MODULE-Basic Safety

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REFRESHER COURSE

FOR
BASIC TRAINING

TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER

1 Course General Overview

2 Donning and Using an Immersion Suit

3 Jumping Safely From a Height Into the Water

4 Swimming While Wearing a Lifejacket

5 Righting an Inverted Liferaft while Wearing a Lifejacket

6 Keeping Afloat Without a Lifejacket

7 Using Various Types of Portable Fire Extinguisher

8 Extinguishing Smaller Fires , E.G., Electrical Fires, Oil Fires, Propane Fires

9 Extinguishing Extensive Fire with Water With The Use of Jet and Spray Nozzles

10 Extinguishing Fire with Foam, Powder or any other Suitable Chemical Agent

11 Entering and Passing Through a Foam-Injected Compartment

12 Fight Fire in Smoke-Filled Enclosed Spaces Wearing SCBA

13 Extinguishing Fire with Water Fog or any other Suitable Fire-Fighting Agent in an
Accommodation Room or Simulated Engine-Room with Fire and Heavy Smoke
14 Extinguishing Oil Fire with Fog Applicator and Spray Nozzles, Dry Chemical Powder or Foam
Applicators

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COURSE GENERAL OVERVIEW

The Refresher Course for Basic Training covers the requirements of the Manila Amendments to the
International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers, 1978 (STCW
Convention) and the Seafarer's Training, Certification and Watchkeeping Code (STCW Code), in paragraph 3 of
section A-VI/1, that seafarers qualified in accordance with paragraph 2 in basic training shall be required, every
five years, to provide evidence of having maintained the required standard of competence, to undertake the
tasks, duties and responsibilities listed in column 1 of tables A-VI/1-1 and A-VI/1-2, by attendance at an
approved course which, for this purpose, is by undergoing a Refresher Training for Basic Safety Approved by
Maritime Industry Authority (MARINA), the designated Administration in the implementation of the said STCW
Convention and STCW Code.

This Refresher training shall be conducted for the duration of sixteen (16) hours, it will comprise two (2) distinct
modules of eight (8) hours each, i.e., Personal Survival Techniques (PST) and Fire Prevention of Fire Fighting
(FPFF), with the exception of some on board training and experiences considered as having maintained the
required standard of competence.

This course is open to all seafarers who have previously been certified in Basic Training and are capable of
meeting the physical and professional eligibility requirements for STCW certification.

PST AND FPFF: UNDERSTANDING ITS PRINCIPLES


PERSONAL SURVIVAL TECHNIQUES:

Part of the mandatory basic training for all seafarers, split into both theory and practical, including launching,
entering and righting a life raft, actions to be taken for self-protection in emergency situations, survival at sea
and deployment of safety equipment.

Its aim is to provide seafarers the essential knowledge and training in personal survival techniques, particularly
focusing on: understanding the main types of maritime emergencies, correct use of survival equipment
particularly life-jackets, immersion suits and inflatable life rafts as well as the principles of survival.

FIRE PREVENTION AND FIRE FIGHTING:

This is a part of the mandatory ‘Refresher Course for Basic Training’ and its aim is to give seafarers the
essential education and training in fire prevention and fire fighting, particularly focusing on:
• understanding the risk of fire onboard and how to minimize those risks
• learning how to fight and extinguish fires as well as search for and recover casualties
• learning how to wear firefighting equipment including personal breathing apparatus and safe use of fire
extinguishers

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EMEREGENCY, SAFETY AND SURVIVAL

1. EMERGENCY SITUATIONS
1.1. Emergency – a sudden or unexpected occurrence which needs an immediate action, remedy or
solution

Initial Action upon Discovering an Emergency

As stated previously, an accident or emergency such as fire will be quickly resolved if the correct
thing is done in the very first few minutes. However, if a small emergency is not dealt with
immediately, it can develop into a life threatening and potential ship loss situation.

Proper initial action upon discovering an emergency such as fire or flooding can be the difference
between the loss of the ship and saving the ship.

2. TYPES OF EMERGENCIES
2.1. Fire
TYPICAL INITIAL ACTION:
• alarm
• bring fire extinguisher
• contain
• describe

2.2. Flooding
TYPICAL INITIAL ACTION:
• alarm
• contain
• describe

2.3. Foundering – when a vessel is filled with water


SAFETY ACTIONS:
• emergency alarms sounded (internal and external)
• water tight door closed
• vessel’s position (available in radio room), satellite terminal and other automatic distress
transmitters, updated as necessary

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2.4. Main Engine Failure
SAFETY ACTIONS:
• master informed
• rudder and bow thrusters used to best navigational advantage
• preparations for anchoring if in a shallow water
• “not under command” shapes or lights exhibited

2.5. Steering Failure


SAFETY ACTIONS:
• engine room informed and alternative/emergency steering engaged
• master informed
• “not under command” shapes or lights exhibited
• appropriate sound signal made
• if necessary, way taken off ship
• warning broadcasted

2.6. Search and Rescue


SAFETY ACTIONS:
• distress message re-transmitted
• continuous listening watch on all distress frequencies maintained
• merchant ship SAR manual (MERSAR) consulted
• communication established between surface units and SAR aircraft on 2182/2187.5 KHZ
and/or channel 16/70
• position courses and speeds of other assisting units plotted
• radar made available for locating survival craft transponder signal

Actions Taken in an Emergency


• On discovering an emergency, raise the alarm immediately.
• Attempt to control the emergency by whatever means available until relieved by the emergency squad.
• Provide the control station with as much information as possible.
• On hearing the alarm all personnel must proceed immediately to their mustering station.

Precautions
Taking precautions to prevent such emergencies is everyone’s responsibility. Being prepared, knowing
where to go, what to do and how to do it when an emergency arises are absolutely essential beforehand.
The effectiveness of how an emergency is handled depends greatly on the expertise and training of all
personnel. In order to cope with an emergency situation the best way is to plan ahead.

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3. SAFETY AND SURVIVAL
Survival at sea is a positive mental attitude taken towards you and your surroundings in order to remain
alive or in existence during and after the occurrence of an emergency or accident onboard ship.

3.1. Survival in General


Proper preparation and knowledge can give a person a strong psychological edge to overcome a
survival situation. While no one expects to be in such situations, one can anticipate certain
conditions that

Dramatically increase the possibility. The moment you board a vessel, either as a passenger or a
crewmember, the odds of finding your life in danger are increased.

This is the main purpose of the STCW courses. By attending religiously the theoretical instruction
and participating actively in practical training and drills onboard you become equipped for survival.

It will not only be a sound advice but strong psychological support under survival conditions to
remember the letters keyed to the word…

S–U–R–V–I–V–A–L

S – size up the situation


U – undue haste makes waste
R – remember where you are
V – vanquish fear and panic
I – improvise
V – value living
A – act wisely and properly
L – learn basic skills

3.2. The Psychology of Survival


No one can ever be fully prepared for a survival situation. You may be lucky or smart, but no matter
how lucky or skillful you might be, to find yourself suddenly dislocated is a shock to the entire
human system-emotionally and mentally, as well as physically. It is important to understand the
psychology of survival.

3.3. The Will to Survive


The will to survive is the most important factor of survival. Whether you are with a group or alone,
emotional problem resulting from shock, fear, despair, loneliness and boredom will be experienced.
In additional to these mental hazards, the injury and pain, fatigue, hunger and thirst tax the will to

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survive. If you are not prepared mentally to overcome all obstacles and to except the worst, the
chances of surviving are greatly reduced.

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3.4. Familiarization/Training and Preparation
Familiarization/Training and preparation can give the survival victim a strong psychological edge
towards overcoming his survival situations. With the advent of modern and superior life-saving
appliances and equipment it has been said that a person’s chance of survival is better today than
any time in the past. Recent maritime disasters, however, indicate otherwise and it is very difficult
to conceive or believe that some individual wait to be in a survival situation to learn emergency
response procedures and how these saving life appliances or equipment operate. Training is not
only a part of preparation but could also give a person strong psychological support under survival
conditions. Lives have been lost needlessly due to lack of training, ignorance and misuse of life
saving equipment. So, is person’s chance of survival really better today than any time in the past?
The answer is-it depends on the person.

