensing and GIS
together termed as geospatial technology presents an Different features may provide identical spectral response
opportunity to provide real time ground information for the which leads to misinterpretation of the details from the
Lake Administration so that timely interventions are taken satellite image and subsequent impact on area estimation
to conserve and sustainably manage this precious natural of such features.
heritage. The technology provides following applications:-
3. Shadow eff ect
1. Monitor the dynamics of land transformation.
2. Identify the most sensitive areas which need intensive Due to varying sun angle of the satellite images, the shadow
management practices. sometimes obscures important details and therefore may
3. Monitor the growth of settlements and unauthorized subsequently affect the area computation.
constructions
4. Turbidity mapping of the lake body 4. Cloud and atmospheric haze
5. Monitor deweeding operations and floating gardens.
6. Monitor compliance by houseboat owners, etc. The cloud and atmospheric haze on the satellite image also
creates difficulties in interpreting a satellite image and may
1. Limitations of the Remote Sensing technique also impact the analysis.

It does not provide details about legal boundary of the lake 5. Obscurity of detail due to phonological changes/
canopies of tree
body on its own
As a matter of fact, it is beyond the scope of remote
The canopy of trees often obscure details of underlying
sensing technology to provide the territorial boundary of
land use/land cover which also affects the areal extent of
the Dal and Nigeen Lake. The legal area and the boundary
the underlying land-use/ land cover.
of the Lake is a matter of record with JKLCMA. and the

03 Geospatial analysis of Dal - Nigeen Lake

6. Obscurity of detail due to seasonal changes in This involves online image search on the Digital Globe
water spread resources, finding and examining the best products which
meet our requirements and then generating an area of
Since, the water level is a dynamic phenomenon, satellite interest in shape format. Certificate of safe custody and
images of seasons where the water level is high, some shape file was submitted to National Data Centre, NRSC,
details of other land use/ land covers may get obscured Govt. of India, Hyderabad along with indents.
and lead to underestimation of that class.
2. Pre-processing of the satellite images
7. Impact of spatial resolution of satellite images used
Once the satellite images were received, individual image
Images with different spatial resolution give different scenes were mosaiced into a single image and this image
results in terms of delineation of classes and their area was geometrically registered with the images procured
estimates. In the present study, the images of 2007 and earlier for the years 2007 and 2014 for use in changes
2018 are having different spatial resolutions. analysis.
Therefore, despite using very high-resolution satellite
images, the areal extents of different categories of land-use/ 3. Image interpretation, digitization and mapping of
land cover must be considered in approximations and not as
the land use/land cover features
absolute figures. The figures relating to the extent of land-
use/ land cover are meant for assisting the Lake planner to
Image features were subjected to onscreen visual
get an idea of how the land-use/ land cover is changing in the
interpretation and these were simultaneously digitized,
lake body and its surrounds over a period of time.
classified and mapped.

Stages involved 4. Geospatial grid-based analysis

The Images used in the study pertained to January A 1 km x 1 km geospatial grid mesh was generated for
2007, September 2014, April 2018 and February 2020. analysing the land use/ land covers and for comparing
The methodology involved in procurement of very high- same with earlier data. The database of 2007, 2014, 2018
resolution data involved the following steps: and 2020 was analysed and the changes were studied and
interpreted for drawing scientific conclusions to provide
1. Image selection valuable information to the Lakes Authority.

Fig.3: Selection of appropriate image on search engine of Digital Globe

Geospatial analysis of Dal - Nigeen Lake 04

CHAPTER 3
MAPPING OF THE LAKE BODY
T
he remote sensing application helps to map out the entire lake body as the satellite image and provides a synoptic
view of the ground reality. The ground features depicted on satellite image in various hues and colours are digitized
and with the help of GIS application software, the area of different polygons is computed automatically. Before
initiating the digitization work, a well-planned classification system was devised to represent the various lake features
which are important for management point of view. In case of mapping of Dal and Nigeen Lake, the following classification
system was approved by the Committee of Experts for the purpose of grid-based analysis:

S. No. Class
1 Built-up land
2 Cropland/Plantation
3 Park/Grassland/vacant land with or without vegetation
4 Water body with house boats/shikara ghats
5 Water body with submerged vegetation/ Open water surface
6 Water body with floating / emergent vegetation/Pachii
7 Water body with floating gardens/Roads

Definitions
1. Built-up land: It includes all built-up land including residential, commercial, administrative, utilities, transportation
etc., with their associated vacant land/cemented surfaces etc.

Fig.4: Grey colour objects with sharp features representing Built-up land on image

05 Geospatial analysis of Dal - Nigeen Lake

2. Cropland/Plantation: It includes all cultivated land where vegetables and other crops are cultivated, this also
includes the plantations of willow / poplar and other species raised within and /or on the periphery of such croplands.

Fig.5: Pink coloured features with lines representing crop land on image

3. Parks/Grassland/Vacant Land with or without vegetation: As the name suggests, it includes parks, lawns,
grasslands and vacant lands which are with or without any vegetal cover.

Fig.6: Image depicting parks/grassland and vacant lands

Geospatial analysis of Dal - Nigeen Lake 06

4. Water body with houseboats: This includes the area of water body where the house boats and shikara ghats are
anchored / stationed.

Fig.7: Image depicting waterbody with houseboats

5. Water body with submerged vegetation/Open water surface: It is the area where the aquatic vegetation is
submerged in water and also includes areas where there is clear water surface.

Fig.8: Waterbody with submerged vegetation/Open water surface

07 Geospatial analysis of Dal - Nigeen Lake

6. Waterbody with floating/emergent vegetation/Pachii: These are areas where aquatic vegetation is either floating
as in the case of lotus or emerges out of the water surface as in the case of Typha.

Fig.9: Waterbody with Floating/ emergent vegetation/Pachii

7. Water body with floating gardens/Raads: These are areas where floating mass of weeds and mud forms linear
gardens which are used for cultivation of vegetables by the locals.

Fig.10: Waterbody with floating gardens/Roads

Geospatial analysis of Dal - Nigeen Lake 08

Areal extent of Dal and Nigeen Lake
Since, the remote sensing technology cannot provide any clue about the legal extent of the Lake, it was desired to
utilize the already available boundary generated through Electronic Total Station (ETS) survey lying with JKLCMA. On
the directions of the Committee of experts, JKLCMA. shared the revenue boundary generated through ETS survey. The
Department of Ecology, Environment & Remote Sensing made efforts to project it on the satellite image, but it was found
that the boundary of the land parcels does not match the ground features in some areas. The same is depicted in fig.11
and fig.12. Therefore, the same was not used in the present grid-based analysis.

Fig.11: ETS generated revenue boundary provided by JKLCMA. in yellow colour overlaid on the satellite image

09 Geospatial analysis of Dal - Nigeen Lake

 Fig.12 (a) : Mismatch of ETS revenue generated boundary in yellow colour and ground features seen
in zoomed in false colour composite satellite image

1859-60 1924

1959 1968
Fig 12 (b) Archival maps of Dal - Nigeen Lake

Geospatial analysis of Dal - Nigeen Lake 10

CHAPTER 4
MONITORING OF THE LAKE BODY
T
he mapping of the Dal and Nigeen Lake was conducted within arbitrary limits guided by the ground features and
not any legal revenue boundary and therefore, the total area mapped does not correspond to the total legal area of
the lake which of course is a matter of record with JKLCMA /concerned Revenue authorities. However, for the sake
of temporal monitoring, a geospatial grid of 1 km x 1 km was generated and the analysis of land-use / land cover changes
was conducted intensively in each of the spatial grids. The grids were numbered from 1 to 40.

