A Report of Rural Agriculture Work Experience

Submitted by:
Name: Akshay Kumar Roll No: 1825897

In partial fulfilment for the award of the degree

Of
BSC. AGRICULTURE

Rayat Group of Institutions Ropar, Punjab 144533

INTRODUCTION
The history of agriculture in India dates back to the Indus Valley Civilization. India ranks second
worldwide in farm outputs. As per 2018, agriculture employed more than 50% of the Indian work
force and contributed 17–18% to country's GDP. In 2016, agriculture and allied sectors like animal
husbandry, forestry and fisheries accounted for 15.4% of the GDP (gross domestic product) with
about 41.49% of the workforce in 2020 India ranks first in the world with highest net cropped area
followed by US and China The economic contribution of agriculture to India's GDP is steadily
declining with the country's broad-based economic growth. Still, agriculture is demographically the
broadest economic sector and plays a significant role in the overall socio-economic fabric of India.
The total agriculture commodities export was US$3.50 billion in March - June 2020. India exported
$38 billion worth of agricultural products in 2013, making it the seventh largest agricultural exporter
worldwide and the sixth largest net exporter. Most of its agriculture exports serve developing and
least developed nations. Indian agricultural/horticultural and processed foods are exported to more
than 120 countries, primarily to the Japan, Southeast Asia, SAARC countries, the European
Union and the United States.

CLIMATIC ZONES IN INDIA

There are 4 major climate zones:

• Tropical zone from 0°–23.5° In the regions between the equator and the tropics (equatorial region),
the solar radiation reaches the ground nearly vertically at noontime during almost the entire year.
Thereby, it is very warm in these regions. Through high temperatures, more water evaporates and the
air is often moist. The resulting frequent and dense cloud cover reduces the effect of solar radiation on
ground temperature.
• Subtropics from 23.5°–40° The subtropics receive the highest radiation in summer, since the Sun's
angle at noon is almost vertical to the Earth, whilst the cloud cover is relatively thin. These regions
receive less moisture (see trade winds), what increases the effect of radiation. Therefore, most of the
deserts in the world are situated in this zone. In winter, the radiation in these regions decreases
significantly, and it can temporarily be very cool and moist.
• Temperate zone from 40°–60° In the temperate zone, the solar radiation arrives with a smaller
angle, and the average temperatures here are much cooler than in the subtropics. The seasons and
daylength differ significantly in the course of a year. The climate is characterised by less frequent
extremes, a more regular distribution of the precipitation over the year and a longer vegetation period
- therefore the name "temperate".
• Cold zone from 60°–90° The polar areas between 60° latitude and the poles receive less heat through
solar radiation, since the Sun has a very flat angle toward the ground. Because of the changes of the
Earth axis angle to the Sun, the daylength varies most in this zone. In the summer, polar days occur.
Vegetation is only possible during a few months per year and even then, is often sparse. The
conditions for life in these regions are very hard.

OBJECTIVES

• Understanding the rural life by students.

• To get familiarize with the socio-economic conditions of the farmers & their problems with
reference to agricultural development.
• To provide an opportunity to the students for practical training in crop production through work
experience. •
To develop communication skills among students using extension teaching methods in transfer of
technology.
• To develop the understanding regarding agricultural technologies being followed by farmers and to
prepare alternate farm plans to suit to the local situation in consultation with farmers.
 • To develop confidence and competence in students for solving problems related to agriculture. •
To make students understand the role of men and women in agriculture and allied sectors.
• To make the students acquainted with ongoing thrust on rural development related to transfer of
technology.
• To explore and develop understanding regarding hi-tech agricultural technology & factors affecting
the adoption of modern method of agriculture the adoption of modern method of agriculture the
adoption of modern method of agriculture by the farmers.