3.5. Panic and Fear


Almost everyone who has ever found himself lost, isolated and cut off from civilization has
experience fear-fear of unknown, fear of pain and discomfort, fear of one’s weaknesses. Under such
conditions, fear is not only normal, it is healthy; fear heightens one’s senses and attunes one to
potential dangers and hazards. Fear is the natural mechanism against hostility or the unknown.

But fear must be harnessed and properly channeled or it can lead to panic. Panic is the most
destructive response to a survival situation. Energy is wasted, rational thinking is impaired or
destroyed altogether, and positive steps to one’s survival become impossible. Panic can lead to
hopelessness, which can begin to break down one’s will to survive.

Several positive mental steps can be taken to make fear and ally and panic impossibility. As
mentioned above, preparation and knowledge of survival techniques instill confidence and lead to
control of one’s self as well as one’s environment. In addition, it is important to occupy your mind
immediately with an analysis of the situation and the survival tasks at hand.

3.6. Safety Onboard Ship


In every shipboard operation, the three prime factors that should be focused on by the onboard
personnel are – safety of the crew, safety of the ship and cargo, and protection of marine
environment. The ship’s crew should always remember that whatever they do, the bottom line in all
circumstances must be – ‘Safety First’.

3.7. Safety Guidance


To ensure your own safety and of others, you must follow some basic rules. These rules apply to
everyone employed or engage on board, not just the ship’s crew.
• Make sure you are familiar with the surroundings. This is a vital part of being safe.
• Listen carefully to everything you are told regarding safety aboard ship. As a minimum
requirements, you must be able to:
‐ Communicate with other persons onboard on emergency safety matters and understand
safety information symbols, sign and alarm signals.

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‐ Know what to do if a person falls overboard, if fire or abandonment alarm is sounded.
‐ Read muster list and identify muster and embarkations stations and emergency escape route.
‐ Locate and don lifejacket
‐ Raise the alarm and have basic knowledge of the use of portable fire extinguishers.
‐ Take immediate actions upon encountering an accident or other medical emergency before
asking further medical assistance onboard.
‐ Close and open fire, weather tight and water tight doors, other than those for hull opening.
‐ You must also take part in meetings, training sessions and emergency drills designed to
familiarize you with the ship and safety routines as directed and completely fill up/accomplish
all checklist, documents or forms you are given.
‐ The master must ensure you are familiarized with the company safety regulations, alarm
signals and your own safety routine in a language you understand. You can use this as an
opportunity to raise questions.
• Listen carefully to what you are told. If you are unsure about anything or if you want to know
more – ASK

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DONNING AND USING AN IMMERSION SUIT

Personal Flotation Device


1. Lifebuoy
2. Lifejacket
3. Liferaft / Lifeboat
4. Immersion suit
5. Anti-exposure suits
6. Thermal protective Aid

Life-Saving Appliances
Life-saving appliances and equipment will approve your chances of survival when shipwreck or other damage or
accident occurs. You must know where its location, know how to don and use the equipment or combination of
equipments in a situation at sea.

DESCRIPTION AND USAGE OF AN IMMERSION SUIT

An immersion suit is a body covering suit that is worn specifically for the purpose of remaining afloat and
surviving during emergencies in high seas. This suit is therefore also known as a survival suit or a rescue suit.
In today’s times, an immersion suit is one of the most important necessities on ships and oil rigs, considering
the protection needed from the hazards of water.

Immersion suits are generally made of neoprene, a type of rubber that is completely waterproof and has an
ability to withstand extreme temperatures of water and fire. The immersion suit fits the person’s body without
exposing any part to the water. It also has a protective hood to cover the head and comes along with protective
gloves.

An immersion suit is a protective suit that reduces the body heat loss of a person in cold water. IMO requires
that suits, when functioning and worn properly, prevent the reduction of body heat loss to the extent that the
body temperature of a person staying in 00C cold water does not fall to less than 35 degree C after 6 hours.

A body temperature of 350C is dangerous because the person get apathetic as a consequence of this. An
immersion suit is a piece of personal equipment that should always be available for crew not only in northern
waters but also in relatively warm water.

Immersion suits are available in numerous design and fabrics, with or without insulation. A suit with a well
insulating hood and gloves is recommended. The heat loss from the head and hands is substantial. A good suit
may not function with a poor hood and poor gloves. Yet, poor suits with little or no insulation function
reasonably with a good hood and good gloves.

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Types of Immersion Suits
There are basically three types of immersion suits. The main types can be described as follows:
• The first type of a survival suit is something that is worn by fishermen who fish in extremely cold
temperatures.
• The second type of rescue suit is the one that is kept on all ships, boats and oil rigs.
• The third and final type of immersion suit is known as the Inflatable Immersion Suit. But unlike the two
previous immersion suits, this rescue suit does not fully cover the person’s body.

Changes in Carriage Requirements of Immersion Suits on Cargo Ships


The previous revised SOLAS Regulation III/32.3, (in force 1st July 2006), requires one immersion suit to be
provided for each person on board a cargo ship with additional suits to be provided at work and watch-keeping
stations which are “remotely located” from the immersion suit storage locations.

In January 6, 2016, this circular, carriage requirement of immersion suits on cargo ships had been change as
per Regulation III/32.3.2 (Immersion suits and thermal protective aids) of SOLAS 74 currently requires
passenger and cargo ships to carry 3 immersion suits for each non-enclosed lifeboat carried on the ship and
should be available to every person assigned to crew the rescue boat.

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Procedures in Unpacking and Donning an Immersion Suit
1. Take out from bag then unroll suit
2. Check for proper operation of zipper, whistle and light
3. Lay flat on deck and sit on it
4. Insert legs into suit
5. Place non-dominant arm into suit first
6. Pull hood over head with free hand
7. Place dominant arm in last
8. Pull the zipper up with care
9. Close/secure face flap

Task That Can Be Done While Wearing an Immersion Suit


- climb up and down a vertical ladder at least 5m in length
- jump from a height of not more than 4.5m into the water
- swim a short distance and board a survival craft
- perform assigned duties during a simulated abandonment

Basic Steps in Packing and Securing of Immersion Suit


After the checking procedure, lay the suit on a flat clean table, rolling starts from the legs, arms are crossed
over the breast, left the lifting belt and also the metal zipper in open position then put inside the suit bag.

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JUMPING SAFELY FROM A HEIGHT INTO THE WATER

Knowledge in jumping safely into the water from a height which is not more than 4.5m

One of the biggest threats associated with jumping from heights is the speed you build up before you hit the
water. If your body isn't perfectly positioned, hitting the water at these speeds could cause compression
fractures, as well as spinal injuries and concussions.

It is therefore safe to jump into the water while wearing a lifejacket from a height which is not more than 4.5m.

Climb up and down wearing a lifejacket in vertical ladder at least 5m in length before
jumping

The proper way and the points to bear in mind before jumping into the water with a lifejacket is to:
- ensure that lifejacket is securely tied and hold it down by crossing arms over chest
- block off nose and mouth with one hand
- keep feet together or crossed
- check below to avoid obstructions
- look straight ahead
- jump feet first

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SWIMMING WHILE WEARING A LIFEJACKET

LIFEJACKET
If a person is not wearing a lifejacket and loses consciousness in the water he will have a natural buoyancy of
about 1.5 kg provided he has not swallowed any seawater. His head will have tendency to fall forward and his
buoyancy will be concentrated mostly in the seat area. This can be counteracted by the use of artificial
buoyancy a lifejacket correctly positioned and secured on the body.

Lifejackets have the ability and are intended for an emergency situation to save the life of person lying in the
water. They must be able to turn the body of an unconscious person in the water from any position to one
where the mouth is clear of the water is not more than 5 seconds. In order to do this, however, they must be an
approved lifejacket, free from defects and worm properly.

Number of Lifejackets Required


There shall be a lifejacket for every person on board a passenger ship or cargo ship. In addition a sufficient
number of jackets shall be carried for persons on watch and for use at remotely located survival craft stations.
There also be provided a numbers of lifejackets suitable from children equal to at least 10% of the number of
passengers on board or such greater number as may be required to provide a lifejacket for each child.