Fig. 13: 1 km x 1 km spatial reference grid overlaid on the satellite image depicting Dal and Nigeen lake

11 Geospatial analysis of Dal - Nigeen Lake

Grid No.1 (Refer Grid index Map)
Size of the grid: 100 ha
Area under grid:16.8 ha

Year wise spatial extent %age

(in hectares) change
S.
Land use / Land cover category from
No.
2007 2014 2018 2020 2007 to
2020
1 Built-up land - - - - -
2 Cropland/Plantation - - - -
3 Park/Grassland/vacant land with or without - - - - -
vegetation
4 Water body with Houseboats/Shikara Stands - - - - -
5 Water body with submerged vegetation/ 16.284 14.865 10.415 16.520 1.40
Open Water
6 Water body with Floating / Emergent
vegetation / Pachhi 0.516 1.935 6.385 0.280 -1.40

7 Water body with floating gardens/Roads - - - - -

Total 16.800 16.800 16.800 16.800 -

18
16
14
12
10
8
6 Year-2007
4
2 Year- 2014
0
Year-2018
Year-2020

Temporal grid images for grid 1

January 2007 September 2014 April 2018 February 2020

Geospatial analysis of Dal - Nigeen Lake 12

Grid No. 2 (Refer Grid index Map)
Size of the grid: 100 ha
Area under grid:32.18 ha

Year wise spatial extent %age

(in hectares) change
S.
Land use / Land cover category from
No.
2007 2014 2018 2020 2007 to
2020
1 Built-up land
2 Cropland/Plantation
Park/Grassland/vacant land with or without
3
vegetation
4 Water body with Houseboats/Shikara Stands
Water body with submerged vegetation/
5 22.323 28.038 24.113 27.528 16.17
Open Water
Water body with Floating / Emergent
6 9.860 4.145 8.070 4.655 -16.17
vegetation / Pachhi
7 Water body with floating gardens/Raads
Total 32.183 32.183 32.183 32.183

30
25
20
15
10 Year-2007
5 Year- 2014
0
Year-2018
Year-2020

Temporal grid images for grid 2

January 2007 September 2014 April 2018 February 2020

13 Geospatial analysis of Dal - Nigeen Lake

Grid No.3 (Refer Grid index Map)
Size of the grid: 100 ha
Area under grid:0.22 ha
Year wise spatial extent %age
(in hectares) change
S.
Land use / Land cover category from
No.
2007 2014 2018 2020 2007 to
2020
1 Built-up land - - - - -
2 Cropland/Plantation - - - - -
3 Park/Grassland/vacant land with or without - - - - -
vegetation
4 Water body with Houseboats/Shikara - - - - -
Stands
5 Water body with submerged vegetation/ 0.222 0.222 0.017 0.203 -8.56
Open Water
6 Water body with Floating / Emergent - - 0.205 0.019 8.56
vegetation/ Pachhi
7 Water body with floating gardens/Raads - - - - -
Total 0.222 0.222 0.222 0.222 -

0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
Year-2007
0.05
Year- 2014
0
Year-2018
Year-2020

Temporal grid images for grid 3

January 2007 September 2014 April 2018 February 2020

Geospatial analysis of Dal - Nigeen Lake 14

Grid No.4 (Refer Grid index Map)
Size of the grid: 100 ha
Area under grid:71.16 ha
Year wise spatial extent %age
(in hectares) change
S.
Land use / Land cover category from
No.
2007 2014 2018 2020 2007 to
2020
1 Built-up land - - - - -
2 Cropland/Plantation - - - - -
3 Park/Grassland/vacant land with or without 0.0002 - - - -
vegetation
4 Water body with Houseboats/Shikara Stands - - - - -
5 Water body with submerged vegetation/ Open 67.450 65.990 40.805 56.813 -14.95
Water
6 Water body with Floating / Emergent 3.710 5.170 30.355 14.347 14.95
vegetation/ Pachhi
7 Water body with floating gardens/Raads - - - - -
Total 71.160 71.160 71.160 71.160 -

80
70
60
50
40
30 Year-2007
20
10 Year- 2014
0 Year-2018
Year-2020

Temporal grid images for grid 4

January 2007 September 2014 April 2018 February 2020

15 Geospatial analysis of Dal - Nigeen Lake

Grid No.5 (Refer Grid index Map)
Size of the grid: 100 ha
Area under grid:100 ha
Year wise spatial extent %age
(in hectares) change
S.
Land use / Land cover category from
No.
2007 2014 2018 2020 2007 to
2020
1 Built-up land - - - - -
2 Cropland/Plantation - - - - -
3 Park/Grassland/vacant land with or - - - - -
without vegetation
4 Water body with Houseboats/Shikara - - - - -
Stands
5 Water body with submerged vegetation/ 58.856 62.110 53.298 86.784 27.93
Open Water
6 Water body with Floating / Emergent 41.144 37.890 46.702 13.216 -27.93
vegetation/ Pachhi
7 Water body with floating gardens/Raads - - - - -
Total 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 -

100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30 Year-2007
20
10 Year- 2014
0
Year-2018
Year-2020

Temporal grid images for grid 5

January 2007 September 2014 April 2018 February 2020

Geospatial analysis of Dal - Nigeen Lake 16

Grid No.6 (Refer Grid index Map)
Size of the grid: 100 ha
Area under grid:40 ha
Year wise spatial extent %age
(in hectares) change
S.
Land use / Land cover category from
No.
2007 2014 2018 2020 2007 to
2020
1 Built-up land - - - - -
2 Cropland/Plantation - - - - -
3 Park/Grassland/vacant land with or - - - - -
without vegetation
4 Water body with Houseboats/Shikara - - - 0.010 0.025
Stands
5 Water body with submerged vegetation/ 28.514 27.048 15.751 32.185 9.18
Open Water
6 Water body with Floating / Emergent 11.486 12.952 24.249 7.805 -9.20
vegetation/ Pachhi
7 Water body with floating gardens/Raads - - - - -
Total 40.000 40.000 40.000 40.000 -

35
30
25
20
15
10 Year-2007
5 Year- 2014
0
Year-2018
Year-2020

Temporal grid images for grid 6

January 2007 September 2014 April 2018 February 2020

17 Geospatial analysis of Dal - Nigeen Lake

Grid No.7 (Refer Grid index Map)
Size of the grid: 100 ha
Area under grid: 2.90 ha
Year wise spatial extent %age
(in hectares) change
S.
Land use / Land cover category from
No.
2007 2014 2018 2020 2007 to
2020
1 Built-up land 0.001 - - - -0.02
2 Cropland/Plantation - 0.224 0.040 0.040 1.38
3 Park/Grassland/vacant land with or 0.004 - 0.018 0.018 0.49
without vegetation
4 Water body with Houseboats/Shikara 0.012 0.012 0.014 0.014 0.08
Stands
5 Water body with submerged vegetation/ 0.455 0.883 2.190 1.790 46.01
Open Water
6 Water body with Floating / Emergent 2.428 1.781 0.638 1.038 -47.94
vegetation/ Pachhi
7 Water body with floating gardens/Raads - - - - -
Total 2.900 2.900 2.900 2.900 -

3
2.5
2
1.5
1 Year-2007
0.5 Year- 2014
0
Year-2018
Year-2020

Temporal grid images for grid 7

January 2007 September 2014 April 2018 February 2020

Geospatial analysis of Dal - Nigeen Lake 18

Grid No.8 (Refer Grid index Map)
Size of the grid: 100 ha
Area under grid: 11.86 ha
Year wise spatial extent %age
(in hectares) change
S.
Land use / Land cover category from
No.
2007 2014 2018 2020 2007 to
2020
1 Built-up land 0.091 0.0012 0.078 0.075 -0.13
2 Cropland/Plantation 0.0001 1.109 0.791 0.716 6.04
3 Park/Grassland/vacant land with or 0.103 0.027 0.649 0.603 4.22
without vegetation
4 Water body with Houseboats/Shikara 0.390 0.334 0.371 0.305 -0.72
Stands
5 Water body with submerged vegetation/ 6.422 7.938 9.119 8.701 19.21
Open Water
6 Water body with Floating / Emergent 4.854 2.451 0.852 1.460 -28.61
vegetation/ Pachhi
7 Water body with floating gardens/Raads - - - - -
Total 11.860 11.860 11.860 11.860 -