AGRICULTURE IN HIMACHAL PRADESH

Himachal is in the western Himalayas. Covering an area of 55,673 square kilometres, it is a

mountainous state. Most of the state lies on the foothills of the Halacha Range. At 7,025 m Shilla is
the highest mountain peak in the state of Himachal Pradesh. The drainage system of Himachal is
composed both of rivers and glaciers. Himalayan rivers criss-cross the entire mountain chain.
Himachal Pradesh provides water to both the Indus and Ganges basins. The drainage systems of the
region are the Chandra Bhaga or the Chenab, the Ravi, the Beas, the Sutlej, and the Yamuna. These
rivers are perennial and are fed by snow and rainfall. They are protected by an extensive cover of
natural vegetation. Due to extreme variation in elevation, great variation occurs in the climatic
conditions of Himachal. The climate varies from hot and subhumid tropical in the southern tracts to,
with more elevation, cold, alpine, and glacial in the northern and eastern mountain ranges. The state's
winter capital, Dharamsala receives very heavy rainfall, while areas like Lahaul and Spiti are cold and
almost rainless. Broadly, Himachal experiences three seasons: summer, winter, and rainy season.
Summer lasts from mid-April till the end of June and most parts become very hot (except in the alpine
zone which experiences a mild summer) with the average temperature ranging from 28 to 32 °C (82 to
90 °F). Winter lasts from late November till March . Snowfall is common in alpine tracts (generally
above 2,200 metres (7,218 ft) i.e. in the higher and trans-Himalayan region).

The total geographical area of Himachal Pradesh is 5.5673 million hectare and the area under forest is
3.70 million hectare. The cultivable area is 620700 hectare and the net area sown is 59409 hectare.
In Himachal Pradesh farmers often focus on horticulture produce like vegetables, fruit crops and
livestock rearing. Major fruit crops of Himachal are apple, plum, apricot, pear etc.
Importance of RAWE
• Agricultural education is a dynamic one, which is undergoing change in a very rapid manner to meet
the need of the society. Under this situation, Rural Agricultural Work Experience Programme
(RAWE) is an important competence and confidence building programme activity introduced in many
SAU.
• In India, Randhawa Committee (1992) recommended the RAWE Programme for imparting quality,
practical and productive oriented education for the agriculture degree programme. In fact experiential
learning is exactly what the name implies learning from work experience.
• Effective work experience training strategies incorporating rural agricultural experiential learning
approaches provide opportunities for a student of the last year to engage in field work activity, to
review and analyze critically this work experience activity and to draw some useful conclusions,
decisions, from this analysis and apply the result in actual practical life and field situation.
• It(Rural Agricultural Work Experience) is a programme for impairing quality, production and
practical oriented education for agriculture degree.
• Preparing agricultural graduates for better career in agriculture
• Preparing agricultural graduates oriented education to face the challenges by acquiring knowledge
& skill though hands on experience.
• Practical knowledge of farming system.

VILLAGE INFORMATION (KOTHI DEORA)

According to Census 2011 information the location code or village code of Kothi Deora village is
021908. Kothi Deora village is located in Solan tehsil of Solan district in Himachal Pradesh, India. It
is situated 5km away from Solan, which is both district & sub-district headquarter of Kothi Deora
village. As per 2009 stats, Dangri is the gram panchayat of Kothi Deora village.The total geographical
area of village is 82 hectares. Kothi Deora has a total population of 460 peoples, out of which male
population is 240 while female population is 220. There are about 90 houses in kothi deora village.
Pincode of kothi deora village locality is 173211.When it comes to administration, Kothi Deora
village is administrated by a sarpanch who is elected representative of the village by the local
elections. As per 2019 stats, Kothi Deora village comes under Solan assembly constituency & Shimla
parliamentary constituency. Solan is nearest town to kothi deora village for all major economic
activities. The main farming method used here is terrace farming and main crops cultivated here are
Tomato, bean, cauliflower and capsicum. Farmers here focus more on horticultural crops rather than
cereal crops. These days low chilling variety of apple is also planted in the village ( zeromine, gale
gala, scarlet 2 etc.). here some farmers are doing dairy farming because a GOVT. dairy farm is just 2
km away from the village and main variety of cow here is Holstein.
RESULTS
village name : Kothi deora
Location : This village is situated in solan district of Himachal Pradesh and it is 6 km away from solan
district on solan- subathu national highway.
District : Solan
Tehsil : Solan
Pincode : 173211
State : Himachal Pradesh

