CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND EQUATIONS

CHEMICAL REACTIONS
The transformation of chemical substance into another chemical substance is known as Chemical Reaction.
For example: Rusting of iron, the setting of milk into curd, digestion of food, respiration, etc.

Changes takes place in Chemical Reaction

• Change in Colour
• Evolution of Gas
• Evolution or absorption of heat
• Change in physical state
• Formation of precipitate

NaOH + HCl ———→NaCl + H2O

(Reactants). (Products)

➢ The Substances which take part in chemical reaction are called reactants. (Always written on LHS of
equation) As sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid in above reaction.
➢ The substances which are formed as a result of chemical reactions are called Products. (Always written
on RHS of equation) As Sodium Chloride and Water in above reaction.
➢ → Shows the direction of reaction.

CHEMICAL EQUATION
o A chemical equation is a statement of chemical reaction in terms of language of chemistry.
o Word Equation: Magnesium +Oxygen → Magnesium Oxide
o The Necessary condition such as temperature they should or any catalyst should be written on arrow between
reactants end products.
o Writing the symbols and formulae: Mg + O2 → MgO.

BALANCING CHEMICAL EQUATION

▪ Mg + O2 → MgO (Unbalanced / Skeletal Chemical equation)
▪ law of conservation of mass : Matter can neither be created nor be destroyed in Chemical reaction.
▪ So number of atoms of the elements involved in chemical reaction should remain same on both sides.

STEPS OF BALANCING AN EQUATION

Step 1: Put all reactants and products in boxes so that you do not change the formula.

[Fe] + [ H2O] ―――→ [ Fe3O4] + [ H2]

Type of Atom Reactants Products

 Fe 1 3
H 2 2
O 1 4
Step 2: List all different types of atoms on both sides. Start balancing with maximum number of Aroms.

[Fe] + 4[ H2O] ―――→ [ Fe3O4] + [ H2]

Type of Atom Reactants Products
Fe 1 3
O 4×1=4 4
H 4×2=8 2

Step 3: Follow step two tor all rest elements.

3[Fe] +4 [ H2O] ―――→ [ Fe3O4] + 4[ H2]

Type of atom Reactants Products

Fe 1×3=3 3
O 4 4
H 8 2×4

Step 4: Finally check the number of atoms in both sides again.

3[Fe] +4 [ H2O] ―――→ [ Fe3O4] + 4[ H2]

Tyeps of Atom Reactants Products

Fe 3 3
O 4 4
H 8 8

Step 5: Write physical states of the molecules and atoms.

3[Fe] (s)+4 [ H2O](g) ―――→ [ Fe3O4](s) + 4[ H2]↑(g)

TYPES OF CHEMCAL REACTIONS

COMBINATION REACTION: Reaction in which two or more reactants combine to
form a single product.
e.g.
I. Burning of Coal : C (s) + O2 (g) ―――→ CO2(g)
II. Formation of Water : 2H2(g) + O2 (g) ―――→ 2H2O(l)
III. CaO(s) + H2O(l) ―――→ Ca(OH)2
★Use in white washing

★Large amount of heat release with hissing sound

EXOTHERMIC REACTIONS: Reactions in which formation of products is accompanied by
evolution of heat are known as exothermic reaction.
e.g. ○ CH4(g) + O2(g)―――→ CO2(g) + 2H2O(l) +Heat

○ CaO(s) + H2O(l) ―――→ Ca(OH)2(aq) +Heat

• Respiration is also an exothermic reaction because the glucose combines with

oxygen in the cells of our body and provides energy.
C6H12O6(aq) + 6O2(g) ―――→ 6CO2(g) + 6H2O(l) + Energy.
DECOMPOSITION REACTIONS: The reaction in which a compound splits into two or more
substance(s) is called decomposition reaction.

A→B+C
Mainly decomposition reactions are three types:

THERMAL DECOMPOSITION : Decomposition reaction is achieved by supplying heat

energy.
➢ FeSO2(s) ―∆―→ Fe2O3(s) +SO2(g) + SO3(g)
➢ Pb(NO3)2(s) ―∆―→ 2PbO(s) + 4NO2(g) brown fuming gas + O2(g)
➢ CaCO3(s) –∆―→ CaO(s) + CO2(g)

ELECTROLYTIC DECOMPOSITION : Decomposition reaction is achieved by supplying

electricity. (A.k.a electrolysis)
➢ 2H2O(l) ――I―→ 2H2(g) + O2(g)

★ During the electrolysis of water H2SO4 is added to increase the number of ions.

