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Text 11
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By far the most common snake in Britain is the adder. In Scotland, in fact, there are no other snakes at
all. The adder is also the only British snake with a poisonous bite. It can be found almost anywhere, but prefers
sunny hillsides and rough open country, including high ground. In Ireland there are no snakes at all.
Most people regard snake bites as a fatal misfortune, but not all bites are serious, and very few are fatal.
Sometimes attempts at emergency treatment turn out to be more dangerous than the bite itself, with amateurs
heroically, but mistakenly, trying do-it-yourself surgery and other unnecessary measure.
All snakes have small teeth, so it follows that all snakes can bite, but only the bite of the adder presents
any danger. British snakes are shy animals and are far more frightened of you than you could possibly be of
them. The adder will attack only if it feels threatened, as can happen if you take it by surprise and step on it
accidentally, or if you try to catch it or pick it up, which it dislikes intensely. If it hears you coming, it will normally
get out of the way as quickly as it can, but adders cannot move very rapidly and may get before moving if you
are very close
The effect of a bite varies considerably. It depends upon several things, one of which is the body-weight
of the person bitten. The bigger the person, the more harmful the bite is likely to be, which is why children suffer
far more seriously from snake bites than adults. A health person will also have better resistance against the poison.
Very few people actually die from snake bites in Britain, and though these bites can make some people very ill,
there are probably just as many cases of bites having little or no effect, as there are of serious illness.
61. What does the passage mainly deal with? 63. Which of the following obviously shows the
(A) Snakes in Britain author's false idea in the passage?
(B) Fact and advice on adder bites (A) The adder is.also the only British snake with
(C) Adder as the most common snakes in a poisonous bite.
Britain (B) Most people regard snake bites as a fatal
(D) Treatment for adder's bites misfortune.
(E) Snake bites in Britain (C) The adder will attack only if it feels
threatened.
62. According to the passage, the adders are .... (D) If it hears you coming, it will normally get
(A) not dangerous especially to human out of the way as quickly as it can.
(B) very friendly towards human beings (E) The bigger the person, the more harmful
(C) commonly found on cultivated land the bite is likely to be.
throughout Britain
(D) aggressive and only use their venom as a 64. What most likely motivates the writer in writing
last resort the passage?
(E) the only venomous snakes found in Britain (A) Many British people misunderstand snake
bites.
(B) British people have strong negative
behavior towards snakes.
(C) Most people view snakes as the most
abominable living creatures.
(D) Snakes are most often associated with the
image of venomous animals.
(E) The adder is commonly considered a threat
to human beings.

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Questions 65 - 68 are based on the following
passage.
Text 12
Now, scientists have figured out just how the insects get their "sixth sense", which is also found in an
increasing number of animals, including birds, bats, and rodents. Leafcutter ants are famous for traveling
far from their home nests in search of leaves; the ants don't eat the leaves themselves, but rather use them as
fodder. for a fungus that they grow in their colonies as food.
A few years ago, biologists Robert Srygley and Andre Riveros accidentally discovered that the ants were
also using an internal compass to navigate. When the researchers used a powerful magnetic pulse to disrupt the
local magnetic field, foraging leafcutters lost their way. When the magnetic field was reversed, some of the ants
marched off in the opposite direction-making them the only insect known to use such a built-in compass. If that
weren't remarkable enough, the ants are also known to use landmarks and even stars to help keep track of their
positions while they're out and about.
In the new experiments, the scientists tested the responses of two groups of leafcutters to a change in
the local magnetic field. One group consisted of wild leafcutters taken from a natural ant colony. Using flakes of
barley, the scientists lured these ants to an outdoor feeder that they set up. After two days, the ants had forged a
new trail to the feeder.
65. The sentence " ... use them as fodder for a 67. The author's attitude towards the navigation
fungus that they grow in their colonies as system of leafcutter ants is ....
food." in paragraph 1 can best be restated as .... (A) pessimistic
(A) the ants are farmers who grow fungi in their (B) assertive
nests (C) empathetic
(B) the ants cultivate plants by providing them (D) admiring
with fungi (E) worried
(C) the ants don't feed on the fungus, but
rather get their nutrients from the leaves 68. The paragraph following the passage will likely
(D) the ants use leaves to grow a fungus that talk about ....
serves as their food source (A) how leafcutter ants evolved into farmers.
(E) the ants eat the leaves and fungus that they (B) the other group of leafcutter ants used in
grow in their nests the experiments
(C) the ants raised in a soil-free environment
66. With ideas in the passage, the author would ·trying to find food
apparently agree that .... (D) other navigation systems used by leafcutter
(A) birds, bats, and rodents also use navigation ants
system like insects do (E) the magnetic compass that leafcutter ants
(B) leafcutter ants are often considered a pest use
because they cut leaves
(C) scientists are completely baffled by the
leafcutter ants' behaviour
(D) all ants play an important role in
encouraging new plant growth
(E) leafcutter ants use magnetic system to go
back to their home nest