GEOGRAPHICAL IMAGE OF VILLAGE KOTHI DEORA

SOCIOECONOMIC STATE

AGE : Farmers of village kothi deora comes under age group of 30 to 40 and there are very few
young farmers. If we talk about the old age farmers there is only one farmer ( Mukesh dutt) who is 55
years old.

Serial Age group Total farmers

number
1 20 to 30 5
2 30 to 40 10
 3 40 to 50 4
4 50 to 60 1

EDUCATION: In this village one farmer Mukesh dutt is illiterate and maximum farmers comes under
intermediate level. Here only one farmer (Rohit Kaushik) has passed his master’s degree in B.A.

Education level Farmers

Illiterate 1
Matric 5
Intermediate 9
Bachelor’s degree 4
Master’s degree 1

Family size: In this village maximum farmers have nuclear family and only one farmer is having joint
family.

Family members Farmers

Below 5 members 14
5 to 8 members 5
8 to 10 members 1

CROP PRODUCTION
• In village Kothi deora farmers are producing several horticultural crops and no one is producing rice
or any other grains and farm fields here are small as compared to other states like Punjab and
Haryana.
• Here terrace farming is used because of slope in land surface and there is very narrow connectivity
to fields due to which heavy machineries can not be used here, farmers are only able to use small
tillers for ploughing or traditional bullock ploughing method.
• Main vegitable crops are tomato, capsicum and pea. If we talk about fruit crops farmers here are
also going for apple farming and many farmers are having there established orchards of plum and
apricot.

LAND HOLDING :

Land holding Farmers 5 of farmers

Below one hectare 9 45%

Between 1 to 3 hectares 3 15%

3 to 5 hectares 3 15%
More than 5 hectares 2 10%
Leased farming ( not having own land) 3 15%
If we talk about the land holding of farmers in village kothi deora maximum Farmers are marginal and
only 2 farmers are large farmers (Ramesh mehta and Ramsvaroop thakur) who are having more than 5
hectares of land.
3 Farmers are there who are not having their own land and they are doing farming on leased land.
SOWING METHOD: In case of tomato here all farmers used to transplant seedling. Some farmers
produce their own nursey and some buy from another farmers or nursery traders, sometimes nearby
Krishi vigyan kendra kandaghat and YSP Nauni solan also provides free tomato seedlings to farmers.
Similarly in case of capsicum maximum farmers prepare their own nursery and after that used to do
transplant seedlings in the main field.
In the case of Pea farmers buy seeds from private traders and used to do line placement in the main
field.

FERTILIZERS

Fertilizer Crop No. of farmers Total %

using
Urea Tomato, capsicum, pea 20 100%
Super phosphate Apple, plum, apricot 5 25%
Calcium nitrate Apple, plum, apricot, pea 5 25%
12:32:16 Tomato, capsicum, cauliflower 20 100%
D.A.P Tomato, capsicum, apple, 8 40%
cauliflower

Farmers here are using a lot of urea and 12:32:16(N:P:K).

There are just 4 to 5 farmers who are having there fruit orchards are using calcium nitrate and supper
phosphate.

IRRIGATION

Irrigation method No. of farmers using Total %

Water channels 20 100%

Drip irrigation 2 10%

Water pipes 0
Sprinkler 2 10%

If we talk about irrigation system here water channels for irrigation water has been made up by the
panchayat all across the village and every farmer has his fix schedule for his turn of irrigation supply.
Farmers who have drip system first store the water from water channels according to their turn. Only
apple farmers are using drip irrigation here.
Farmers uses sprinkler system only when they have planted ginger.
YIELD