On passenger ship, in addition to a lifejacket for every person on board and number of additional jackets for
persons on watch, there shall be lifejackets carried for not less than 15% at the total number of person on
board. These lifejackets shall be stowed in conspicuous places on deck or at muster stations.

Lifejacket Equipment
• Each lifejacket shall be fitted with a light and whistles.
• The light can be activated automatically and manually depending on what type is on your jacket. One is
activating upon contact to the water, the other must be switched on. The light should last in excess of 12
hours. It can be flashing or fixed.
• The whistle (an audible device used to attract attention) shall be firmly secured to each lifejacket by a cord.
The whistle draws attention by sound. It takes less energy to attract attention by blowing the whistle than
yelling. It can also be heard at a greater distance.
• Lifejackets also have reflective patches for maximum visibility. They are designed to attract the
• attention of searchers using spotlight.

Lifejacket buoyancy may be achieved by:


‐ packing with a buoyant material
‐ inflating

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Donning of Lifejacket
1. place head through life jacket hole and arms to side loops
2. loosen all buckles and straps (to easily pull the life jacket on)
3. adjust/tighten the waist straps or belt and connect buckles first
4. adjust/fasten the shoulder straps (snug but not so tight that it restrict shoulder and arm movements)
5. check all straps to make sure that there’s no any straps hanging loose
6. whistle and light checked

Non-Automatic Methods of Inflation of Inflatable Lifejackets


If an automatic inflatable life jacket does not inflate when a wearer goes into the water, all models have a
manual alternative. To manually inflate, the wearer pulls the lanyard attached to the mechanism to puncture the
CO2 cylinder. If the cylinder is unused and properly installed, it will inflate the life jacket. A third option is to
orally inflate the life jacket using a tube located on the wearer’s upper left side of the inner life jacket. The
yellow lanyard handle can be seen on the bottom left side of this special demonstration model. The orange oral
inflation tube can be seen on the inflated right side.

Swimming While Wearing a Lifejacket

Due to the bulkiness of a lifejacket, you will need to ensure a proper fit before attempting to swim. In case you
are in the water and without a lifejacket, then you could do the following;
1. Take position that water is up at neck level
2. Keep both legs up
3. Tilt head back toward the water
4. Kick both legs {fully extend legs while keeping them underneath the water}
5. Keep on kicking up and down
6. Extend arms out in the water
7. Slowly fan arms out to both sides
8. Make a large half-circle motion

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Heat Escape Lessening Posture (H.E.L.P.)
Heat Escape Lessening Posture is a survival method used to conserve heat if you have fallen into cold water.

H.E.L.P. technique position:


‐ arms folded across the chest
‐ ankles crossed
‐ thighs close together
‐ knees bent

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RIGHTING AN INVERTED LIFERAFT
WHILE WEARING A LIFEJACKET

Types of Survival Crafts


1. Lifeboats
2. Liferafts
3. Rescue boat

LIFERAFT
A liferaft is usually made of wood or an inflatable material and designed for use by people forced into the water.
Life rafts are provided as a life-saving appliances on every sea going merchant or passenger vessel in addition
to the lifeboats. Life rafts are much easier to launch as compared to life boats and in case of emergency
situation, evacuation from the ship can be done without manually launching any of them as the life rafts are
designed with auto inflatable system. SOLAS chapter III gives all the details for types and number of life raft to
be carried as per the size and type of the ship.

Life rafts are normally located on muster station, on port and starboard side near the life boat and fore and aft
of the ship. The location generally depends on size of the ship. Life rafts are stored in a fiberglass container,
incorporated with a high pressure gas used for inflating life raft at the time of emergency. A Hydrostatic
Release Unit (HRU) is connected to raft container and ship, which release the raft even after the ship sinks in
water.

Types of Liferaft
• Rigid liferaft
• Inflatable liferaft:
‐ Davit launched liferaft
‐ Throw overboard liferaft

Rigid liferafts
Liferafts are also made of rigid cork type material. They usually have a mesh net attached and lifelines.
Capacity will be marked clearly. These are more common on small commercial vessels.

Inflatable liferafts
The inflatable liferafts is the most common type of liferafts and forms the secondary lifesaving appliance in the
majority of ships. In some classes of vessels liferaft are the main form of life saving equipment.

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International regulations lay down the requirements for the design and manufacture of inflatable liferafts and
the emergency equipments carried in them.

Liferafts complying with the 1974 SOLAS Convection are made of different sizes from 6 persons to 25 person
capable of being launched by standard throw overboard procedures or by davits. For small craft, principality
those used for pleasure purposes, liferafts for four persons are procedure to meet national regulations.

Larger liferafts of 35, 45 and 50 person capabilities are found on large, high-density passenger and ferry
vessels.

Basic procedures in righting an inverted liferaft while wearing a lifejacket


- swim to the side marked right here, if there is no marking, go to the side with CO2 cylinder
- turn/maneuver the liferaft until CO2 cylinder is downwind
- reach up and grab the righting strap
- pull yourself up into the raft by kicking your feet out same as in swimming or try to put your feet or knees
into the external lifelines
- some rafts may right up while climbing onto it but if it won’t, then stand up on the very edge, where the CO2
cylinder is located
- lean back with all your weight and pull the righting strap
- if the canopy is clear of water, the raft will begin to follow you but don’t panic if the raft will land on top of
you, its bottom is soft and flexible and so your head will form an air pocket
- stay face up, catch a breath of air and pull out from underneath
- never swim out with face down to avoid your lifejacket get hung-up for it would be difficult for someone to
get clear/free from the raft

Methods in boarding a liferaft from the water with lifejacket


- Hold on the boarding straps
- Use the boarding ladder as foot holds
- Bob down using buoyancy of lifejacket to push you up
- Heave in yourself using straps and ladder by creeping over the buoyancy tube
- When you are almost over the buoyancy tube, flip your body and be careful not to hit other raft occupants

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KEEPING AFLOAT WITHOUT A LIFEJACKET

REMINDERS: if possible, avoid jumping into water without wearing a lifejacket

Jumping into water should be avoided.

If you need to jump into the water survivors should jump from the lowest point and then swim to the survival
craft. Likewise, you could use the embarkation ladder, pilot ladder or anything on board which could be used to
lessen the height distance from the water such as: rescue net, cargo net or any ropes or lines. Before jumping,
ensure that life jackets are correctly put on. Loose or wrongly fitted life jackets can break necks!

FAMILIARITY IN BASIC SWIMMING STROKE AND FLOATING TECHNIQUES

• Basic Swimming Stroke


a. Dog Paddle – recommended in narrow and crowded places.
b. Breast Stroke – easy and relaxed, provides power, has reasonable speed, and conserves energy and
best for long range swimming.
c. Side Stroke – use if one hand is disabled. A rescue stroke.
d. Elementary Backstroke – used when both hand is disabled and when there is danger of underwater
explosion to protect lungs and intestines from the shocks of conclusion waves.

• Floating Technique
a. Back Float – the best relaxing float.
b. Prone Float – eyes open to see underwater or head high to observe.
c. Jellyfish or Tuck Float – used to remove shoes or to relieve from foot cramps.
d. Dead Man’s Float – play like a dead man with both arms and legs relaxed.
e. Treading Water – body is upright, useful when stopping to observe
f. Sculling – arms are used alone.

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ACTIONS TO BE TAKEN WHILE IN THE WATER
• Avoid staying in the water for one second longer than you need to. Body heat will be lost to the surrounding
water more rapidly than it can be generated. Get into the liferaft as soon as possible
• Staying close to the vessel’s sinking position also keeps you closest to the position reported in your
distress call
• Unnecessary swimming farther should be avoided to preserved strength and prevent heat loss of body core
temperature which will lead to hypothermia
• If there’s a floating material around, grab and use it to keep afloat
• Use HELP or Huddle positionIf there are others in the water, survivors should huddle close together to
maintain body heat

PERSONAL SURVIVAL WITHOUT LIFEJACKET

MEANS OF SURVIVAL
• Once in the water, whether accidentally or by ship abandonment, orient yourself and try to locate the ship,
lifeboats, life rafts, and other survivors or other floating objects.
• If you were unable to prepare yourself before entering the water, button up clothing. Now, in cold water you
may experience violent shivering and great pain. These are natural body reflexes that are not dangerous.
You do, however, need to take action as quickly as possible before you lose full use of your hands. Closed
tightly clothing, turn on signal lights, locate whistle, etc.