10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3 Year-2007
2
1 Year- 2014
0
Year-2018
Year-2020

Temporal grid images for grid 8

January 2007 September 2014 April 2018 February 2020

19 Geospatial analysis of Dal - Nigeen Lake

Grid No.9 (Refer Grid index Map)
Size of the grid: 100 ha
Area under grid: 51.11 ha
Year wise spatial extent %age
(in hectares) change
S.
Land use / Land cover category from
No.
2007 2014 2018 2020 2007 to
2020
1 Built-up land 0.092 0.108 0.096 0.096 0.01
2 Cropland/Plantation - - - - -
3 Park/Grassland/vacant land with or - - - - -
without vegetation
4 Water body with Houseboats/Shikara - - - 0.009 0.02
Stands
5 Water body with submerged vegetation/ 51.021 50.375 30.383 43.020 -15.65
Open Water
6 Water body with Floating / Emergent - 0.630 20.634 7.988 15.63
vegetation/ Pachhi
7 Water body with floating gardens/Raads - - - - -
Total 51.113 51.113 51.113 51.113 -

60
50
40
30
20 Year-2007
10 Year- 2014
0
Year-2018
Year-2020

Temporal grid images for grid 9

January 2007 September 2014 April 2018 February 2020

Geospatial analysis of Dal - Nigeen Lake 20

Grid No.10 (Refer Grid index Map)
Size of the grid: 100 ha
Area under grid: 100 ha
Year wise spatial extent %age
(in hectares) change
S.
Land use / Land cover category from
No.
2007 2014 2018 2020 2007 to
2020
1 Built-up land - 0.005 0.022 0.024 0.02
2 Cropland/Plantation - - - - -
3 Park/Grassland/vacant land with or 0.244 0.274 0.221 0.219 -0.02
without vegetation
4 Water body with Houseboats/Shikara - - - - -
Stands
5 Water body with submerged vegetation/ 99.756 99.200 85.671 94.720 -5.04
Open Water
6 Water body with Floating / Emergent - 0.521 14.086 5.037 5.04
vegetation/ Pachhi
7 Water body with floating gardens/Raads - - - - -
Total 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 -

120
100
80
60
40 Year-2007
20 Year- 2014
0
Year-2018
Year-2020

Temporal grid images for grid 10

January 2007 September 2014 April 2018 February 2020

21 Geospatial analysis of Dal - Nigeen Lake

Grid No.11 (Refer Grid index Map)
Size of the grid: 100 ha
Area under grid: 98.91 ha
Year wise spatial extent %age
(in hectares) change
S.
Land use / Land cover category from
No.
2007 2014 2018 2020 2007 to
2020
1 Built-up land - - - - -
2 Cropland/Plantation - - - - -
3 Park/Grassland/vacant land with or - - - - -
without vegetation
4 Water body with Houseboats/Shikara - - - - -
Stands
5 Water body with submerged vegetation/ 81.203 66.975 54.573 69.834 -11.49
Open Water
6 Water body with Floating / Emergent 17.711 31.939 44.341 29.080 11.49
vegetation/ Pachhi
7 Water body with floating gardens/Raads - - - - -
Total 98.914 98.914 98.914 98.914 -

90
80
70
60
50
40
30 Year-2007
20
10 Year- 2014
0
Year-2018
Year-2020

Temporal grid images for grid 11

January 2007 September 2014 April 2018 February 2020

Geospatial analysis of Dal - Nigeen Lake 22

Grid No.12 (Refer Grid index Map)
Size of the grid: 100 ha
Area under grid: 42.65 ha
Year wise spatial extent %age
(in hectares) change
S.
Land use / Land cover category from
No.
2007 2014 2018 2020 2007 to
2020
1 Built-up land 0.470 0.081 0.102 0.102 -0.863
2 Cropland/Plantation - 0.006 - - -
3 Park/Grassland/vacant land with or - 0.344 0.339 0.367 0.860
without vegetation
4 Water body with Houseboats/Shikara - 0.044 - 0.003 0.007
Stands
5 Water body with submerged vegetation/ 23.963 20.773 15.478 23.029 -2.190
Open Water
6 Water body with Floating / Emergent 18.223 21.408 26.737 19.155 2.185
vegetation/ Pachhi
7 Water body with floating gardens/Raads - - - - -
Total 42.656 42.656 42.656 42.656 -

30
25
20
15
10 Year-2007
5
Year- 2014
0
Year-2018
Year-2020

Temporal grid images for grid 12

January 2007 September 2014 April 2018 February 2020

23 Geospatial analysis of Dal - Nigeen Lake

Grid No.13 (Refer Grid index Map)
Size of the grid: 100 ha
Area under grid: 0.20 ha
Year wise spatial extent %age
(in hectares) change
S.
Land use / Land cover category from
No.
2007 2014 2018 2020 2007 to
2020
1 Built-up land - 0.005 0.011 0.012 5.74
2 Cropland/Plantation - 0.084 0.045 0.042 20.10
3 Park/Grassland/vacant land with or 0.003 0.004 0.038 0.036 15.89
without vegetation
4 Water body with Houseboats/Shikara 0.011 0.015 0.017 0.005 -2.87
Stands
5 Water body with submerged vegetation/ 0.097 0.074 0.070 0.059 -18.18
Open Water
6 Water body with Floating / Emergent 0.098 0.027 0.028 0.055 -20.53
vegetation/ Pachhi
7 Water body with floating gardens/Raads - - - - -
Total 0.209 0.209 0.209 0.209 -

0.12
0.1
0.08
0.06
0.04 Year-2007
0.02
Year- 2014
0
Year-2018
Year-2020

Temporal grid images for grid 13

January 2007 September 2014 April 2018 February 2020

Geospatial analysis of Dal - Nigeen Lake 24

Grid No.14 (Refer Grid index Map)
Size of the grid: 100 ha
Area under grid: 54.51 ha
Year wise spatial extent %age
(in hectares) change
S.
Land use / Land cover category from
No.
2007 2014 2018 2020 2007 to
2020
1 Built-up land 0.256 0.287 0.229 0.292 0.07
2 Cropland/Plantation 0.997 1.511 2.798 2.766 3.24
3 Park/Grassland/vacant land with or 2.297 2.501 2.467 2.485 0.34
without vegetation
4 Water body with Houseboats/Shikara 2.245 2.221 2.449 2.447 0.37
Stands
5 Water body with submerged vegetation/ 45.033 39.993 43.362 44.968 -0.12
Open Water
6 Water body with Floating / Emergent 3.691 8.006 3.200 1.522 -3.98
vegetation/ Pachhi
7 Water body with floating gardens/Raads - - 0.013 0.038 0.07
Total 54.519 54.519 54.519 54.519 -

50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15 Year-2007
10
5 Year- 2014
0
Year-2018
Year-2020

Temporal grid images for grid 14

January 2007 September 2014 April 2018 February 2020

25 Geospatial analysis of Dal - Nigeen Lake

Grid No.15 (Refer Grid index Map)
Size of the grid: 100 ha
Area under grid: 73.11 ha
Year wise spatial extent %age
(in hectares) change
S.
Land use / Land cover category from
No.
2007 2014 2018 2020 2007 to
2020
1 Built-up land 1.544 1.155 0.870 1.082 -0.63
2 Cropland/Plantation 11.234 11.268 14.575 17.714 8.86
3 Park/Grassland/vacant land with or 2.487 1.511 3.643 2.614 0.17
without vegetation
4 Water body with Houseboats/Shikara - - - - 0.00
Stands
5 Water body with submerged vegetation/ 19.357 29.392 26.838 37.182 24.38
Open Water
6 Water body with Floating / Emergent 38.433 29.760 27.070 13.859 -33.61
vegetation/ Pachhi
7 Water body with floating gardens/Raads 0.061 0.030 0.119 0.666 0.83
Total 73.116 73.116 73.116 73.116 -