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Text 13
As its name suggests, hydroculture typically involves growing plants in nutrient-rich water rather than in
soil. Hydroponics is the most widely-known method of hydroculture. Some believe it has significant potential to
reduce the impact of the food crisis by allowing farmers to produce large quantities of food in a sustainable and
cost-effective way. In a typical hydroponics system, crops are grown indoors in controlled environments.
The plants grown in containers filled with water and the nutrients that they need to thrive. These nutrients
vary depending on the crop being grown, but typically include nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus, iron, zinc,
and copper, among other trace elements. A light source provides the energy the sun would usually deliver.
In so-called static systems, the nutrient solution is changed or replaced either according to a schedule or
when the plants require it. In continuous-flow systems, the nutrient. solution flows constantly past the roots of the
plants. Although it may seem like a technologically sophisticated form of agriculture, scientists have been
experimenting with hydroculture since at least 1627. Early experiments showed that plants grow best when raised
in water rich in various nutrients rather than in distilled water. By the early decades of the twentieth century, the
concept of hydroponics was becoming more widely known and some commercial applications of the technology
were even in place. These days, NASA, the US government agency in charge of space missions, is even
researching hydroponics.
Hydroponics offers a number of benefits over conventional agriculture. It happens indoors, and so does
not require large areas of land. In fact, hydroponics farms can be located in industrial warehouses in or
near large cities. This gives them another advantage over traditional farms since they can be located much
closer to the markets for their produce, reducing distribution and transportation costs for hydroponics farmers.
The indoor location allows farmers to create controlled environments. This means not only does the weather not
affect crops, but farmers can grow crops that would not normally thrive in a particular region, such as tropical
vegetables in Canada. But hydroponics farms are not without their drawbacks. For one thing, some important
food crops do not grow well hydroponically. Most herbs and vegetables thrive, but important sources of
nutrition like carrots, potatoes, and corn are either not suitable or hard to grow. And so much space would be
required to raise staple crops like rice and wheat cost-effectively that their hydroponic cultivation is not
practical. Further, most foods that grow well hydroponically are relatively low in protein, a vital nutrient for
human health.
A variation on hydroponics that solves some of these issues is aquaponics. (1) A basic aquaponics
system is a hydroponics farms witha second layers. On top are plants growing hydroponically in nutrient-rich
water. (2) A below that is a tank of fish being raised as part of a fish farm. In traditional aquaculture, farmers
must spend time and money cleaning the water in which the fish live, if they do not, the health of the fish
will suffer as waste from the fish concentrates in water. (3) The clever part of aquaponics is that instead of
having to filter and discard the fish waste, farmers can use it as the source of nutrients for the plants. (4) By
closing the system in this way, aquaponics farms can produce the same kinds of herbs, fruits, and vegetables as
hydroponics farm, as well as high-quality protein from farm-raised fish, too. (5)
69. What does the author say about hydroponics in 70. Which of the following expresses the essential
paragraph 1? information in the underlined sentence in
(A) The food crisis will be greater without food paragraph 3?
from hydroponics farms. (A) Hydroponics farms benefit from reduced
(B) Food that has been grown hydroponically costs by being placed near markets.
costs less than all other food. (B) Farmers contemplating
(C) The goal of hydroponics farms is to produce growing hydroponically should consider
food in a sustainable way. factors like distribution.
(D) Hydroponically-grown plants need a source (C) The main advantage of hydroponics
of water, energy, and food. compared to conventional farming is its
(E) Hydroponics system is very suitable for those location.
who live in a big city. (D) The markets for both conventional and
hydroponics crops are situated close to
farms.
(E) Growing plants using hydroponics system
can reduce the cost of distribution to the
markets.

