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95 views5 pages

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saadalimubarack
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NAME: SAAD ALI MUBARAK

CLASS:BSCS-1
ROLL NO:222201017

ASSIGNMENT NO 3
OSI MODEL
1-What is OSI Model?
The open systems interconnection (OSI) model is a conceptual model created by the International Organization for
Standardization which enables diverse communication systems to communicate using standard protocols. In plain
English, the OSI provides a standard for different computer systems to be able to communicate with each other.

2-Characteristics of OSI Model:


Here are some important characteristics of the OSI model:

• A layer should only be created where the definite levels of abstraction are needed.
• The function of each layer should be selected as per the internationally standardized protocols.
• The number of layers should be large so that separate functions should not be put in the same layer. At the
same time, it should be small enough so that architecture doesn’t become very complicated.

3-Why of OSI Model?:


The purpose of the OSI reference model is to guide technology vendors and developers so the digital
communications products and software programs they create can interoperate and to promote a clear framework
that describes the functions of a networking or telecommunications system that's in use.
4-History of OSI Model:
Here are essential landmarks from the history of OSI model:

• In the late 1970s, the ISO conducted a program to develop general standards and methods of networking.
• In 1973, an Experimental Packet Switched System in the UK identified the requirement for defining the
higher-level protocols.
• In the year 1983, OSI model was initially intended to be a detailed specification of actual interfaces.
• In 1984, the OSI architecture was formally adopted by ISO as an international standard

5- 7 Layers of OSI Model:

1. Physical Layer in OSI Model

2. Data Link Layer in OSI Model

3. Network Layer in OSI Model

4. Transport Layer in OSI Model

5. Session Layer in OSI Model

6. Presentation Layer in OSI Model

7. Application Layer in OSI Model

6-Physical Layer:
The physical layer is responsible for the physical cable or wireless connection between network nodes. It defines
the connector, the electrical cable or wireless technology connecting the devices, and is responsible for
transmission of the raw data, which is simply a series of 0s and 1s, while taking care of bit rate control.
7- Data Link Layer:
The data link layer establishes and terminates a connection between two physically connected nodes on a network.
It breaks up packets into frames and sends them from source to destination. This layer is composed of two parts—
Logical Link Control (LLC), which identifies network protocols.

8- Transport Layer:
The transport layer takes data transferred in the session layer and breaks it into “segments” on the transmitting
end. It is responsible for reassembling the segments on the receiving end, turning it back into data that can be used
by the session layer. The transport layer carries out flow control, sending data at a rate that matches the
connection speed of the receiving device.

9- Network Layer:
The network layer has two main functions. One is breaking up segments into network packets, and reassembling
the packets on the receiving end. The other is routing packets by discovering the best path across a physical
network. The network layer uses network addresses (typically Internet Protocol addresses) to route packets to a
destination node.

10- Session Layer:


The session layer creates communication channels, called sessions, between devices. It is responsible for opening
sessions, ensuring they remain open and functional while data is being transferred, and closing them when
communication ends. The session layer can also set checkpoints during a data transfer—if the session is
interrupted, devices can resume data transfer from the last checkpoint.

11- Presentation Layer:


The presentation layer prepares data for the application layer. It defines how two devices should encode, encrypt,
and compress data so it is received correctly on the other end. The presentation layer takes any data transmitted
by the application layer and prepares it for transmission over the session layer.
12- Application Layer:
The application layer is used by end-user software such as web browsers and email clients. It provides protocols
that allow software to send and receive information and present meaningful data to users. A few examples of
application layer protocols are the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), File Transfer Protocol (FTP), Post Office
Protocol (POP), Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP), and Domain Name System (DNS).

13-Interaction Between OSI Model Layers:


Each layer is assumed to handle messages or data from the layers that are above or below it.

This is done by following protocol rules. Thus, each layer takes data from the adjacent layer, Handles it according
to these rules, and then sends the processed data to the next layer on the other side

14-Protocol Support at various level:

Layer Name Protocols


Layer 7 Application SMTP, HTTP, FTP, POP3, SNMP
Layer 6 Presentation MPEG, ASCH, SSL, TLS
Layer 5 Session NetBIOS, SAP
Layer 4 Transport TCP, UDP
Layer 3 Network IPV5, IPV6, ICMP, IPSEC, ARP, MPLS.
Layer 2 Data Link RAPA, PPP, Frame Relay, ATM, Fiber Cable, etc.
Layer 1 Physical RS232, 100BaseTX, ISDN, 11.

15-Advantages of OSI Model:


• Enables standardization of hardware devices.
• The standardization reduces complexity in interfaces.
• It is useful for facilitating modular engineering.
• Ensure interoperable technology and evolution acceleration.
• The protocols are replaceable with technology changes.
16-Disadvantages of OSI Model:
• The protocol fitting is very long and dull.
• It is only useful as a reference model.
• It doesn’t follow a particular protocol.
• Many layers have similar or same services.

THE END

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