CROP Average yield

Tomato 20 to 25 tonnes per hectare

Capsicum 20 to 30 tonnes per hectare
Cauliflower 100 to 120 quintal per hectare
Pea 20 to 30 quintal per hectare
Plum 7 to 10 tonnes per hectare
Apple New plantation no feedback yet

CROP PROTECTION

TOMATO

Disease Caused by Treatment Dosage Total % of

farmers field farmers
infested field
infected
Late blight Phytophthora carbendazim 50g / 15 L. 5 25%
infestans water
Bacterial wilt Pseudomonas Triponate 20g / 15 L. 8 40%
solanacearum methyle water
Anthracnose Colletotrichum Diconil 1 tablespoon 4 20%
coccodes in one gallon
water

PEA

Disease Caused by Treatment Dosage Total Total %

farmers field
infested
powdery Erysiphe pisi Sulfex 50g/ 50 L. 3 15%
mildew water
Wilt Fusarium Carbendazim 2g / kg of 5 25%
oxysporum seed

CAPSICUM

Disease Caused by treatment Dosage Total % of

farmers total
field farmer
infested field
Leaf curl virus Bemisia tabaci. Imida 10ml/ 15 L. 4 20%
water
 Bacteriosis Xanthomonas Champ 77 25 g / 50 L. 3 15%
campestris WG water

If we talk about organic treatment here 4 farmers are using SPNF method for organic farming where
they use many organic substances like aagniastra (fungicide), savdhanya ankur (micro nutrient) etc.
LIVESTOCK

Livestock No. of livestock No. of farmers % Of farmers

Cow 1 to 2 8 40%

2 to 4 6 30%

4 to 6 6 30%

Buffalo 1 to 2 2 10%

Goat 2 to 3 1 5%

ox 2 1 5%

farmers are much aware about the benefit of livestock raising in agriculture, 6 farmers here are having
more than 5 cows for the purpose of sailing milk and other milk product. A dairy farm is just 2 KM
away from this village so it is very easy for farmers to sail their milk products there.

If there is any disease or health issue in livestock farmers can easily contact veterinary doctor who are
appointed by the HP GOVT. Every doctor has area of minimum 5 villages, If the situation is worse
than there is a GOVT veterinary hospital in kotla nala solan which is just 6 km away from here.

EXTENSION PROGRAME
Name of program No. of farmers having Total % of farmers

KCC 18 90%

Manrega card 20 100%

Pradhan mantri fassal bima 4 25%

yojna

Aadhar card 20 100%

PAN card 20 100%

Ayushman health card 5 30%

In this village maximum farmers are having KCC and all farmrs are having manrega, PAN, and
Aadhar card. 5 farmers here are having Ayushman health card.
Some young farmers of this village has done their fassal bima under Pradhan mantri fassal bima yojna
last year.
KVK VISIT
KVK KANDAGHAT, SOLAN HIMACHAL PRADESH
Location: Horticulture Research & Training Station & KVK,Dr. YS Parmar University of
Horticulture and Forestry, Kandaghat, District - Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India.
Principle scientist and head: Dr D.P. Sharma

programme coordinator: Dr. B.S. Mankotia

Introduction and brief history

This Station was established by the Maharaja of Patiala in 1921 as his kitchen garden and remained
under the Patiala State up to 1950. From 1950-56 it was under the PEPSU Government. Thereafter,
from 1956-62, it was under Punjab Agriculture Department; 1962-70 under PAU, Ludhiana; 1970-78
under HPU, Shimla; 1978-85 under HPKV, Palampur and from 1985 onwards it became Fruit Research
Station later renamed as Horticultural Research Station and was a part of Dr. Y. S. Parmar University
of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan. From 2000 this station was assigned the additional
responsibility of Re-mandated KVK until Feb, 2004 after which it was elevated to a full-fledged Krishi
Vigyan Kendra for Solan district of Himachal Pradesh.