KEEPING AFLOAT WITHOUT THE USE OF LIFEJACKET OR ANTI-EXPOSURE SUIT


• Once you fall into cold water, you will hyperventilate for one minute.
• Take the time to get control of your breath and keep your head clear of the water.
• Don’t panic. It helps to know that breathing will settle down.
• Take stock of your surroundings and plan your next steps.

METHODS ON HOW TO KEEP AFLOAT WITHOUT A LIFEJACKET


1. Float on upright in the water
2. Take a deep breath
3. Lower face in the water {keep mouth closed}
4. Bring arms forward to rest at water level
5. Relax in this position
6. Raise head above the surface
7. Treading water and exhale
8. Take another breath
9. Return to relaxed position

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AIDS FOR STAYING AFLOAT
If you’re in the water without a life jacket, don’t become frightened that you can’t stay afloat—you can. Several
articles of clothing, including the white hat, provide some flotation when used properly. The most useful article
is your trousers or slacks, which you can inflate to serve as water wings.
1. To remove your trousers, lean forward in the water and slowly slip them down over your hips and legs. Don’t
let go of them—they may sink. To inflate your trousers
2. Zip them; then float them on the surface with the fly or front turned down.
3. Tie a knot in each leg as close to the cuff as possible.
4. Work the garment around on the surface until the legs are over your shoulders and the knots are behind
you, leaving the crotch in front of you.
5. Grasp the waist of the trousers with one hand on each side; then extend your arms straight upward, kicking
your feet to get your body as high out of the water as you can.
6. When this position is reached, pull the trousers downward smartly on the surface, trapping a pocket of air in
each leg.
7. Then gather the waist under the water and hold in one hand. Keep the trousers legs wet by splashing water
on them to reduce the loss of the trapped air. You may use mattress covers and others in a similar manner

Rescuing a drowning person


1. Undress quickly as possible and throw a life ring or life-saving gear to the person in water
2. Assure him with a loud voice that he or she is safe. If struggling do not seize him at once
3. Keep a safe distance until the person is nearly exhausted.
4. Always make your approach from behind then hold on collar, hair or chin
5. Hold on collar, hair or chin
6. Swim using sidestroke

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USING VARIOUS TYPES OF
PORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHERS
Understanding a Fire Extinguisher; and the Usage and Types of Portable Fire Extinguisher

Fire extinguisher is an appliance containing an extinguishing medium which can be expelled by the action of
internal pressure and be directed into a fire. This pressure may be stored pressure or obtained by a chemical
reaction, or be obtained by release of gas from a cartridge.

Extinguishing medium is the substance contained in the extinguisher the action of which causes extinction of
fire.

Types of fire extinguisher:


• portable fire extinguisher
• mobile apparatus fire extinguisher
• fixed system fire extinguisher

Operating principle of portable extinguisher and the class of fire each type is suitable

Portable fire extinguisher is one which is designed to be carried and operated by hand and which in working
order has a total weight of not more than 21 kg.

Portable extinguisher can be carried to the fire area for a fast attack. However, they contained a limited supply
of extinguishing agent. The agent is quickly expelled from the extinguisher; in most cases, continuous
application can be sustained for only a minute or less. For this reason, it is extremely important to back up the
capacity to put the fire out completely, the hose line can be used to finish the job. However, a crewman who is
using an extinguisher cannot advance a hose line at same time. Thus, the alarm must be sound as soon as fire
discovered, to alert the ship’s personnel to the situation.

There is a right way to use a portable fire extinguisher, and there many wrong ways. Crewmen who have little
training with these appliances waste extinguishing agent through improper application. At the same time,
untrained personnel tend to overestimate their extinguishing ability. Periodic training sessions including
practice with the type of extinguishers carried on board, are the best insurance against inefficient use of this
equipment. Extinguishers that are due to be discharged and inspected may be used in these training sessions.

General Safety Rules for Portable Extinguishers


1. When you discover a fire, call out your discovery, sound the fire alarm and summon help.
2. Never pass the fire to get to an extinguisher. A dead-end passageway could trap you.
3. If you must enter a room or compartment to combat the fire, keep an escape path open. Never let the fire
get between you and the door.
4. If you must enter a room or compartment and your attack with a portable extinguisher fails, get out
immediately. Close the door to confine the fire and prepare to fight the fire while waiting for previously
summoned help. Your knowledge of the situation will aid those responding.

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TYPES OF PORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHER
1. Water Extinguisher

A. Cartridge - Operated Water extinguisher. The extinguisher is carried to the fire scene then inverted and
bumped against the deck. This ruptures the CO2 cylinder and expels the water. The stream should be
directed at the seat of the fire. The nozzle should be moved back and forth to quench as much of the
burning material as possible in the short time available. The entire content of the extinguisher must be
discharged, since the flow cannot be shut off. Manufacture of this type has been discontinued, thus, may
not be seen on board.

B. Pin Type Cartridge- Operated Extinguisher. A newer version of cartridge-operated water extinguisher need
to be inverted for use. Instead, a pin is pulled out of cartridge, with the extinguishing upright. A lever is
squeezed to discharge the extinguishing agent (water or anti – freeze solution). The cartridge is fitted with
a pressure gauge. The gauge should be checked periodically to ensure that the cartridge pressure is within
its operating range. Otherwise, maintenance is similar to that for the inverting – type cartridge
extinguisher.

C. Stored – Pressure Water Extinguisher. The extinguisher is the most commonly used portable fire-fighting
appliance. The 9.5 liter (21/2 gal) size has an NFPA rating of 2A. It weighs about 13.6kg 30lbs and has a
horizontal range of 10.7 -12.2m (25-40ft). In continuous operation, it will expand its water in about 55
seconds. However, it may be used intermittently. To extend its operation time. The container is filled with
water or an antifreeze solution, to within about 15cm (6in) of the top. (Most extinguisher have a fill mark
stamped on the container). The screw-on cap holds a lever-operated discharge valve, a pressure gauge
and an automobile tire – type valve. The extinguisher is pressurized through the air valve, with either air or
an inert gas such as nitrogen the normal charging pressure is about 690 kilopascals (100 psi). The gauge
allows the pressure within the extinguisher to be checked at any time. Most gauges are color code to
indicate normal and abnormal pressures.

Operation. The extinguisher is carried to the fire, and the ring pin or
other safety device is removed. The operator aims the nozzle with one
hand and squeezes the discharge lever with the other hand. The stream
should be directed at the seat of the fire. It should be moved back and
forth to ensure complete coverage of the burning material. Short burst
can be used to conserve the limited supply of water.

As the flames are knocked down, the operator may move closer to the
fire. Then, by placing the tip of one finger over the nozzle, the operator
can obtain a spray pattern that will cover a wider area.

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2. Foam Extinguisher

Foam extinguisher are similar in appearance to those discuss previously, but they have a greater extinguishing
capability. The most common size is 9.5 liters (2 ½ gal), with an NFPA rating of 2A:4B*. This indicates that the
extinguisher may be used on both class A and B fires. It has range of about 9.2 – 12.2 m (30-40ft) and
discharge duration of slightly less than in a minute.

The extinguisher is charged by filling it with two solution that are kept separated (in the extinguisher) until it is
to be used. These solutions are commonly called the A and B solutions; their designations have nothing to do
with fire classifications.

• The numerical indicates either the relative of the extinguisher or its size. This does not mean the size of fire
on which to use the extinguisher; rather, the numeral indicates how well the extinguisher will fight a fire of
its class

Operation. The foam extinguisher is carried to the fire right side up and then inverted. This mixes the two
solutions, producing a liquid foam and CO2 gas. The CO2 acts as the propellant and fills the foam bubbles. The
liquid foam expands to about 8 times its original volume; this means the 9.5 liter (2 ½ gal) extinguisher will
produce 68-76 liters (18-20gal) foam.