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71. Why does the author mention "tropical 72. Look at the five brackets (1, 2, 3, 4, 5) in
vegetables" in paragraph 3? paragraph 4 that indicate where the following
(A) To imply that the popularity of food can sentence could be added to the passage.
vary "Even though it has yet to be implemented on
(B) To highlight the demand for one type of the same scope as traditional farming methods,
crop the potential for the aquaponics industry is
(C) To illustrate one advantage of farming enormous."
indoors Where would the sentence best fit?
(D) To argue that a healthy diet requires (A) (1)
vegetables (B) (2)
(E) To give an example of certain type of (C) (3)
vegetables (D) (4)
(E) (5)

Text 14
The carbon-neutral device sets a new benchmark in the field of solar fuels, after researchers at the
University of Cambridge demonstrated that it can directly produce the gas -- called syngas -- in a sustainable and
simple way. Rather than running on fossil fuels, the artificial leaf is powered by sunlight. Although using sunlight,
it still works efficiently on cloudy and overcast days. And unlike the current industrial processes for producing
syngas, the leaf does not release any additional carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.
Syngas is currently made from a mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide, and is used to produce a
range of commodities, such as fuels, pharmaceuticals, plastics and fertilisers. People may not have heard of
syngas itself but every day, they consume products that were created using it. Being able to produce it sustainably
would be a critical step in closing the global carbon cycle and establishing a sustainable chemical and fuel
industry.
The device is inspired by photosynthesis -- the natural process by which plants use the energy from
sunlight to turn carbon dioxide into food. On the artificial leaf, two light absorbers, similar to the molecules
in plants that harvest sunlight, are combined with a catalyst made from the naturally abundant element
cobalt. When the device is immersed in water, one light absorber uses the catalyst to produce oxygen. The other
carries out the chemical reaction that reduces carbon dioxide and water into carbon monoxide and hydrogen,
forming the syngas mixture. As an added bonus, the researchers discovered that their light absorbers work
even under the low levels of sunlight on a rainy or overcast day. This means we are not limited to using this
technology just in warm countries, or only operating the process during the summer months. We could use it
from dawn until dusk, anywhere in the world.
73. What does the author imply by stating "And (D) The 'artificial leaf' could be a solution to the
unlike the current industrial processes for search for sustainable new source of
producing syngas, the leaf does not release any energy.
additional carbon dioxide into the atmosphere." (E) Carbon dioxide concentrations in the
in paragraph 1? atmosphere are very high due to
(A) Carbon dioxide is mainly produced by the manufacturing activities.
current industrial processes.
(B) The previous version of the leaf used
carbon dioxide in the air to generate fuel.
(C) Many plants use the device to minimize
carbon dioxide produced during industrial
processes.

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 94
74. What is the best summary of the passage? 75. According to the passage, in winter months, the
(A) The 'artificial leaf' is based on 'artificial leaf' ....
photosynthesis. It can establish a sustainable (A) is impossible to be available
chemical and fuel industry since it can be use (B) needs to be placed outside
anytime, regardless the season and (C) is still capable to generate energy
condition. (D) couldn't be used from dawn to dusk
(B) A widely-used gas that is currently produced (E) cannot absorb sunlight well
from fossil fuels can instead be made by an
'artificial leaf' that uses only sunlight, carbon
dioxide and water. The 'artificial leaf is eco•
friendly and possible to be used anytime and
anywhere
(C) The device does not release any additional
carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Hence,
this makes it suitable to promote against
global warming. Furthermore, it can be used
in industry regardless location, season, and
time.
(D) The 'artificial leaf' creates syngas, which is
currently made from a mixture of hydrogen
and carbon monoxide. ft is not limited to
using this technology just in warm countries
and people can use it anywhere in the world.
(E) The carbon-neutral device is developed by
researchers from Cambridge University. 1t
produces no carbon dioxide, making it· a
good choice to replace fossil fuels. People
can still use in it in any seasons, conditions,
and locations.

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