Vision
To work towards a sustainable increase in productivity of both farm-based and non-farm enterprises
that would result in a better socio-economic condition of the farmers.
Mission

i. To organize vocational training programmes in agriculture and allied enterprises

ii. On farm testing (on farmers' field) in crop production, horticulture, livestock production,
fisheries etc.
iii. Frontline demonstrations on major cereal crops, oil seeds and pulses and other enterprises
related to agriculture, and In- service training of field level extension officials

Major crops:
KVK kandaghat has a wide range of crops like tomato, cucumber, brinjal, capsicum, cauliflower etc.
They also have apple, plum, pear and kiwi on their farm field. They sale nursery plants of apple,
plum, kiwi and pear every year on a large scale to farmers. They also give subsidies to farmers on
their plant purchase.
3 years ago, they have planted apple plants on different rootstocks like M9, EMLA 111, MM106 for
the research purpose and now they are providing apple plants on various imported rootstock (imported
from Italy) to farmers on very less cost as compared to private traders.
They are also researching on vegetable crops like tomato, capsicum to provide better quality to
farmers of solan. Dr. Seema thakur who is a specialist of vegetable science is giving her best in
research and she also provide vocational training on hydroponic farming system.
Training conducted:
Nursery training:
KVK kandaghat had organised a training on vegetable nursery preparation (tomato, capsicum) on
03/05/2022 in which Dr. seema is the main instructor and she trained farmers about proper soil
selection, timely irrigation, and proper seed depth so they can grow a healthy vegetable nursery on
their own.

Awareness programme/mela;
KVK kandaghat had organised a awareness mela on 13/04/2022 and the objective of this programme
is to to protect water bodied, manage the natural resource water, Encouraging farmers participation to
promote water conservation at the grassroot level. Large number of farmers participated in this
awareness programme/mela.
Bee keeping: Recently on 20/03/22 kvk had organised 7 days tentative training on scientific bee
keeping to empower farmers with their extra skills so they can earn side profit with farming. Last year
same training was scheduled for women of rural area and it got a good result, each one had prepared 2
to 3 bee box and KVK helped them to sale out their bee boxes.
Pruning training:
A pruning training programme had been organised by KVK kandaghat on 10/01/2022 at their farm.
Dr. D.P. sharma who is a horticulture specialist trained farmers about pruning just like how the cut
should be given and which part of tree should be removed and how pruning can be beneficial in
getting a good fruit yield.
 Kiwi plantation at KVK kandaghat

Apple plantation at KVK kandaghat

SUCCESS STORIES:
Name : Rohit kaushik
Address : village kyartu P.O. kandaghat Tehsil kandaghat district solan H.P.
Educational qualification : M.B.A
Field of success : Natural farming
Rohit Kaushik is a natural farmer from tehsil Kandaghat, district Solan in Himachal Pradesh. His guru
is Subhash Palekar, the promoter of natural farming whose lessons have been a motivation for Rohit
who has followed his example not only as a farmer but also as a supplier of natural alternatives to
chemical fertilizers, pesticides and insecticides. Rohit started natural farming in 2018. He said he
chose this poem as farmers working with chemicals are at risk themselves. In addition the soil looses
its fertility and its condition deteriorates day by day. He said he is working with natural farming and
not organic farming. He said there is a great confusion in these terms and they are assumed to be same
type of farming, however these two types of farming are very different from each other. He continues
that "Natural Farming" was invented by Padam Shree Subhash Palekar, who invented and developed
these natural medicines. He said having learnt from him he is developing these medicines himself.
He was the first in Himachal Pradesh to be licensed owner of a Sansadhan Bhandar where he provides
self-made medicines at low and affordable rates. His customers are farmers from Solan, Shimla and
Sirmaur and most of the farmers of these regions come in contact with him regularly. He has created a
group of over 250 natural farmers who are always in the loop for anything they need. Most of the
farmers can develop these medicines themselves but they must have cattle. The main aspect of natural
farming is that instead of using chemicals you use cow urine, which is boiled, treated with leaves of
plants that cattle don't feed on like congress grass, dhatura, bhang, guava leaves and lemon leaves.
He added that if you reduce relying on market bought chemicals and develop natural medicines you
will also save on money and get better averages. He has a business relationship with collectors in
Delhi called Supriya Collection Centre, which farms naturally over 10 acres of land. They don't have
cows so they are not able to produce natural medicines which they buy from Rohit. He and about 10
other farmers from his group provide vegetable and fruits to the collection centre. Once a week a
vehicle loaded with their produce travels to Delhi for delivery. At the moment he has planted 5,000
tomatoes and 4,000 capsicum plants in his farm. He has also sown 4 Kg of fresh beans seeds and 7
packets of cucumber seeds. He has also planted 8,000 chrysanths flowers plants. He repeats his focus
on natural fruit, flowers and medicines. He grows varieties of pomegranates, apples (Jeromine M9,
Kala) and Black Amber plums. He is getting good rates for all these in the market.