The foam should be applied gently on burning liquids. This can be done by directing the stream in front of the
fire, to bounce the foam onto the fire. The stream also may be directed against the back wall of a tank or a
structural member to allow the foam to run down and flow over the fire. Chemical foam is stiff and flows
slowly. For this reason, the stream must be directed to the fire from several angles, for complete coverage of
the burning materials.

For fires involving ordinary combustible materials, the foam may be applied in the same way, as a blanket. Or,
the force of the stream may be used to get the foam into the seat of the fire. Foam extinguisher is subject to
freezing and cannot be stowed in low temperatures below 4.4 0C (400F). Once activated, this extinguisher will
expel their entire foam content; it should all be directed onto the fire.

3. Powder Extinguisher

A. Dry Chemical Extinguisher


Dry chemical extinguishers extinguish class B fires by chain breaking, with little or no cooling. Thus, a re-
flash is possible if the surrounding surfaces are hot. Additional dry chemical or another appropriate
extinguishing agent must be available as back up, until all sources of ignition are eliminated.

Types of Portable Dry Chemical extinguishers

• Cartridge-operated Dry Chemical Extinguisher. Portable cartridge – operated, dry chemical


extinguisher range in size from 0.91 – 13.6 kg (2 – 30lb); semi – portable models contain up to 22.7
kg (50lbs) of agent used. A small cylinder of inert gas is used as the propellant. Cartridge – operated,
dry chemical extinguishers have a range of from 3 – 9.1 m (10 – 30 ft.). units under 4.5 kg (10lbs)

Refresher Course for Basic Training P a g e | 23


have a discharge duration of 8 – 10 seconds, while the larger extinguishers provide up to 30 seconds
of discharge time.

Operation. The extinguisher is carried and used upright. The ring pin is removed, and the puncturing
lever is depressed. This releases the propellant gas, which forces the extinguishing agent up to the
nozzle. The flow of dry chemical is controlled with squeeze-grip-On-Off nozzle at the end of the hose.
The discharge is directed at the seat of the fire, starting at the near edge. The stream should be
moved from side to side with rapid motions, to sweep the fire off the fuel. On a weather deck, the fire
should be approached from the windward side if possible. The initial discharge should not be directed
onto the burning material from close range (0.91-2.4m). The velocity of the stream may scatter the
burning material.

• Stored – pressure Dry Chemical Extinguisher. These are extinguishers available in the same sizes as
cartridge-operated types. They have the same ranges and durations of discharge are use in the same
way. The only difference is that the propellant is mixed in with the dry chemical in the stored-pressure
type. And the extinguisher is controlled with a squeeze-grip trigger on the top of the container. A
pressure gauge indicates the condition of the charge.

1. Dry Powder Extinguisher


Dry powder (not dry chemical) is the only extinguishing agent that may be used on combustible metal
(class D) fire. The one available class D extinguisher is a 13.6 kg (30 lbs.) cartridge – operated model that
looks very much like cartridge-operated dry chemical extinguisher. One difference is that the class D
extinguisher has range of only 1.8 – 2.4 m (6 – 8 ft.), the extinguishing agent is sodium chloride, which
form a crust on the burning metal.

Operation. The nozzle is removed from its retainer, and the puncture lever is pressed. This allows the
propellant gas (CO2 or nitrogen) to activate the extinguisher. The operator then aims the nozzles and
squeezes the grips to apply the powder to the surface of the burning metal.

The operator should begin the application of dry powder from the maximum range 1.8–2.4 m (6–8 ft.).
The squeezes may be adjusted for the desired rate of flow, to build a thick layer of powder over the entire
involved area, the operator must be careful not to break the crust that forms when the powder hits the fire.

A large amount of dry powder is sometimes needed to extinguish a very small amount of burning metal. A
brown discoloration indicates a hot spot, where the layer of dry powder is too thin. Additional agent should
be applied as gently as possible, so the force of the discharge does not scatter burning chips.

Class D dry powder also comes on a container, for application with a scoop or shovel. Here, too, the agent
should be applied very gently. A thick layer of powder should be built up and the operator should be
careful not to break the crust that forms.

The dry powder extinguisher is operated in an upright position. The agent must be applied gently, to
maintain a crust on the burning metal.

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4. Carbon Dioxide (Co2) Extinguisher
Carbon dioxide extinguishers are used primarily on class B and C fires. The most common sizes portable
extinguisher contain from 2.3 – 9.1 kg (5 – 20lb) of CO2 not including the weight of the relatively heavy
shell. The CO2 is mostly in the liquid state, at a pressure of 5.68 x 10 Pascal (850 psi) at 21 0C (700F). The
2.3 kg (5lb) size is rated 5B:C, and the 6.8 kg varies between 1.8 – 2.4 m (3-8 ft) and the duration between
8-30 seconds depending on the size.

Operation. The extinguisher is carried to the fire in an upright position. (The short range of the CO2
extinguisher means the operator must get fairly close to the fire). The extinguisher is placed on the deck,
and locking pin is removed. The discharged is controlled either by opening a valve or by squeezing two
handles together.

The operator must grasp the hose handle, and not discharge horn. The CO 2 expands and cools very
quickly as it leaves extinguisher. The horn gets cold enough to frost over and cause severe frostbite. When
CO2 extinguisher is used in a confined space, the operator should guard against suffocation by wearing
breathing apparatus.

Class B Fires. The horn should be aimed first at the base of the fire nearest the operator. The discharge
should be moved slowly back and forth across the fire. At the same time, the operator should move
forward slowly, the result should be a ”sweeping” of the flames off the burning surface, with some carbon
dioxide “snow” left on the surface.

Whenever possible, a fire on a weather deck should be attacked from the windward side. This will allow
the wing to blow the heat away from the operator and to carry the CO 2 to the fire. Generally, CO2
extinguishers do not perform well in a wind. The blanket of CO 2 gas done not remain in the fire long
enough to permit the fuel to cool down.

Class C fires. The discharge should be aimed at the source of a fire that involves electrical equipment. The
equipment should be de-energized as soon possible to eliminate the chance of shock and source of
ignition.

Procedures to Recharge Empty Extinguishers

Recharging is also required to take place after every use and if the need is identified during maintenance or
inspection. Maintenance, servicing, and recharging, are to be performed by trained persons having available the
appropriate servicing manual(s), the proper types of tools, recharging materials, lubricants, and manufacturer’s
recommended replacement parts or parts specifically listed for use in the fire extinguishers.

To recharge an empty fire extinguisher the following should be observed:

Before Getting Started


Before recharging a fire extinguisher, you must be aware of what rating, or type, of extinguisher you have. There
are class A, B, C and D extinguishers. Class A is a water or foam extinguisher that is usually in a silver cylinder
and is used to extinguish materials like paper, plastics, wood or rubber. Class B, C, D or combination ABC

Refresher Course for Basic Training P a g e | 25


extinguishers are typically red. B and C are filled with Carbon Dioxide also known as CO 2 or dry chemicals and
can be used on electrical fires, oil, oil based paints, grease or gasoline fires. D extinguishers are used for
industrial applications such as fires caused or fueled by flammable metals. They're usually filled with dry
powders.

It is important to know what material needs to be refilled, as it would be detrimental if a cylinder was refilled
with water when it should have been filled with dry powder chemicals. The time to find out is not when the
flames are already present.

Discharging the Extinguisher


If the fire extinguisher has been used during fire suppression activities, even just once and not until it was
emptied, it should be recharged anyway. The act of emptying an extinguisher is called "discharging" and may be
done simply by squeezing the handle and holding it until no more water or dry powder chemical comes out
anymore. Any remaining liquid or dry powder must be emptied before a recharging, also called a refilling,
occurs.

Cleaning and Checking


Cleaning and checking the various parts of the extinguisher is an important step before recharging. This
includes cleaning the outside of the cylinder, also called the bottle, the hose and squeeze lever.