★Volume of hydrogen gas collected at cathode is double than the volume of oxygen gas
collected at anode.

PHOTOLYTIC DECOMPOSITION : Decomposition reaction is achieved by in presence of

sunlight.
➢ 2AgCl (s) ――uv→ 2Ag (s) + Cl2 (g)
➢ 2AgBr (s) ――uv→ 2Ag (s) + Br2 (g)
★ Silver compounds turns grey on exposure to sunlight.
★ Chlorine gas can recognize by its pungent smell.
★ Above reactions are used in black and white photography.
Advantages of decomposition reaction
 1. Extraction of Metals
2. Isolation of some non-metals
3. Digestion of food in our body.
ENDOTHERMIC REACTION : The chemical reaction in which formation of products is
accompanied by the absorption of heat are knowns as endothermic reactions.

→ All decomposition reactions are endothermic in nature. Energy in the form of heat light or
electricity is generally absorbed in these reactions.

DISPLACEMENT REACTION : Those reactions in which more active elements displaces or

remove a less reactive element from its compound are called displacement reactions.
➢ Fe(s) + CuSO4(aq) blue ―→ FeSO4(aq)green + Cu (s) Reddish brown ( Fe>Cu)
➢ Zn(s) + CuSO4(aq) blue ―→ ZnSO4(aq) colourless + Cu (s) Reddish brown ( Zn>Cu)
➢ Mg(s) + CuSO4(aq) blue ―→ MgSO4(aq) + Cu(s) (Mg>Cu)
➢ Pb(s) +CuCl2(aq) ―→ PbCl2(aq) + Cu(s) (Pb>Cu)
➢ Cu(s) + 2AgNO3(aq) ―→ Cu(NO3)2(aq) + 2Ag(s) (Cu>Ag)
➢ 2KI (aq) + Cl2(aq) ―→ 2KCl (aq) +I2(g) (Cl>I)
★Like metals a more active kon metals also displaces a less reactive non metal
from its compound.
DOUBLE DISPLACEMENT REACTIONS : Reactions in which two compounds react by
exchange or displacement of ions to from new compounds are called double displacement
reactions.
➢ Na2SO4(aq) + BaCl2(aq) ――→ 2NaCl (aq) + BaSO4(s)↓ white ppt.

★In this reaction, Sulphate (SO4 2-) ions displaces Chloride (Cl –) ions and vice versa.
PRECIPITATION REACTION: Those reaction in which two clear and transparent solutions on
mixing result in the formation of an insoluble product are known as precipitation reaction.
Insoluble product is known as precipitate (ppt) and denoted by ‛↓’.
➢ CuSO4(aq) + H2S(g) ――→ H2SO4(aq) + CuS(S)↓(black ppt.)
➢ Na2S(aq) + (CH3COO)2Pb(aq)――→ 2CH3COONa(aq)+ PbS(s)↓ (black ppt.)
➢ AgNO3(aq) + NaI (aq) ――→ NaNO3(aq) + AgI(s)↓ (yellow ppt.)

OXIDATION : It is defined as a process w H2hich involves the addition of oxygen or removal

of hydrogen.
2Cu(s) + O2(g) ――→ 2CuO (s)
H2S (g) + Br2(g) ――→ 2HBr (g) + S (s)
★ Oxidising Agent is defined as a substance which provides oxygen or remove hydrogen.

★ Oxidation also can define as an atom ion or a molecules looses electrons

Na ―oxidation→ Na+ + e –

REDUCTION : It is just the reverse of oxidation and is defined as process which

involves of addition of hydrogen or the removal of oxygen.
Cl2(g) + H2(g) ―――→ 2HCl
H2O(g) + C (s) ――→ CO(g) + H2(g)
★ Reducing Agent is defines as a substance which provides hydrogen or removes
oxygen.
★ Reduction also can defines as an atom ion or a molecules gain electrons.
Cu 2+ + 2e - ―reduction→ Cu
REDOX REACTION : Those Chemical reactions in which oxidation and reduction
occur simultaneously are called Redox Reaction.
CuO (s) +H2 (g) ――→ Cu (s) + H2O (l)
Here, CuO got reduce and form Cu while H oxidised and form water.
2