Rohit Kaushik has set a new platform for natural farming and he always try to convince other farmers
to do natural farming. He has recently won the kissan of the year award organised by KVK kandaghat.
He is now become a role model for young farmers.

Name: Karan singh thakur

Education: M.SC fruit science
Address: village dharon ki dhar THE/DIST Solan H.P.

Success field: Nursery production of fruits and flowers.

Karan Singh Thakur, a young farmer belonging to ‘Dharon Ki Dhar’ village of Solan district, has
brought laurels to the state by bagging the Pandit Deendayal Upadhyay Antyoday Krishi Puraskar
(Zonal) 2019 institute by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR). Karan is a postgraduate
in fruit science from Dr Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry (UHF),
Nauni. He ventured into flower and fruit plants nursery production in the year 2012-13.
The award was announced during the 92nd Foundation Day celebrations of ICAR held earlier this
week. This year awardees under 20 different categories were selected. These comprise three
institutions, two AICRP, 14 KVKs, scientists, farmers, journalists and staff members of various ICAR
institutes. The farmers were awarded under four categories. Under Pandit Deendayal Upadhyay
Antyoday Krishi Puraskar, 1 national and 11 zonal awards were given.

For Zone 1 comprising Punjab, Jammu & Kashmir, Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh, Karan shared
the award with Chakmaur Singh of Moga, Punjab. The award carries a citation and a cash prize of Rs
25,000 each. The award recognizes the contributions of marginal and small farmers for developing
sustainable integrated models of farming.

Karan has set an example in commercial nursery production of fruit plants along with protected
cultivation of flowers. He converted his professional skills acquired from UHF Nauni into
entrepreneurship. Starting from a polyhouse of 100 sq mt in 2012, Karan presently has 3,000 sq.
meter area under polyhouse in which he grows carnations and earns Rs 13 lakh annually.

Another feather in his cap is the production of a quality nursery of apple, plum, pear, pomegranate,
kiwi, apricot, peach nectarine and persimmon. The fruit nursey business fetches him around Rs 14
lakh annually and also helps provide jobs to several locals. Karan acknowledges the support of the
university and the Krishi Vigyan Kendra Solan, which have provided him with guidance and
knowledge to grow his venture. His success has helped him become an inspiration for young farmers
who want to pursue agriculture as an enterprise
Dr Parvinder Kaushal, Vice-Chancellor, UHF Nauni congratulated Karan on bringing laurels to the
state and the university. He said that it was heartening to see an alumnus of the university to succeed
in the agri-horticulture field and become an inspiration for students and farmers of the state. Dr PK
Mahajan, Director Extension Education, Dr DP Sharma, in charge KVK Solan, scientists and staff of
the university also congratulated Karan on his achievement.

SUMMARY
► Maximum farmers of village kothi deora belongs to age group of 30 to 40 and and all the farmers
are literate and aware towards their cropping system.
► Solan is known for the cultivation of tomato and here I have seen that every farmer is growing
tomato in its native season.
► Every farmer here having at least one cow for their milk consumption and for the purpose of
making manures.
► Farmers are not much aware about the soil testing and nutrient deficiency of soil just few farmers
had done their soil testing.
► Farmers are using excessive urea in their crops without knowing the actual value of N:P:K in their
soils.
► farmers are not aware about all the policies of GOVT only 4 farmers had completed their
reservation under Pradhan mantri fassal bima yojna. Manrega card and KCC is common now among
the farmers but rather than this no one is aware aboit other farming policies and schemes.