Make sure that the tubing, hose, nozzle, "O" ring, which seals the bottle shut, and stripping of the seal are all
intact. If they show any sign of significant wear and tear, are weak and brittle or are clogged, now is the time to
either replace the single parts or consider buying a whole new extinguisher. Check the seal to make sure it is
tight by submersing it in water. If you see bubbles escaping, there is a leak. Either retighten or replace the "O"
ring.

Recharging/Refilling the Extinguisher


If completing this project yourself, you must have access to a pressurizing machine and a refill material of
some sort, whether it is water or dry chemicals. A product on the market called Fireade2000 is compatible with
all ratings of extinguishers and is sold to the general public and to fire departments. This calls for their product,
a bucket capable of holding 10 quarts, a funnel and water. The recharging may be done by anybody who follows
the directions included in the packaging and uses an air compressor to finish it off.

Regardless of what product is being used, fill the extinguisher up to the predetermined level on the cylinder and
use a pressuring machine to put the contents under pressure until the dial reads in the green zone, or about 100
to 175 psi, depending on the type of extinguisher you possess.

Finishing It Off
Once the material has been added into the cylinder and put under the proper pressure, all that is left to do is
seal the extinguisher properly. Again, test for leaks by submersing it in water to see if bubbles escape, and
readjust as necessary.

Finally, tag the extinguisher with the recharge date, the amount of pressure it was put under and the name of
the person who completed the process.

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Portable Foam Applicator

A portable foam applicator unit shall consist of a foam nozzle of an inductor type capable of being connected
to the fire main by a fire hose, together with a portable tank containing at least 20 liters of foam- forming liquid
and one spare tank of foam making liquid.

The nozzle shall be capable of producing effective foam suitable for extinguishing an oil fire, at the rate of at
least 1.5 m3/min.

It might also consist of a metal L -shaped pipe, the long limb being about 2M in length capable of being fitted to
fire hose and the short limb being about 250mm in length fitted with a fixed water fog nozzle or capable of
being fitted with a water spray nozzle.

Advantages of foam applicator:


• long throw
• self-inducing models
• suitable for all foams
• range 18-22 meters at 7 bar

Required as per SOLAS II-2/10.5.1.2.1 and 10.5.2.2.1. Intended to lay down a blanket of foam in case of an oil
fire in machinery spaces.

Dimensions: (HxWxD) 740x50x50mm Dimensions: (HxWxD) 400x300x250mm


Weight: 2.20 kg Weight: 22 kg

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How to Use Fire Extinguishers Correctly: Think P.A.S.S.

To use a fire extinguisher correctly, experts say that one should remember the acronym P.A.S.S.:

P – Pull the pin. This will also break the tamper seal.
A – Aim low, pointing the extinguisher nozzle (or its horn or hose) at the base of the fire. Stand approximately
8 feet away
S – Squeeze the handle/trigger to release the extinguishing agent
S – Sweep from side to side at the base of the fire until it appears to be out. Watch the area. If the fire re-
ignites, repeat previous steps

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EXTINGUISHING SMALLER FIRES, E.G., ELECTRICAL FIRES,
OIL FIRES, PROPANE FIRES
Knowledge of the Classification of Fires and How to Extinguish Smaller Fires

Fire class is a term used to denote the type of fire, in relation to the combustion materials which have (or could
be) ignited. This has onward impacts on the type of suppression or extinguishing materials which can be used.
Class letters are often assigned to the different types of fire, but these differ between territories. There are
separate standards in the United States, Europe, and other countries.

CLASSES OF FIRES
U. S. STANDARD DESCRIPTION EUROPE STANDARD DESCRIPTION
CLASS A Combustible materials CLASS A Combustible materials
CLASS B Flammable liquids CLASS B Flammable liquids
CLASS B Flammable gases CLASS C Flammable gases
CLASS C Electrical fires CLASS D Flammable metals
CLASS D Flammable metals CLASS E Electrical fires (not classified)
CLASS K Cooking oils and fats CLASS F Cooking oils and fats

Ways to Extinguish Fire at Initial Stage

Fires are always confined to indoors at the initial stage and do not spread very far. It is the best time to put out
a fire when it first ignites. As long as it is detected timely, it can be put out by just a few people with some fire-
fighting equipment. Otherwise, with the extension of burning time and the increase of temperature, the
surrounding combustible materials and building components can be heated rapidly. Air convection will
increase, the burning speed will accelerate and the burning area will expand rapidly. As a result, the burning
stage is formed and the fire becomes difficult to control. If the flame has already gotten out of the doors,
windows and roofs and the partial building components are burned, gases and smoke will fill in the house. The
fire will break through and extend to a violent stage and become hard to extinguish only by individuals.
Therefore, considerable force and appropriate measures should be taken in the initial phase to control and
extinguish the fire so that crew and passenger’s life as well as the cargo and the vessel’s safety can be
secured.

When a fire ignites, it is small and controllable that you can extinguish it with simple and easy fire-fighting tools,
such as yellow sands, soils, cement, slag, lime, iron plates, lids, wet quilts, wet sacks and simple water
containers including buckets, pots, basins and tanks. In addition, you can use whatever can fight the fire at the
initial stage such as the brooms, mops, clothes, slippers, gloves and other objects.

At initial stage, it may be small enough that you can extinguish it with a fire blanket or a fire extinguisher on
hand. By being prepared and quickly determining the type of fire with which you’re dealing, you have an even
better chance of not only extinguishing the fire but also of doing it without risking injury. However, remember
that the safety of everyone in the proximity—including you—comes first. If the fire is quickly spreading,

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producing dangerous amounts of smoke, or taking longer than five seconds to defeat with a fire extinguisher,
then you must raise the fire alarm.

Types of Fire Extinguisher Which Is Appropriate To the Ff. Classes of Fire

1. Materials, e.g. Woods and plastics → Water Fire Extinguishers

Overview:
Water extinguishers are the most common fire extinguisher type for class-A fire risk. Most premises will
require either water or foam extinguishers.

Do not use for:


‐ Fires involving electrical equipment
‐ Kitchen fires
‐ Flammable gas and liquids

How water extinguishers work:


The water has a cooling effect on the fuel, causing it to burn much more slowly until the flames are
eventually extinguished.

2. Oil → Foam Fire Extinguishers

Overview:
Foam extinguishers are most common type of fire extinguisher for Class B fires, but also work on Class A
fires as they are water-based.

How foam extinguishers work:


Foam extinguish fire by smothering, surface cooling and vapor suppression.

Do not use for:


‐ Fires involving electrical equipment
‐ Kitchen fires
‐ Flammable gas and liquids

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Fat → Wet Chemicals Fire Extinguisher

Overview:
Wet chemical fire extinguishers are ideal for Class F fires, involving cooking oils and fats, such as lard,
olive oil, sunflower oil, maize oil and butter

3. Propane → Powder Fire Extinguishers

Overview:
Multipurpose dry chemical or ABC fire extinguishers contain a specially fluidized and siliconized mono
ammonium phosphate chemical. It could be used on fires from flammable gases

4. Electrical → CO2 Fire Extinguishers

Overview:
CO2 fire extinguishers are best for Class-C or E fires. Live electrical equipment, although it allows re-
ignition of hot plastics. Do not use on chip or fat pan fires, as it can carry burning fat out of the container.
This type of extinguisher does not cool the fire very well and you need to ensure that the fire does not start
up again. Fumes from CO2 extinguishers can asphyxiate if used in confined spaces: ventilate the area as
soon as the fire has been controlled. Only use CO 2 extinguishers with frost-free horns, as the hand holding
the horn can otherwise be frozen to the horn, as the gas gets very cold during the discharge.

How to Use:
The discharge horn should be directed at the base of the flames and the jet kept moving across the area
of the fire.