45
40
35
30
25
20
15 Year-2007
10
5 Year- 2014
0
Year-2018
Year-2020

Temporal grid images for grid 15

January 2007 September 2014 April 2018 February 2020

Geospatial analysis of Dal - Nigeen Lake 26

Grid No.16 (Refer Grid index Map)
Size of the grid: 100 ha
Area under grid: 99.99 ha
Year wise spatial extent %age
(in hectares) change
S.
Land use / Land cover category from
No.
2007 2014 2018 2020 2007 to
2020
1 Built-up land 1.3301 1.184 1.269 1.652 0.32
2 Cropland/Plantation 8.9597 5.334 10.662 10.197 1.24
3 Park/Grassland/vacant land with or 0.8068 0.044 0.948 0.912 0.11
without vegetation
4 Water body with Houseboats/Shikara - - - - -
Stands
5 Water body with submerged vegetation/ 43.3378 46.819 41.018 41.226 -2.11
Open Water
6 Water body with Floating / Emergent 39.1940 40.073 41.196 40.609 1.42
vegetation/ Pachhi
7 Water body with floating gardens/Raads 6.3715 6.546 4.907 5.404 -0.97
Total 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 -

50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15 Year-2007
10
5 Year- 2014
0
Year-2018
Year-2020

Temporal grid images for grid 16

January 2007 September 2014 April 2018 February 2020

27 Geospatial analysis of Dal - Nigeen Lake

Grid No.17 (Refer Grid index Map)
Size of the grid: 100 ha
Area under grid: 100 ha
Year wise spatial extent %age
(in hectares) change
S.
Land use / Land cover category from
No.
2007 2014 2018 2020 2007 to
2020
1 Built-up land 1.360 1.393 1.074 1.341 -0.02
2 Cropland/Plantation 3.021 3.761 3.277 3.581 0.56
3 Park/Grassland/vacant land with or 1.833 0.160 1.894 1.708 -0.13
without vegetation
4 Water body with Houseboats/Shikara - 0.006 - - -
Stands
5 Water body with submerged vegetation/ 74.777 37.559 30.662 17.366 -57.41
Open Water
6 Water body with Floating / Emergent 16.999 55.066 60.429 73.415 56.42
vegetation/ Pachhi
7 Water body with floating gardens/Raads 2.010 2.055 2.664 2.589 0.58
Total 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 -

80
70
60
50
40
30 Year-2007
20
Year- 2014
10
0 Year-2018
Year-2020

Temporal grid images for grid 17

January 2007 September 2014 April 2018 February 2020

Geospatial analysis of Dal - Nigeen Lake 28

Grid No.18 (Refer Grid index Map)
Size of the grid: 100 ha
Area under grid: 86.03 ha
Year wise spatial extent %age
(in hectares) change
S.
Land use / Land cover category from
No.
2007 2014 2018 2020 2007 to
2020
1 Built-up land 1.019 1.073 0.912 0.921 -0.11
2 Cropland/Plantation - - - - -
3 Park/Grassland/vacant land with or 0.044 0.024 0.389 0.308 0.31
without vegetation
4 Water body with Houseboats/Shikara 0.045 0.039 - 0.059 0.02
Stands
5 Water body with submerged vegetation/ 60.248 59.032 34.642 66.505 7.27
Open Water
6 Water body with Floating / Emergent 24.675 25.863 50.088 18.238 -7.48
vegetation/ Pachhi
7 Water body with floating gardens/Raads - - - - -
Total 86.031 86.031 86.031 86.031 -

70
60
50
40
30
20 Year-2007
10 Year- 2014
0
Year-2018
Year-2020

Temporal grid images for grid 18

January 2007 September 2014 April 2018 February 2020

29 Geospatial analysis of Dal - Nigeen Lake

Grid No.19 (Refer Grid index Map)
Size of the grid: 100 ha
Area under grid: 22.25 ha
Year wise spatial extent %age
(in hectares) change
S.
Land use / Land cover category from
No.
2007 2014 2018 2020 2007 to
2020
1 Built-up land 0.000 0.013 0.017 0.032 0.14
2 Cropland/Plantation 0.021 0.235 0.932 0.949 4.17
3 Park/Grassland/vacant land with or 0.206 - 0.127 0.189 -0.08
without vegetation
4 Water body with Houseboats/Shikara - - 0.042 - -
Stands
5 Water body with submerged vegetation/ 13.174 15.860 15.673 13.298 0.56
Open Water
6 Water body with Floating / Emergent 8.840 6.026 4.204 5.811 -13.61
vegetation/ Pachhi
7 Water body with floating gardens/Raads 0.009 0.116 1.255 1.971 8.82
Total 22.250 22.250 22.250 22.250 -

18
16
14
12
10
8
6 Year-2007
4
2 Year- 2014
0
Year-2018
Year-2020

Temporal grid images for grid 19

January 2007 September 2014 April 2018 February 2020

Geospatial analysis of Dal - Nigeen Lake 30

Grid No. 20 (Refer Grid index Map)
Size of the grid: 100 ha
Area under grid: 88.31 ha
Year wise spatial extent %age
(in hectares) change
S.
Land use / Land cover category from
No.
2007 2014 2018 2020 2007 to
2020
1 Built-up land 7.178 7.445 8.990 10.200 3.42
2 Cropland/Plantation 18.224 19.178 18.482 18.465 0.27
3 Park/Grassland/vacant land with or 1.371 - 2.636 2.446 1.22
without vegetation
4 Water body with Houseboats/Shikara 0.447 0.379 0.356 0.342 -0.12
Stands
5 Water body with submerged vegetation/ 31.024 38.317 36.874 34.057 3.43
Open Water
6 Water body with Floating / Emergent 28.951 20.725 17.363 19.239 -11.00
vegetation/ Pachhi
7 Water body with floating gardens/Raads 1.124 2.275 3.618 3.570 2.77
Total 88.319 88.319 88.319 88.319 -

45
40
35
30
25
20
15 Year-2007
10
5 Year- 2014
0
Year-2018
Year-2020

Temporal grid images for grid 20

January 2007 September 2014 April 2018 February 2020

31 Geospatial analysis of Dal - Nigeen Lake

Grid No. 21 (Refer Grid index Map)
Size of the grid: 100 ha
Area under grid: 100 ha
Year wise spatial extent %age
(in hectares) change
S.
Land use / Land cover category from
No.
2007 2014 2018 2020 2007 to
2020
1 Built-up land 1.588 1.225 1.999 2.352 0.76
2 Cropland/Plantation 19.405 11.782 23.089 22.895 3.49
3 Park/Grassland/vacant land with or 0.422 - 0.552 0.544 0.12
without vegetation
4 Water body with Houseboats/Shikara - - - - -
Stands
5 Water body with submerged vegetation/ 21.683 19.900 27.799 19.467 -2.22
Open Water
6 Water body with Floating / Emergent 55.740 65.512 44.166 50.658 -5.08
vegetation/ Pachhi
7 Water body with floating gardens/Raads 1.162 1.581 2.395 4.085 2.92
Total 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 -