CORROSION : Metals when kept exposed, react with air moisture, acids, and other gas present in
the atmosphere and get corrode. This process is called corrosion.
1. Rusting of Iron
2. Blackberry 7 colour patches in silver

Prevention:
★ Apply layer of paint over metal articles.
★ Apply oil and Greesing
★ Galvanisation

RANCIDITY : Oxidation or oil and fats contained in the food and the food is said to
have rancid and the process called rancidity.
★ It affects the taste and smell
 Prevention:
★ Add antioxidant
★ Keep food in refrigerator
★ Use airtight containers
→ Chips manufacturers flush bags of chips with nitrogen to prevent the chips being
oxidised and hence rancid.

MCQ'S

Q1. Magnesium ribbon is rubbed before burning because it has a coating of

(a) basic magnesium carbonate
(b) basic magnesium oxide
(c) basic magnesium sulphide
(d) basic magnesium chloride

Q2. Give the ratio in which hydrogen and oxygen are present in water by volume.
(a) 1:2
(b) 1:1
(c) 2:1
(d) 1:8

Q3. MnO2 + 4HCl → 2 + 2H2O + Cl2

Identify the substance oxidized in the above . equation.
(a) MnCl2
(b) HCl
(c) H2O
(d) MnO2

Q4 A substance ‘X’ is used in white-washing and is obtained by heating limestone in the absence of air. Identify
‘X’.
(a) CaOCl2
(b) Ca (OH)2
(c) CaO
(d) CaCO3

Q5 Which of the following is an endothermic process?

(a) Dilution of sulphuric acid
(b) Sublimation of dry ice
(c) Condensation of water vapours
(d) Respiration in human beings

Q6 In the double displacement reaction between aqueous potassium iodide and aqueous lead nitrate, a yellow
precipitate of lead iodide is formed. While performing the activity if lead nitrate is not available, which of the
following can be used in place of lead nitrate?
(a) Lead sulphate (insoluble)
(&) Lead acetate
(c) Ammonium nitrate
(d) Potassium sulphate

Q7 A substance added to food containing fats and oils is called:

(a) Oxidant
(b) Rancid
(c) Coolant
(d) Antioxidant

Q8 Name the products formed when iron filings are heated with dilute hydrochloric acid
(a) Fe (III) chloride and water
(b) Fe (II) chloride and water
(c) Fe (II) chloride and hydrogen gas
(d) Fe (III) chloride and hydrogen gas

Q9 Pb + CuCl2 → PbCl2 + Cu
The above reaction is an example of:
(a) combination
(b) double displacement
(c) decomposition
(d) displacement

Q10 Which of the following gases can be used for storage (a) Carbon dioxide or Oxygen
(b) Nitrogen or Oxygen
(c) Carbon dioxide or Helium
(d) Helium or Nitrogen

Q11 What chemicals are used in fireworks?

A) Copper chloride
B) Calcium chloride
C) Barium chloride
D) All of above

Q12 When crystals of lead nitrate are heated strongly in a dry test tube
A) Crystals immediately melt
B) A brown residue is left
C) White fumes appear in the tube
D) A yellow residue is left

Q13 The reaction in which two compounds exchange their ions to form two new compounds is called
A) Displacement reaction
B) Combination reaction
C) Double displacement reaction
D) Redox reaction

Q14 Consider reaction is an example of

(a) 4NH₃ (g) + 5O₂ (g) → 4NO (g) + 6H₂O (g) (a). Displacement reaction,
(b) Combination reaction
(c) Redox reaction
(d) Neutralization reaction.
A) (A) & (D)
B) (B) & (C)
C) (A) & (C)
D) (C) & (D)

Q15 We store silver chloride in a dark coloured bottle because it is

A) A white solid
B) Undergoes redox reaction
C) To avoid action by sunlight
D) None of the above

ASSERTION AND REASON

Following questions consist of two statements – Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Answer these questions selecting the
appropriate option given below:
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c) A is true but R is false.
(d) A is false but R is true.

Q.1. Assertion (A) : Decomposition of vegetable matter into compost is an example of exothermic
reactions.Reason (R) : Exothermic reaction are those reactions in which heat is evolved.

Q.2. Assertion (A) : When HCl is added to zinc granules, a chemical reaction occurs.Reason (R) : Evolution of a
gas and change in colour indicate that the chemical reaction is taking place.