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Fire Extinguisher Chart (European/British System)

FIRE FIGHTING MEDIUM/AGENT


CLASS POWDER
WET
DRY DRY CO2 FOAM WATER
CHEMICAL POWDER
CHEMICALS

A
Ordinary YES
combustibles: YES NO NO YES YES
Excellent
Wood, paper, cloth,
etc.
B
Flammable Liquids:
Oil, paint, fat, etc. YES
YES NO YES NO NO
Excellent
Flammable Gases:
Propane Butane,
etc.
C
Energized YES
YES NO NO NO NO
Electrical Excellent
Fires
D
Combustible
Metals YES
NO NO NO NO NO
Sodium, Excellent
Magnesium,
Titanium
F NO NO NO NO NO
YES
Fat, Cooking Oil Excellent

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Fire Extinguisher Chart (American System)

FIRE FIGHTING MEDIUM/AGENT


CLASS POWDER
WET
DRY DRY CO2 FOAM WATER
CHEMICALS
CHEMICAL POWDER
A
Ordinary YES
combustibles: YES NO NO YES YES
Excellent
Wood, paper, cloth,
etc.
B YES
Flammable Liquids: YES NO YES NO NO
Excellent
Oil, paint, fat, etc.
C
Flammable Gases: YES NO YES NO NO NO
Propane Butane,
etc.
D
Energized YES
NO NO NO NO NO
Electrical Excellent
Fires
E
Combustible
Metals YES
YES NO NO NO NO
Sodium, Excellent
Magnesium,
Titanium
K NO NO NO NO NO
YES
Fat, Cooking Oil Excellent

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CORRECT USE OF FIRE EXTINGUISHERS SUITED FOR THE TYPES OF FIRE

1. Classify fire and choose appropriate fire extinguisher


2. Attack and extinguish using “PASS” method:
‐ Pull the pin
‐ Aim the nozzle or hose
‐ Squeeze the handle
‐ Sweep from side to side at the base of fire
3. Back out facing the fire

CAUSES AND PREVENTION OF FIRE ABOARD SHIP

Some fires may be purely accidental, and other may be cause by circumstances beyond control. But many fires
have resulted from the acts or omissions of crew members. Carelessness and irresponsible or ill – advised
actions have caused disastrous fires. And omissions – not taking the proper preventive measures when
hazardous situations are discovered – have allowed many fires “just to happen”. The following are some of the
most common causes of fire aboard ship or on land.

1. Careless Smoking
This is at top of every list of fire causes but some simply do not care or do not realize that this is
dangerous.

No Smoking Areas – Cargo holds and weather deck. The best way to deal with cargo hold fires is to
prevent them. This means:
1. Smoking must be prohibited in cargo hold at all time.
2. Cargo hold should be posted as “NO SMOKING AREAS”
Holds should be monitored closely during loading and unloading operations

Matches, cigarettes butts and ashes must be discarded


in non-combustible receptacles

2. Faulty Electric Circuits and Equipment

A. Replacements Parts and Equipment


Standard residential or industrial electrical equipment do not last very long at sea. Approved
electrical equipment is, however, specially designed and constructed for shipboard use. Only
approved replacement parts and equipment should be installed aboard ship.

B. Wiring and Fuses


The insulation and wirings can become brittle and crack with age and use. Once the insulation is
broken, the bare wire become dangerous. A single exposed wire can arc to any metal object. If both
wires are exposed, they can touch and cause a short circuit. Either could produce enough heat to
ignite the insulation on the wiring or some other nearby flammable materials. Further, if the fuse or

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circuit breaker in that particular circuit is too large, it will not break the circuit. Instead increase
current will overheat. Eventually insulation will begin to burn and ignite combustible materials in the
area. Replacing wires that have bad insulation and by installing only those fuses and circuits breaker
of the proper size to their circuit can prevent this type of fire.

C. Jury Rigging and Octopus Connections


The wiring in every electrical circuit designed to carry a certain maximum load. When this wiring is
overload with too many operating appliances, it can over heat and burn its insulation. Only those
appliances should be connected to each outlet as this pose a danger to electrical circuit. Overloading
should be avoided.

D. Exposed Light Bulb


An exposed, lighted electric bulb can ignite combustible material by direct contact. Improperly
protective droplights or cargo light bulbs could similar ignite flammable materials by contact or by
breaking or arcing. They should be never being permitted to burn while unattended.

E. Vapor Tight Fixtures


These are protection against the effects of sea air. The vapor protection is designed to keep
moisture out, but it also holds heat in this cause the insulation to dry out and crack more rapidly than
in standard fixtures.

F. Electrical Motors
Problems may result when a motor is not properly maintained or when it exceeds its useful life.
Motor require regular inspection, testing, lubricating and cleaning.

G. Engine Motors
Engineering staff must closely monitor oil lines for leaks.

H. Charging Storage Batteries


When storage batteries are charged, they emit hydrogen, a highly flammable gas. A mixture of air
and 4.1% of 74.2% hydrogen by volume is potentially explosive.

3. CARGO STOWAGE
Even the most dangerous can be transported safely if it is properly stowed. On the other hand, supposedly
“safe” cargo can cause a fire if it is stowed improperly.

There should be “a place for everything and everything in its place”. This in itself is a fire prevention
measure, provided the stowage in safe to start with. Fires have resulted when stowed materials become
loose, fell and slid across a deck in rough weather. Loose equipment can ruptures a fuel lines, damage
essential machinery and smash electrical equipment, causing short circuit.

4. DEEP FRYERS
Deep fryers can also be a source of both heat and fuel for a galley fire. The fryers should be stationary so
that it cannot shift with vessel movements. Most important, the fryers should never be left unattended
while it is operating.

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5. HOUSEKEEPING
Grease accumulations in and around the range particularly in the hoods, fitters and ductworks can fuel a
galley fire. It should periodically be thoroughly cleaned. Fixed automatic extinguishing systems for
ductworks are extremely valuable and most efficient in grease fires.

BASIC WAYS OF PREVENTING FIRE


1. Training
2. Maintenance and use of portable extinguisher
3. Good Housekeeping
4. Elimination and Control of ignition sources
5. Safe working procedures
6. Periodic inspection
7. Preventive maintenance and repair

PRINCIPLES OF SURVIVAL IN RELATION TO FIRES


1. Regular training and drills
2. Preparedness for any fire emergency
3. Knowledge of actions to be taken when called to fire stations
4. Knowledge to escapes routes
5. Knowledge of dangers of smokes and toxic fumes

It is important to maintain “constant vigilance”.


Complacency of crew has been the cause of many emergency situations!

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EXTINGUISHING EXTENSIVE FIRE WITH WATER
WITH THE USE OF JET AND SPRAY NOZZLES

PRINCIPLES OF EXTINGUISHING EXTENSIVE FIRE


Fire Hose

A fire hose (or fire hose) is a high-pressure hose that carries water or other fire retardant (such as foam) to
a fire to extinguish it. Outdoor, it attaches either to a fire engine or a fire hydrant. Indoors, it can permanently
attach to a building's standpipe or plumbing system. While aboard ship it is to be connected at fire hydrant.

The usual working pressure of a fire hose can vary between 8 and 20 bar (800 and 2,000 kPa; 116 and 290 psi)
while per the NFPA 1961 Fire Hose Standard, its bursting pressure is in excess of 110 bar, (11,000kPa; 1600psi)

After use, a fire hose is usually hung to dry, because standing water that remains in a hose for a long time can
deteriorate the material and render it unreliable or unusable.

Next to the bucket, fire hose is the oldest and the most method of fire suppression found aboard ship. There
are three basic construction method: 1. Braided 2. Wrapped 3. Woven. It is either single or double jacket,
with or without rubber lining. Nowadays, new materials are becoming increasingly common such as nylon,
rayon or polyester.

Fire Hose Couplings

It is a connector attach at both ends of fire hose. There are many couplings. They are usually either with:
• thread
• lugs
• internal pins
• external pins

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Fire Hose Nozzles

All nozzles on board ships shall be of the jet/spray incorporating a shut off.
Standard nozzle sizes are 12mm, 16mm, 19mm although approval may be given for
larger sizes.

