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Soft Computing and Neural Network Unit 1

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14 views

Soft Computing and Neural Network Unit 1

rttrrtrt

Uploaded by

hors3110raj
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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What is Artificial Intelligence?

According to the father of Artificial Intelligence John McCarthy,


it is “The science and engineering of making intelligent
machines, especially intelligent computer programs”.Artificial
Intelligence is a way of making a computer, a computer-
controlled robot, or a software think intelligently, in the
similar manner the intelligent humans think.AI is accomplished
by studying how human brain thinks, and how humans learn,
decide, and work while trying to solve a problem, and then
using the outcomes of this study as a basis of developing
intelligent software and systems.

Goals of AI

 To Create Expert Systems: The systems which exhibit


intelligent behavior, learn, demonstrate, explain, and advice its
users.

 To Implement Human Intelligence in Machines: Creating


systems that
understand, think, learn, and behave like humans.

Applications of AI

AI has been dominant in various fields such as:

 Gaming AI plays crucial role in strategic games such as


chess, poker, tic-tac-toe, etc., where machine can think of large
number of possible positions based on heuristic knowledge.
 Natural Language Processing
It is possible to interact with the computer that understands
natural language spoken by humans.

 Expert Systems
There are some applications which integrate machine, software,
and special
information to impart reasoning and advising. They provide
explanation and advice to the users.

 Vision Systems
These systems understand, interpret, and comprehend visual
input on the computer.
For example, A spying aeroplane takes photographs which are
used to figure out spatial information or map of the areas.
o Doctors use clinical expert system to diagnose the patient.
o Police use computer software that can recognize the face of
criminal with the
stored portrait made by forensic artist.

 Speech Recognition
Some intelligent systems are capable of hearing and
comprehending the language in terms of sentences and their
meanings while a human talks to it. It can handle different
accents, slang words, noise in the background, change in
human’s noise due to cold, etc.

 Handwriting Recognition
The handwriting recognition software reads the text written on
paper by a pen or on screen by a stylus. It can recognize the
shapes of the letters and convert it into editable text.
 Intelligent Robots
Robots are able to perform the tasks given by a human. They
have sensors to detect
physical data from the real world such as light, heat,
temperature, movement, sound, bump, and pressure. They have
efficient processors, multiple sensors and huge memory, to
exhibit intelligence. In addition, they are capable of learning
from their mistakes and they can adapt to the new environment.

The domain of artificial intelligence is huge in breadth and


width. While proceeding, we consider the broadly common and
prospering research areas in the eaai

Artificial Neural Network (ANN)


An artificial neural network (ANN) is the piece of a computing system
designed to simulate the way the human brain analyzes and processes
information. It is the foundation of artificial intelligence (AI) and solves
problems that would prove impossible or difficult by human or statistical
standards. ANNs have self-learning capabilities that enable them to
produce better results as more data becomes available.
The typical Artificial Neural Network looks something like the given figure.

Fuzzy Logic Introduction


The term fuzzy refers to things which are not clear or are vague. In the real world
many times we encounter a situation when we can’t determine whether the state is
true or false, their fuzzy logic provides a very valuable flexibility for reasoning. In this
way, we can consider the inaccuracies and uncertainties of any situation.
In boolean system truth value, 1.0 represents absolute truth value and 0.0 represents
absolute false value. But in the fuzzy system, there is no logic for absolute truth and
absolute false value. But in fuzzy logic, there is intermediate value too present which
is partially true and partially false.

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