Q3. Assertion (A) : Calcium carbonate when heated gives calcium oxide and water.Reason (R) : On heating
calcium carbonate, decomposition reaction takes place.

Q.4. Assertion (A) : Brown fumes are produced when lead nitrate is heated.Reason (R) : Nitrogen dioxide gas
is produced as a by product due to the decomposition of lead nitrate.

Q.5. Assertion (A) : White silver chloride turns grey in sunlight.Reason (R) : Decomposition of silver chloride in
presence of sunlight takes place to form silver metal and chlorine gas.

Q6. Assertion (A): Pungent smelling gas is produced when sulphur burns in air.Reason (R) : Sulphur trioxide is
formed on reaction of sulphur with oxygen.

Q7. Assertion (A) : In a reaction of copper with oxygen, copper serves as a reducing agent.Reason (R) : The
substance which gains oxygen in a chemical reaction acts as a reducing agent.
Q8. Assertion (A) : In electrolysis of water, the volume of hydrogen liberated is twice the volume of oxygen
formed.Reason (R) : Water (H,0) has hydrogen and oxygen in the ratio of 1:2 by volume.

Q9. Assertion (A): Corrosion of iron is commonly known as rusting.Reason (R) : Corrosion of iron occurs in
presence of water and air.

Q10. Assertion (A)- Calcium Carbonate when heated gives calcium oxide and water.Reason (R) – on
heating CaCO3, decomposition reaction takes place.

CASE STUDY
Q1. A chemical reaction is a representation of chemical change in terms of symbols and formulae of reactants and
products. There are various types of chemical reactions like combination, decomposition, displacement, double
displacement, oxidation, and reduction reactions. Reactions in which heat is released along with the formation of
products are called exothermic chemical reactions. All combustion reactions are exothermic reactions.

I) The chemical reaction in which a single substance breaks down into two or simpler substances upon heating
is known as
(a) thermal decomposition reaction
(b) photodecomposition reaction
(c) electric decomposition reaction
(d) both (a) and (c)
II) The massive force that pushes the rocket forward through space is generated due to the
(a) combination reaction
(b) decomposition reaction
(c) displacement reaction
(d) double displacement reaction
III) A white salt on heating decomposes to give brown fumes and the yellow residue is left behind. The yellow
residue left is of
(a) lead nitrate
(b) nitrogen oxide
(c) lead oxide
(d) oxygen gas
IV) Which of the following reactions represents a combination reaction?
(a) CaO (s) + H2O (l) → Ca(OH)2 (aq)
(b) CaCO3 (s) → CaO (s) + CO2(g)
(c) Zn(s) + CuSO4 (aq) → ZnSO4 (aq) + Cu(s)
(d) 2FeSO4(s) → Fe2O3 (s) +SO2(g) + SO3(g)

V) Complete the following statements by choosing correct type of reaction for X and Y.
Statement 1: The heating of lead nitrate is an example of ‘X’ reaction.
Statement 2: The burning of magnesium is an example of ‘Y’ reaction.
(a) X- Combination, Y- Decomposition
(b) X- Decomposition, Y-Combination
(c) X- Combination, Y-Displacement
(d) X- Displacement, Y- Decomposition
Q2. Q solution of slaked lime is used for whitewashing wallsA Calcium hydro:ide reacts slowly with the carbon
dio:ide in air to form a thin layer of calcium carbonate on the wallsA Calcium carbonate is formed after two to three
days of whitewashing and gives a shiny Fnish to the walls.

I) What is the main component of the solution used for whitewashing walls?
a) Calcium hydroxide b) Calcium carbonate c) Carbon dioxide d) Slaked lime
II) What reaction takes place between calcium hydroxide and carbon dioxide in the air during the
whitewashing process?
a) Oxidation reaction b) Reduction reaction c) Acid-base reaction d) Precipitation reaction.
III) Which of the following is chemical formula of slaked like?
a)Calcium Oxide b) calcium hydroxide c)Calcium carbonate d)calcium sulphate.

IV) Which of the following is/are the example of combination reaction?

I) burning of coal b) Formation of water from hydrogen and oxygen c)Formation of slaked lime
from quick lime d) all of above.

V) Which of the gas turn lime water milky?

A)Carbon dioxide b)carbon Monoxide c)Hydrogen d) oxygen