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Lab (1) H

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LUBNA JAVED
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30 views4 pages

Lab (1) H

Uploaded by

LUBNA JAVED
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Abstract:

The basic concepts and uses of analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) are explored in this experiment
within the framework of physics experiments. In order to help current data collection systems, the study
tries to give an extensive overview of how to convert from analog signals typically generated in physical
phenomena to digital data. In order to convert analog signals that reflect physical quantities into digital
form for further analysis, a basic ADC setup is used in the experiment. The impact of critical parameters
on the quality and correctness of the digitized data is examined, especially resolution, sample rate, and
precision.

History & Introduction:


In 1920 Alec Harley Reeves laid the base for ADC technology with his work on pulse-width modulation
(PWM). By changing the width of the sequence of pulses it converts an analog signal. While, In 1940
Claude Shannon give his revolutionary NY Quist-Shannon sampling theorem defined the minimum
sampling rate needed to represent an analog signal digitally. And Bell Labs Researchers in 1940 work
practically. For early ADC they rely on huge vacuum tubes that use PWM method. Major advancement is
proving that it is possible to convert analog signals from the actual world into digital data, though it
wasn't Tiny.
ADC is a converter that is used to change analog to digital signal it is a kind of integrated circuit that
convert signal from discrete to continuous form. The inverse of DAC is ADC. Its symbol is:

ADC block diagram consist of sample, hold, quantize, and encoder. First of all the analog signal is
applied on sample wherever it can be sampled at a particular sampling frequency. The amplitude value
can be maintained and kept within second block like Hold. The hold section can be measured into discrete
value through third block quantize. The last block like encoder convert the discrete amplitude into binary
number. Introduction to AC-DC Converters. This conversion process is essential because many electronic
devices operate on DC, despite AC being the primary mode of power supply in most residential and
commercial setups.
Understanding AC and DC
Alternating Current (AC) and Direct Current (DC) represent the two primary types of electrical current.
AC, which periodically changes its direction and amplitude, is the standard form of electricity supplied to
homes and businesses. On the other hand, DC flows consistently in one direction and is commonly used
by electronic devices such as smartphones, laptops, and televisions.
Need for AC-DC Conversion
Since many electronic devices require DC power but are often supplied with AC power, there arises a
need for conversion. An AC-DC converter, therefore, acts as an intermediary to convert the power supply
into a format that the electronic device can utilize.
Principle of AC-DC Converters:
AC-DC converters use a process known as rectification to convert AC into DC. This process is achieved
primarily through electronic components known as diodes, which allow current to flow in one direction
but block it in the opposite direction. Rectification can be of two types: half-wave rectification and full-
wave rectification, both having different efficiencies and applications.
Important Components in AC-DC Converters
Sample:

In sample block, analog signal can be tested at exact time interval. The models are utilized in continuous
amplitude and have real value but they are discrete with respect to time. Sampling frequency plays an
important role in it. So it can be kept at a precise rate. Sampling rate can be fixed on requirements.

Hold

Hold is the second block that doesn’t have any function as it have the sample amplitude until the next
sample is taken.

Quantize

Third block is used for quantization. It convert the amplitude from continuous (analog) into discrete.
Continuous amplitude value within hold block move during quantize block to convert into discrete in
amplitude. Signal will be in digital form as it consist of discrete amplitude as well as time.

Encoder

Encoder is a block that change signal from digital to binary form. By using binary signals a digital device
works. So we have to change signal from digital to binary with encoder. This is a method to convert an
analog signal to digital using an ADC. This can be done within a microsecond.

AC-DC converters are serious in today’s electronic landscape, bridging the gap between the standard
power supply and the power requirements of countless devices. In the following section, we’ll research
deeper into the working of these converters, their design considerations, and the emerging trends in this
field.

Types of Analog to Digital Converters:

 Linear power supplies: these are traditional converters characterized by a simple design and
low output noise. But they are less efficient and generate more heat.
 Switch mode power supplies: these are the modern converters with a high efficiency,
complex design and less heat. They produce high frequency noise.
The choosing of these converters depends on the requirements. LPS is suitable for low noise system.
SMPs is preferred for its efficiency, in power hungry system.

Working of ACDC converter:


These converters typically consist of four stages: Transformer, Rectifier, Filter, and Regulator. The
Transformer steps down the high-voltage AC supply to a safe, lower voltage level. The Rectifier converts
the stepped-down AC into a pulsating DC. The Filter smoothens the pulsating DC, and finally, the
Regulator ensures a constant DC output regardless of changes in the input or load.
Design Considerations

Designing an AC-DC converter requires a careful understanding of several parameters like input voltage,
output voltage, load current, efficiency, and noise. These parameters are essential as they directly
influence the choice of components, circuit topology, and control methods.

Emerging Trends

With technological advancements, AC-DC converters have become more compact, efficient, and reliable.
Innovations are primarily driven by a growing demand for power efficiency and the integration of
renewable energy systems. Notably, the development of GaN (Gallium Nitride) and SiC (Silicon Carbide)
based converters has led to significant improvements in terms of efficiency and power density.

Applications / real life uses:

These ACDC converters are used in different process/system given as :

 Industrial process control system consumer devices.

 Measurements of equipments.

 Semiconductor manufacturing equipment.

 Medical devices

 Defense applications.

 Cell phone chargers

 Electric consumer devices.

Conclusion:

AC-DC converters play a pivotal role in our daily lives, helping electronic devices to function correctly
with the standard AC power supply. these converters continue to evolve, adapting to the changing
demands of power electronics. Understanding their function and working principle is crucial for any
electronics professional. As we progress into the future, the question for more efficient and compact
converters continues, driving innovations and leading to a more sustainable and power-efficient world.

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