► Farmers are using water channels which are constructed all around the village ffor irrigation.
Farmers are aware about drip system but only few farmers had adopted this technique.
► Farmers here now focusing more on multiple cropping system by growing vegetables in their apple
or plum orchards. It is the best use of vacant space between vigorous fruit trees.

► Nearby KVK kandaghat is also providing the best service to farmers because every month they
organise various farming training. Many farmers from this village had attended training on pruning
techniques and on floriculture system.
► Farmers here are also have greenhouse and shade net house in which they are cultivating various
flowering varieties like Carnation, rose etc.
► Farmers are not aware about various diseases, mostly farmers depend upon the agrochemical
traders for solution of their crop problems.
► Diseases are not similar in every farmer’s field but the farmers having similar diseases have fields
close to each other.
► In this village there is no problem of animals entering in the fields or problem of monkeys.
► Many farmers or I can say those farmers who are young trying to do natural farming with the help
of subhash Palekar SPNF farming model.
► Land holding of farmers is very small and maximum farmers are marginal farmers.
marketing of the agricultural product is done in nearby vegetable mandi.
► Main cash crops are tomato, capsicum, pea and cauliflower.
► Labour becomes a problem during peak harvesting season.
► Many farmers here are not having their own land and they are doing farming on lease land.
► One dairy farm is just 2 km away from the village. Except this no processing plant for agricultural
products is there.

SUGESTION TO FARMER:
Necessary action for bridging up of technological gap through the appropriate intervention
of research institute, Govt., KVK, NGO, NABARD, etc.
► Seed treatment should be taken up as a routine job to control crop diseases.
►Alternative employment opportunity be made through investment in processing unit or
agro-industry sectors.
►Training & demonstration on modern agricultural technology may be conducted regularly.
►Emphasis on high value and quality crop production through integrated farming system.
►Efficient input supply (seed, fertilizer, plant protection chemical, etc.) mechanism.
►Diversification of crop as well as farm be followed.
►Set up of more Farmers’ Club, SHGs, etc. be initiated.
►Investment in agro-based industry from both Govt. and private sectors may be attempted.
►Arrangement for encouraging organic farming (bio-fertilizer, vermicompost, etc.).
►Technology of conservation agriculture be introduced.
►Integrated disease, pest and nutrient management be encouraged.
►Popularization of Bio-control measure be started.
►Awareness be developed to mitigate impact of climate change.
► Identification and scope for investment on new entrepreneurship like mushroom,
beekeeping, livestock, etc. may be considered.
►Arrangement and awareness of institutional credit facilities in easy terms and conditions
be made

CONCLUSION:

RAWE is an exposure programme conducted to make the agricultural student acquainted with the real
field situation. To test the feasibility of knowledge gained during class room teaching and its
application in the farmer’s field. From orientation programme to till submission of report every
moment in RAWE has been exciting, exploring, alighting, enriching, adventurous and unforgettable.
The following aspects of RAWE programme help me a lot:
► It helped me a lot in experiencing the real facts of agriculture which we only learn in books.
it gives immense pleasure when we give some solution to the farmer
► We identified various productive resources and suggested them how they can earn more.
► Improved communication skill by interaction with the host farmer and other farmer during the
village activities
►Feedback and interaction with the farmers and guidance and suggestions of our supervisors help us
to redefine extension service necessary for all round development of the village.
► It offers an opportunity to gain experience of rural area, rural people, their social structure, values,
livelihood and culture for making extension work successful.
► It includes, time management and logical approach to problems.
►RAWE helped me to understand the real socio-economic condition of the farmer.
►RAWE helped me in getting familiar with actual farming practices.