70
60
50
40
30
20 Year-2007
10 Year- 2014
0
Year-2018
Year-2020

Temporal grid images for grid 21

January 2007 September 2014 April 2018 February 2020

Geospatial analysis of Dal - Nigeen Lake 32

Grid No. 22 (Refer Grid index Map)
Size of the grid: 100 ha
Area under grid: 100 ha
Year wise spatial extent %age
(in hectares) change
S.
Land use / Land cover category from
No.
2007 2014 2018 2020 2007 to
2020
1 Built-up land 4.695 4.308 5.070 5.721 1.03
2 Cropland/Plantation 19.637 17.537 24.608 23.106 3.47
3 Park/Grassland/vacant land with or 3.924 - 2.647 2.545 -1.38
without vegetation
4 Water body with Houseboats/Shikara - - - - -
Stands
5 Water body with submerged vegetation/ 11.275 36.218 25.001 21.969 10.69
Open Water
6 Water body with Floating / Emergent 55.094 32.310 36.199 38.519 -16.57
vegetation/ Pachhi
7 Water body with floating gardens/Raads 5.375 9.627 6.475 8.140 2.77
Total 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 -

60
50
40
30
20 Year-2007
10 Year- 2014
0
Year-2018
Year-2020

Temporal grid images for grid 22

January 2007 September 2014 April 2018 February 2020

33 Geospatial analysis of Dal - Nigeen Lake

Grid No. 23 (Refer Grid index Map)
Size of the grid: 100 ha
Area under grid: 100 ha
Year wise spatial extent %age
(in hectares) change
S.
Land use / Land cover category from
No.
2007 2014 2018 2020 2007 to
2020
1 Built-up land 0.657 0.296 0.531 0.560 -0.10
2 Cropland/Plantation 4.339 5.089 5.135 5.223 0.88
3 Park/Grassland/vacant land with or 0.132 - - 0.097 -0.03
without vegetation
4 Water body with Houseboats/Shikara - - - - -
Stands
5 Water body with submerged vegetation/ 77.295 14.473 20.899 14.940 -62.35
Open Water
6 Water body with Floating / Emergent 16.661 79.344 72.812 78.371 61.71
vegetation/ Pachhi
7 Water body with floating gardens/Raads 0.916 0.798 0.623 0.810 -0.11
Total 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 -

90
80
70
60
50
40
30 Year-2007
20
10 Year- 2014
0
Year-2018
Year-2020

Temporal grid images for grid 23

January 2007 September 2014 April 2018 February 2020

Geospatial analysis of Dal - Nigeen Lake 34

Grid No. 24 (Refer Grid index Map)
Size of the grid: 100 ha
Area under grid: 67.31 ha
Year wise spatial extent %age
(in hectares) change
S.
Land use / Land cover category from
No.
2007 2014 2018 2020 2007 to
2020
1 Built-up land - - - - -
2 Cropland/Plantation - - - - -
3 Park/Grassland/vacant land with or - - - - -
without vegetation
4 Water body with Houseboats/Shikara - - - - -
Stands
5 Water body with submerged vegetation/ 66.589 64.020 51.136 62.531 -6.03
Open Water
6 Water body with Floating / Emergent 0.727 3.296 16.180 4.785 6.03
vegetation/ Pachhi
7 Water body with floating gardens/Raads - - - - -
Total 67.316 67.316 67.316 67.316 -

70
60
50
40
30
20 Year-2007
10 Year- 2014
0
Year-2018
Year-2020

Temporal grid images for grid 24

January 2007 September 2014 April 2018 February 2020

35 Geospatial analysis of Dal - Nigeen Lake

Grid No. 25 (Refer Grid index Map)
Size of the grid: 100 ha
Area under grid: 69.00 ha
Year wise spatial extent %age
(in hectares) change
S.
Land use / Land cover category from
No.
2007 2014 2018 2020 2007 to
2020
1 Built-up land 11.337 14.987 15.058 17.207 8.51
2 Cropland/Plantation 28.428 26.243 27.979 28.624 0.28
3 Park/Grassland/vacant land with or 4.363 1.569 4.140 3.930 -0.63
without vegetation
4 Water body with Houseboats/Shikara - - - - -
Stands
5 Water body with submerged vegetation/ 16.134 15.892 14.789 12.662 -5.03
Open Water
6 Water body with Floating / Emergent 8.684 10.253 6.737 6.199 -3.60
vegetation/ Pachhi
7 Water body with floating gardens/Raads 0.056 0.598 0.299 0.380 0.47
Total 69.002 69.002 69.002 69.002 -

35
30
25
20
15
10 Year-2007
5 Year- 2014
0
Year-2018
Year-2020

Temporal grid images for grid 25

January 2007 September 2014 April 2018 February 2020

Geospatial analysis of Dal - Nigeen Lake 36

Grid No. 26 (Refer Grid index Map)
Size of the grid: 100 ha
Area under grid: 100 ha
Year wise spatial extent %age
(in hectares) change
S.
Land use / Land cover category from
No.
2007 2014 2018 2020 2007 to
2020
1 Built-up land 4.842 5.417 4.495 5.086 0.24
2 Cropland/Plantation 21.883 18.016 23.907 24.777 2.89
3 Park/Grassland/vacant land with or 2.406 - 3.654 3.308 0.90
without vegetation
4 Water body with Houseboats/Shikara - - - 0.014 0.01
Stands
5 Water body with submerged vegetation/ 38.387 28.815 32.160 34.732 -3.66
Open Water
6 Water body with Floating / Emergent 27.507 40.794 31.018 24.117 -3.39
vegetation/ Pachhi
7 Water body with floating gardens/Raads 4.975 6.958 4.766 7.967 2.99
Total 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 -

45
40
35
30
25
20
Year-2007
15
10 Year- 2014
5 Year-2018
0
Year-2020

Temporal grid images for grid 26

January 2007 September 2014 April 2018 February 2020

37 Geospatial analysis of Dal - Nigeen Lake

Grid No. 27 (Refer Grid index Map)
Size of the grid: 100 ha
Area under grid: 100 ha
Year wise spatial extent %age
(in hectares) change
S.
Land use / Land cover category from
No.
2007 2014 2018 2020 2007 to
2020
1 Built-up land 1.334 1.277 0.922 1.085 -0.25
2 Cropland/Plantation 10.098 4.518 13.783 13.694 3.60
3 Park/Grassland/vacant land with or 0.713 - 0.193 0.142 -0.57
without vegetation
4 Water body with Houseboats/Shikara - - - 0.015 0.02
Stands
5 Water body with submerged vegetation/ 46.379 57.997 27.463 23.506 -22.87
Open Water
6 Water body with Floating / Emergent 32.020 30.352 53.261 54.323 22.30
vegetation/ Pachhi
7 Water body with floating gardens/Raads 9.456 5.856 4.378 7.235 -2.22
Total 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 -

70
60
50
40
30
Year-2007
20
Year- 2014
10
Year-2018
0
Year-2020

Temporal grid images for grid 27

January 2007 September 2014 April 2018 February 2020

Geospatial analysis of Dal - Nigeen Lake 38

Grid No. 28 (Refer Grid index Map)
Size of the grid: 100 ha
Area under grid: 100 ha
Year wise spatial extent %age
(in hectares) change
S.
Land use / Land cover category from
No.
2007 2014 2018 2020 2007 to
2020
1 Built-up land - - - - -
2 Cropland/Plantation 0.0004 - - - -
3 Park/Grassland/vacant land with or 0.166 0.201 0.166 0.204 0.04
without vegetation
4 Water body with Houseboats/Shikara - - - - -
Stands
5 Water body with submerged vegetation/ 99.834 84.879 48.599 30.076 -69.76
Open Water
6 Water body with Floating / Emergent - 14.920 51.235 69.720 69.72
vegetation/ Pachhi
7 Water body with floating gardens/Raads - - - - -
Total 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 -

120

100

80

60
Year-2007
40
Year- 2014
20
Year-2018
0
Year-2020

Temporal grid images for grid 28

January 2007 September 2014 April 2018 February 2020

39 Geospatial analysis of Dal - Nigeen Lake

Grid No. 29(Refer Grid index Map)
Size of the grid: 100 ha
Area under grid: 57.46 ha
Year wise spatial extent %age
(in hectares) change
S.
Land use / Land cover category from
No.
2007 2014 2018 2020 2007 to
2020
1 Built-up land - - - - -
2 Cropland/Plantation - - - - -
3 Park/Grassland/vacant land with or - - - - -
without vegetation
4 Water body with Houseboats/Shikara 0.009 - 0.009 0.006 -0.01
Stands
5 Water body with submerged vegetation/ 57.455 57.454 57.438 57.447 -0.01
Open Water
6 Water body with Floating / Emergent - - 0.017 0.011 0.02
vegetation/ Pachhi
7 Water body with floating gardens/Raads - 0.010 - - -
Total 57.464 57.464 57.464 57.464 -

70
60
50
40
30
Year-2007
20
Year- 2014
10
Year-2018
0
Year-2020

Temporal grid images for grid 29

January 2007 September 2014 April 2018 February 2020

Geospatial analysis of Dal - Nigeen Lake 40

Grid No.30 (Refer Grid index Map)
Size of the grid: 100 ha
Area under grid: 4.62 ha
Year wise spatial extent %age
(in hectares) change
S.
Land use / Land cover category from
No.
2007 2014 2018 2020 2007 to
2020
1 Built-up land 0.312 0.460 0.609 0.698 8.35
2 Cropland/Plantation 1.971 2.967 3.300 3.216 26.94
3 Park/Grassland/vacant land with or 0.014 0.002 - - -0.30
without vegetation
4 Water body with Houseboats/Shikara - - - - -
Stands
5 Water body with submerged vegetation/ 1.487 1.192 0.712 0.707 -16.88
Open Water
6 Water body with Floating / Emergent 0.837 - - - -18.11
vegetation/ Pachhi
7 Water body with floating gardens/Raads - - - - -
Total 4.621 4.621 4.621 4.621 -

3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
Year-2007
1
Year- 2014
0.5
Year-2018
0
Year-2020

Temporal grid images for grid 30

January 2007 September 2014 April 2018 February 2020

41 Geospatial analysis of Dal - Nigeen Lake

Grid No.31 (Refer Grid index Map)
Size of the grid: 100 ha
Area under grid: 91.33 ha
Year wise spatial extent %age
(in hectares) change
S.
Land use / Land cover category from
No.
2007 2014 2018 2020 2007 to
2020
1 Built-up land 12.520 15.585 18.850 19.787 7.96
2 Cropland/Plantation 40.182 48.450 47.318 47.646 8.17
3 Park/Grassland/vacant land with or 4.966 0.999 2.178 1.725 -3.55
without vegetation
4 Water body with Houseboats/Shikara 0.041 0.139 0.024 0.024 -0.02
Stands
5 Water body with submerged vegetation/ 18.182 20.927 15.111 15.618 -2.81
Open Water
6 Water body with Floating / Emergent 15.339 2.970 7.516 6.154 -10.06
vegetation/ Pachhi
7 Water body with floating gardens/Raads 0.100 2.260 0.333 0.376 0.30
Total 91.330 91.330 91.330 91.330 --

60

50

40

30
Year-2007
20
Year- 2014
10
Year-2018
0
Year-2020

Temporal grid images for grid 31

January 2007 September 2014 April 2018 February 2020

Geospatial analysis of Dal - Nigeen Lake 42

Grid No.32 (Refer Grid index Map)
Size of the grid: 100 ha
Area under grid: 99.65 ha
Year wise spatial extent %age
(in hectares) change
S.
Land use / Land cover category from
No.
2007 2014 2018 2020 2007 to
2020
1 Built-up land 6.115 7.207 8.196 8.375 2.27
2 Cropland/Plantation 18.235 21.660 28.236 28.079 9.88
3 Park/Grassland/vacant land with or 2.790 0.227 2.828 2.747 -0.04
without vegetation
4 Water body with Houseboats/Shikara 3.942 4.811 4.133 4.233 0.29
Stands
5 Water body with submerged vegetation/ 51.297 48.120 39.599 41.583 -9.75
Open Water
6 Water body with Floating / Emergent 16.056 10.275 15.384 12.409 -3.66
vegetation/ Pachhi
7 Water body with floating gardens/Raads 1.220 7.355 1.279 2.230 1.01
Total 99.655 99.655 99.655 99.655 -

60

50

40

30
Year-2007
20
Year- 2014
10
Year-2018
0
Year-2020

Temporal grid images for grid 32

January 2007 September 2014 April 2018 February 2020

43 Geospatial analysis of Dal - Nigeen Lake

Grid No.33 (Refer Grid index Map)
Size of the grid: 100 ha
Area under grid: 99.99 ha
Year wise spatial extent %age
(in hectares) change
S.
Land use / Land cover category from
No.
2007 2014 2018 2020 2007 to
2020
1 Built-up land 2.026 1.660 1.589 1.626 -0.40
2 Cropland/Plantation 6.754 11.105 15.540 14.792 8.04
3 Park/Grassland/vacant land with or 1.048 0.340 3.101 3.107 2.06
without vegetation
4 Water body with Houseboats/Shikara 0.872 0.818 0.951 0.969 0.10
Stands
5 Water body with submerged vegetation/ 73.226 52.946 55.559 51.929 -21.30
Open Water
6 Water body with Floating / Emergent 13.712 23.170 22.419 23.312 9.60
vegetation/ Pachhi
7 Water body with floating gardens/Raads 2.362 9.961 0.841 4.266 1.90
Total 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 -

80
70
60
50
40
30 Year-2007
20 Year- 2014
10
Year-2018
0
Year-2020

Temporal grid images for grid 33

January 2007 September 2014 April 2018 February 2020

Geospatial analysis of Dal - Nigeen Lake 44

Grid No.34 (Refer Grid index Map)
Size of the grid: 100 ha
Area under grid: 78.34 ha
Year wise spatial extent %age
(in hectares) change
S.
Land use / Land cover category from
No.
2007 2014 2018 2020 2007 to
2020
1 Built-up land - - - - -
2 Cropland/Plantation - - - - -
3 Park/Grassland/vacant land with or - - - - -
without vegetation
4 Water body with Houseboats/Shikara - - - 0.027 0.03
Stands
5 Water body with submerged vegetation/ 78.342 66.610 72.845 49.054 -37.38
Open Water
6 Water body with Floating / Emergent - 11.732 5.497 29.261 37.35
vegetation/ Pachhi
7 Water body with floating gardens/Raads - - - - -
Total 78.342 78.342 78.342 78.342 -

90
80
70
60
50
40
Year-2007
30
20 Year- 2014
10 Year-2018
0
Year-2020

Temporal grid images for grid 34

January 2007 September 2014 April 2018 February 2020

45 Geospatial analysis of Dal - Nigeen Lake

Grid No.35 (Refer Grid index Map)
Size of the grid: 100 ha
Area under grid: 13.38 ha
Year wise spatial extent %age
(in hectares) change
S.
Land use / Land cover category from
No.
2007 2014 2018 2020 2007 to
2020
1 Built-up land - - - - -
2 Cropland/Plantation - - - - -
3 Park/Grassland/vacant land with or - - - - -
without vegetation
4 Water body with Houseboats/Shikara 0.016 0.026 0.034 0.13
Stands
5 Water body with submerged vegetation/ 13.367 13.383 13.217 13.349 -0.13
Open Water
6 Water body with Floating / Emergent - - 0.140 - -
vegetation/ Pachhi
7 Water body with floating gardens/Raads - - - - -
Total 13.383 13.383 13.383 13.383 -

16
14
12
10
8
6 Year-2007
4 Year- 2014
2
Year-2018
0
Year-2020

Temporal grid images for grid 35

January 2007 September 2014 April 2018 February 2020

Geospatial analysis of Dal - Nigeen Lake 46

Grid No.36 (Refer Grid index Map)
Size of the grid: 100 ha
Area under grid: 13.35 ha
Year wise spatial extent %age
(in hectares) change
S.
Land use / Land cover category from
No.
2007 2014 2018 2020 2007 to
2020
1 Built-up land 4.315 5.025 6.612 6.660 17.56
2 Cropland/Plantation 5.772 5.610 5.062 4.929 -6.31
3 Park/Grassland/vacant land with or 1.006 0.467 0.279 0.301 -5.28
without vegetation
4 Water body with Houseboats/Shikara - - - - -
Stands
5 Water body with submerged vegetation/ 1.876 2.202 1.322 1.388 -3.65
Open Water
6 Water body with Floating / Emergent 0.386 0.051 0.080 0.077 -2.31
vegetation/ Pachhi
7 Water body with floating gardens/Raads - - - - -
Total 13.355 13.355 13.355 13.355 -

7
6
5
4
3
Year-2007
2
Year- 2014
1
Year-2018
0
Year-2020

Temporal grid images for grid 36

January 2007 September 2014 April 2018 February 2020

47 Geospatial analysis of Dal - Nigeen Lake

Grid No.37 (Refer Grid index Map)
Size of the grid: 100 ha
Area under grid: 74.14 ha
Year wise spatial extent %age
(in hectares) change
S.
Land use / Land cover category from
No.
2007 2014 2018 2020 2007 to
2020
1 Built-up land 10.765 10.533 16.088 16.855 8.21
2 Cropland/Plantation 9.836 18.605 13.515 13.072 4.36
3 Park/Grassland/vacant land with or 8.363 2.262 4.896 5.108 -4.39
without vegetation
4 Water body with Houseboats/Shikara 6.004 9.230 6.913 7.046 1.41
Stands
5 Water body with submerged vegetation/ 27.721 29.835 28.887 27.768 0.06
Open Water
6 Water body with Floating / Emergent 11.455 3.584 3.843 4.268 -9.69
vegetation/ Pachhi
7 Water body with floating gardens/Raads - 0.095 0.002 0.027 0.04
Total 74.144 74.144 74.144 74.144 -

35
30
25
20
15
Year-2007
10
Year- 2014
5
Year-2018
0
Year-2020

Temporal grid images for grid 37

January 2007 September 2014 April 2018 February 2020

Geospatial analysis of Dal - Nigeen Lake 48

Grid No.38 (Refer Grid index Map)
Size of the grid: 100 ha
Area under grid: 13.61 ha
Year wise spatial extent %age
(in hectares) change
S.
Land use / Land cover category from
No.
2007 2014 2018 2020 2007 to
2020
1 Built-up land 0.422 0.494 0.653 0.643 1.62
2 Cropland/Plantation 0.022 0.812 0.369 0.369 2.55
3 Park/Grassland/vacant land with or 0.556 - 0.352 0.339 -1.59
without vegetation
4 Water body with Houseboats/Shikara 0.987 1.553 1.313 1.445 3.36
Stands
5 Water body with submerged vegetation/ 10.479 10.614 10.372 10.415 -0.47
Open Water
6 Water body with Floating / Emergent 1.147 0.140 0.554 0.402 -5.47
vegetation/ Pachhi
7 Water body with floating gardens/Raads - - - - -
Total 13.613 13.613 13.613 13.613 -

12

10

6
Year-2007
4
Year- 2014
2
Year-2018
0
Year-2020

Temporal grid images for grid 38

January 2007 September 2014 April 2018 February 2020

49 Geospatial analysis of Dal - Nigeen Lake

Grid No.39 (Refer Grid index Map)
Size of the grid: 100 ha
Area under grid: 58.65 ha
Year wise spatial extent %age
(in hectares) change
S.
Land use / Land cover category from
No.
2007 2014 2018 2020 2007 to
2020
1 Built-up land - - - - -
2 Cropland/Plantation - - - - -
3 Park/Grassland/vacant land with or - - - - -
without vegetation
4 Water body with Houseboats/Shikara 0.021 0.021 0.042 0.043 0.04
Stands
5 Water body with submerged vegetation/ 58.635 57.178 57.652 58.473 -0.28
Open Water
6 Water body with Floating / Emergent - 1.457 0.962 0.140 0.24
vegetation/ Pachhi
7 Water body with floating gardens/Raads - - - - -
Total 58.656 58.656 58.656 58.656 -

70
60
50
40
30
Year-2007
20
Year- 2014
10
Year-2018
0
Year-2020

Temporal grid images for grid 39

January 2007 September 2014 April 2018 February 2020

Geospatial analysis of Dal - Nigeen Lake 50

Grid No.40 (Refer Grid index Map)
Size of the grid: 100 ha
Area under grid: 27.41 ha
Year wise spatial extent %age
(in hectares) change
S.
Land use / Land cover category from
No.
2007 2014 2018 2020 2007 to
2020
1 Built-up land - - - - -
2 Cropland/Plantation - - - - -
3 Park/Grassland/vacant land with or - - - - -
without vegetation
4 Water body with Houseboats/Shikara 0.027 0.016 0.010 0.010 -0.06
Stands
5 Water body with submerged vegetation/ 27.387 27.278 27.404 27.329 -0.21
Open Water
6 Water body with Floating / Emergent - 0.120 - 0.075 0.27
vegetation/ Pachhi
7 Water body with floating gardens/Raads - - - - -
Total 27.414 27.414 27.414 27.414 -

30

25

20

15
Year-2007
10
Year- 2014
5
Year-2018
0
Year-2020

Temporal grid images for grid 40

January 2007 September 2014 April 2018 February 2020

51 Geospatial analysis of Dal - Nigeen Lake

CHAPTER 5

RESULTS
T
experienced a very high degree of land-use/ land cover
he aim of the temporal grid-based land use/ land change during the period from 2007 to 2020. Out of
cover analysis of Dal and Nigeen Lake was to initiate these, the grid No. 25, 31, 32, 36 and 37 have experienced
micro-level geospatial monitoring using multi-date lot of constructions during the period. Grid No.36 has
satellite images. The high resolution satellite image of experienced growth of settlements by 17.56% during the
year 2007 was taken as the base data because of excellent period. While as the grid No.31 has experience growth of
quality of this image. Prior to 2007, under directions from settlements by 7.96% during the period. However, due to
the Hon’ble High Court, the entire plantations in the lake concerted efforts of JKLCMA., the grid No. 15, 23 and 27
system had been removed and therefore, it exposed the has shown decrease in the built-up area due to removal
entire lake system to the satellite sensors. With the result, of settlements. The cropland/plantations have shown
the satellite image of 2007 clearly depicts the edges of considerable increase in grid No.15, 19, 21, 27, 30, 31, 32,
the landmasses and other land covers. However, with the ,33 and 37. In grid Nos.1, 4, 6, 9, 10, 11,17, 18, 24, 27, 28, 33
passage of time, the locals have again raised plantations and 34, the water body with floating/emergent vegetation
and such clarity on the subsequent images is not visible has shown an increase during this period. This has led to
to that extent now. The satellite image of September, decrease of open water surface in these grids during the
2014 was used to compare the changes in the land use/ period.
land cover during the floods. This image was peculiar The overall analysis of the spatial extent of various
because of the fact that it provided the scenario in Dal & categories of land-use/ land cover indicates that the built-
Nigeen Lake immediately after the devastating floods of up land has increased, open water surface has decreased
September, 2014. However, the mapping based on high with increase in the spatial extent of water body with floating
resolution satellite image of 2018 and 2020 provides a /emergent vegetation over the period. During the floods of
better understanding of the changes in land-use/land 2014, it has been observed that the floating gardens/raads
cover from 2007 to 2020. have got dispersed and changed their direction in some
As per the analysis, the main driver of land use/ land areas. Besides, some of the small structures may also have
cover change in the lake system is the growth of settlements got inundated by the flood waters and were not identifiable
and agricultural activity. The analysis of satellite images on the image. Some of the structures may be obscured by
provides a bird’s eye view of both the positive changes the canopy of the trees on the satellite image of 2014 and
like removal of the settlements and cleaning operations 2018. However, the use of image of February, 2020 enabled
by Lakes Authority as well as the negative changes like near accurate mapping of built-up land as there was no
growth of settlements besides, spread of emergent aquatic obstruction of features by the canopy of the trees.
weeds, floating gardens/raads and plantations. The land use/ land cover maps for the year 2007, 2014,
The grid-based analysis has revealed that grid Nos. 2018 and 2020 are appended as Annexure-A, B, C and D
20, 25, 30, 31, 32, 36, 37 are highly sensitive and prone to this report and the change statistics is shown here as
to anthropogenic pressures. Some of these grids have under:

Geospatial analysis of Dal - Nigeen Lake 52

Table showing overall temporal statistics of Land use/ Land cover
(2007, 2014, 2018 and 2020) in Dal and Nigeen Lake, Jammu & Kashmir
CLASS Area Area Area Area %age Remarks
2007 2014 2018 2020 change
Km2 Km2 Km 2 Km 2 2007 to
2020
Built Up Land 0.743 0.812 0.943 1.025 1.15 Approx. 0.282 Km2 (Approx. 557 kanals)
of land has transformed into built-up
category from year 2007 to 2020
Cropland/Plantation 2.290 2.351 2.834 2.849 2.27 Cropland is showing an increasing trend
Park/Grassland/Vacant 0.403 0.110 0.384 0.360 -0.17 Some vacant land had been inundated
land with or without by floods of Sept. 2014. However, it
Vegetation shows a decreasing trend.
Waterbody with Floating/ 5.262 6.366 7.948 6.796 6.23 Increasing trend from 2007 to 2018.
Emergent Vegetation / However, 2020 image shows lesser value
Pachhi because of winter season.
Waterbody with House 0.150 0.196 0.167 0.170 0.08 Change probably due to mixing of
Boats / Shikara Ghat spectral response from houseboats and
adjacent built-up surfaces on the Image.
Waterbody with Rads/ 0.352 0.556 0.340 0.498 0.59 The water body with Rads /floating
Floating Gardens garden has increased.
Waterbody with 15.405 14.214 11.989 12.907 -10.15 Open water surface shows an overall
Submerged vegetation / decreasing trend. However, the image of
Open Water surface 2020 shows increase because of winter
image
Total 24.605 24.605 24.605 24.605

Waterbody with Submerged vegetation / Open Water

Waterbody with Rads/ Floating Gardens

Waterbody with House Boats / Shikara Ghat

Waterbody with Floating/ Emergent Vegetation/Pachhi

Park/Grassland/Vacant land with or without Vegetation

Cropland/Plantation

Builtup Land

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

Area 2020 Area 2018 Area 2014 Area 2007

Sq Km Sq Km Sq Km Sq Km

In order to monitor the Dal and Nigeen Lake on a regular basis, a mechanism for regular geospatial monitoring of the Lake
body needs to be discussed by JKLCMA. The Department of Ecology, Environment & Remote Sensing can continue to
provide mapping support to JKLCMA in project mode.
The boundary of the lake needs to be demarcated on ground using boundary pillars with necessary details and the geo-
coordinates of these boundary pillars can be shared with the Department of Ecology, Environment and Remote Sensing
so that future monitoring/analysis is carried out within that boundary.
The maps for 2007, 2014, 2018 and 2020 have been uploaded on J&K Geoportal developed by this Department under
Spatial Data Infrastructure Project and these can be accessed at URL: ssdi.jk.gov.in and same are presented under
Annexure-A, B, C and D of the report.

53 Geospatial analysis of Dal - Nigeen Lake

Annexure -A

Geospatial analysis of Dal - Nigeen Lake 54

Annexure -B

55 Geospatial analysis of Dal - Nigeen Lake

Annexure -C

Geospatial analysis of Dal - Nigeen Lake 56

Annexure -D

57 Geospatial analysis of Dal - Nigeen Lake

 Figure 14: Open water surface near SKICC

Figure 15: Landmass created for cultivation by dumping soil and weeds

Geospatial analysis of Dal - Nigeen Lake 58

 Figure 16: Manually extracted weeds being dumped on the shoreline temporarily

Figure17: Floating raads being transported outside the lake

59 Geospatial analysis of Dal - Nigeen Lake

 Figure 18: Floating gardens to cultivate vegetables

Figure 19: House boats in Nigeen Lake

Geospatial analysis of Dal - Nigeen Lake 60

 Figure 20: Water channels as means of local transport in the lake

Figure 21: Cultivated land inside the lake body

61 Geospatial analysis of Dal - Nigeen Lake

 Figure 22: Lotus in full bloom in the water body with floating vegetation category

Figure 23: Human settlement inside the Lake body

Geospatial analysis of Dal - Nigeen Lake 62

 Figure 24: An archive photograph of Dal Lake ( Source: Web)

Figure 25: Present photograph of Dal Lake

63 Geospatial analysis of Dal - Nigeen Lake

 Figure 26: Land use/ land cover map of Dal and Nigeen Lake, 2007 on J&K Geoportal at URL:ssdi.jk .gov.in

Geospatial analysis of Dal - Nigeen Lake 64

 Figure 27: Landuse land cover map of Dal and Nigeen Lake, 2014 on J&K Geoportal at URL:ssdi.jk .gov.in

65 Geospatial analysis of Dal - Nigeen Lake

 Figure 28: Land use/Land cover map of Dal and Nigeen Lake, 2018 on J&K Geoportal at URL:ssdi.jk .gov.in

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 Figure 29: Land use/Land cover map of Dal and Nigeen Lake, 2020 on J&K Geoportal at URL:ssdi.jk .gov.in

67 Geospatial analysis of Dal - Nigeen Lake

REFERENCES
• Annon., 2000 Srinagar City Master Plan (2000-2021). Srinagar Development Authority, Government of Jammu &
Kashmir, Srinagar 44-45.
• Ennex of New Zealand 1978. Study of pollution in Dal Lake, Gazteer of Kashmir & ladakh (1974): Vivek Publ. House,
New Delhi.
• Lawrence, W.R., 1875. The Valley of Kashmir (2006), Reprint edition, Zahoor Ahmad Ali Mohammad & Sons, Lal
chowk, Srinagar, Kashmir.
• Lillesand, T.M. and Kiefer, R.W. 2000. Concepts and foundations of Remote Sensing, 1-52: Remote Sensing and Image
Interpretation, 4th edition, Johan Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York.
• Stein, M.A.1888, The ancient geography of Kashmir (2008) pp. 229-230. Research and Publication Department, J&K
Government, Srinagar, Kashmir.
• Vass, K.K. & Zutshi, D.P. 1979. Limnological Studies on Dal lake Kashmir, India: Morphometry and Physical features.
J. Int. Fish. Soc. Ind., 11(1):12-21.

ABBREVIATIONS
• DEE&RS Department of Ecology, Environment & Remote Sensing
• ETM+ Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus
• ETS Electronic Total Station
• GIS Geographical Information System
• IRS1D Indian Remote Sensing satellite-1D
• JKLCMA Jammu and Kashmir Lake Conservation and Management Authority
• LAWDA Lakes and Waterways Development Authority
• LISS Linear Imaging Self-Scanning Sensor
• NDC National Data Centre
• NRSC National Remote Sensing Centre
• PAN Panchromatic Band

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69 Geospatial analysis of Dal - Nigeen Lake
 Design & Print: associatedmedia.org

Department of Ecology, Environment & Remote Sensing

Government of Jammu and Kashmir
Gladeni, Narwal Jammu / SDA Housing Colony, Bemina, Srinagar
www.jkdears.com/ email: [email protected]

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