Fireman’s Outfit

1. Fire Protective suit, consisting of a coat and trousers


2. Firefighter boots, gloves and helmets
3. Firefighting Explosion-Proof Hand Lamp
4. Fireman axe
5. Self-contained Compressed air Breathing Apparatus(SCBA)
6. Fire Retardant Rope

The suit is a two-piece garment with a four-layer construction. The outer shell is aramid. The second layer is a
tape which can be fitted to the wrists, hem and ankles. Optional radio and thigh pockets can be fitted as well as
waterproof breathable membrane. The third layer is a meta-aramid/para-aramid felted thermal barrier and the
fourth layer is a modacrylic/Lenzing lining. The jacket has a stand up collar, elasticated cuffs and is closed by a
zip covered by an overlapping front with touch and close fastening to the front and collar. The trousers have
wide elasticated braces with adjusters and quick-release buckles. Optional fire resistant retro reflective.

It is mainly used for firefighters to enter the fire detection to find the source of fire, and rescue the persons who
trapped in enclosed spaces, or to do the firefighting tasks.

Fireman’s Outfit Donning


1. Don fire suit pants
2. Adjust suspenders for comfortable fit
3. Fasten waist and front flop fasteners
4. Adjust waist strap for comfortable fit
5. Put on boots and ensure pant legs cover boots
6. Put on coat properly
7. Fasten front and neck fasteners
8. Adjust helmet for proper fitting
9. Put down ear flaps and place helmet on head
10. Position chin strap for fit
11. Put on gloves and ensure it is inside of coat

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Method in Extinguishing Extensive Fires with the Use of Water
1. Lay out fire hose, connect to hydrant, hold nozzle and open hydrant
2. Adjust nozzle water stream {full fog/semi fog/straight stream
3. Attack and extinguish fire in proper fire-fighting position
4. Back out facing the fire
5. Close hydrant, secure hose and nozzle

Fire Main System On Board the Ship:


• Singe fire main system
• Looped fire main system

Fire Main System


The fire main system is the ship’s major line of defense against fire. It is required no matter what other fire
extinguishing system are installed. Every crew member can expect to be assigned to a station requiring
knowledge of the use and operation of the ship’s fire main.

The fire main system supplies water to all areas of the vessel. Fortunately, the supply of waters at sea is
limitless. The movement of the water to the fire location is restricted only by the system itself, the effect of the
water on the stability of the ship and the capacity of the supply pumps.

The fire main system is composed of the fire pumps, piping (main and branch lines), control valves, hose and
nozzles. The pumps provide the power to move water through the piping to fire stations located throughout the
vessel. The valve, hoses and nozzles are used to control the fire-fighting water and direct it into the fire.

A. Single Fire Main System


Single fire main systems make use of one main pipe running fore and alt, usually at the main deck level.
Vertical and horizontal branch lines extend the piping system through the ship. On tankers, the main pipe
usually runs the length of one vessel, down its centerline. On grain vessels of Great Lakes or similar
configurations, the main pipe is located along the port of starboard edge of the vessel’s main deck. A
disadvantage of the single main system is its inability to provide water beyond a point where a serious
break has occurred.

B. Looped Fire Main System


The horizontal loop system consists of two parallel main pipes, connected together at their furthest point
fore and aft to form a complete loop. Branch lines extend the system to the fire stations. In horizontal loop
system, a ruptured section of the main pipe may be isolated.

The system can then be used to deliver water to all parts of the system. Isolation valves are sometimes
located on the main pipeline, forward of each hydrant location, they are used to control the water flow
when a break occurs in the system. Some single loop systems have isolation valves for the fore and aft
decks only.

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Methods of Application

A. Spray
When water is applied as a spray it produces its most efficient cooling action. Water, in the
form of a spray, can also be used to drive smoke or gas. An example of this would be using spray to drive
smoke from an engine room. This requires an action similar to a syringe where a water spray from one
end of the engine moves towards the other. For this to work there must be a smoke exit point at the
opposite end of the engine room to the spray.

B. Jet
In firefighting jets is not often use. The main reason for this, is the fact that water produces its most
efficient cooling action when applied as a spray. Each droplet of the spray absorbs heat and removes it
from the area of the fire. When applied as a jet, most of the water passes through the affected area with
little benefit to the firefighting operation. If the seat of fire is still too far then direct the nozzle to the
various sides, up and down of the compartment from time to time to create a steam.

C. Pulse
Quickly opening and closing the branch. If water were to be applied into a hot compartment continuously
for two minutes, around 1000 liters or one ton of water would have been used and up to 17,000m3 of
steam created. The pulse method can be just as effective as continuous application, however there is a
danger of burst hoses due to water hammer caused by the rapid closing of the branch.

How to Unroll & Roll Fire Hose

Unroll
Step 1: Pick Up Hose
Step 2: Grab Hose Male Coupler Facing Forward
Step 3: Two Fingers Under First Lay of Coupler
Step 4: In a Swinging Motion With Hose (ring Finger and Little Finger Holding Second Lay
Step 5: Swing in a Bowling Motion
Step 6: Release Little Finger and Ring Finger
Step 7: If Hose Doesn't Unroll Completely, Unroll Hose and Make Sure It Is Lying Flat

Roll (Coiling and securing fire hose)


Step 8: Roll Hose With the Female Coupling on the Inside and Continue Rolling Motion
Step 9: After Rolling Hose Lay Hose on Side
Step 10: Stepping on Hose Roll Make Sure Hose Is Flat
Step 11: Completely Roll Hose With the Male Coupling on top of the hose
Step 12: Pick up and place it at fire hose box

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EXTINGUISHING FIRE WITH FOAM, POWDER
OR ANY OTHER SUITABLE CHEMICAL AGENT

On board ship, you will find the following agents that are provided as portable or fixed fire-fighting arrangement:
• Water
• Foam
• Powder (Dry chemical and Metal powder)
• CO2
• Wet chemicals

1. Water is the obvious cooling agent because it is most effective in its action and there is usually plenty
availability of water to where ship’s afloat and because of its very cooling properties, there is a temptation
to be extravagant in its use. THIS CAN BE AS DANGEROUS TO THE SAFETY OF THE SHIP AS THE FIRE
ITSELF.

Water is primarily a cooling agent. It absorbs heat and cools burning materials more effectively than any
other extinguishing agent. It is most effective when it absorbs enough heat to raise its temperature to
1000C (2120F). At this temperature, water absorbs still more heat, turns to steam and moves the absorbed
heat away from the burning material. This quickly reduces the temperature and the fire goes out.

Water has an important secondary effect. When it turns to steam, it converts from liquid state to gaseous
(vapor) state, and in so doing, it expands about 1700 times in volume. This great cloud of steam surrounds
the fire displaying oxygen in the process. Thus, water provides a smothering action as well as cooling.

2. Foam is a blanket of bubbles that extinguishes fire mainly by smothering. The bubbles are formed by
mixing the water and a foam – making agent (foam concentrate). The result is foam solution. The various
foam solutions are lighter than lightest of flammable oil, they float on the surface of the oil.

Fire-fighting foam is used to form blanket on the surface of flaming liquids, including oil. The blanket
prevents flammable vapors from leaving the surface and prevents oxygen from reaching the fuel. Fire
cannot exist when the fuel and oxygen are separated. The water in the foam also has a cooling effect,
which gives foam its Class A extinguishing capacity.

The ideal foam solution should flow freely enough to cover a surface rapidly, yet stick together enough to
provide and maintain a vapor tight blanket. The solution must retain enough water to provide a long lasting
seal. Rapid loss of water would cause the foam to dry out and break down (wither) from the high
temperature associated with fire. The foam should be light enough to float on flammable liquids, yet heavy
enough to resist winds.

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How Foam Works:

As stated, foam is commonly acknowledged as the best fire-fighting medium for liquid fires. This is because it
extinguishes by a combination of five methods.

• Smothering: As the foam blanket forms over the fuel surface, it excludes oxygen. This is one of its major
extinguishing methods.

• Vapor Suppression: This is the second extinguishing method, when the finished foam blanket is in place, its
weight combined with its viscosity act to suppress the emission of vapor from the fuel surface, hence
removing the supply and fuel from flame and preventing re-ignition.

• Steam Generation: As the foam blanket is applied, a certain proportion of its breaks down. This breaking
down releases a small quantity of the constituent water onto the surface of the fuel. This water turns to
steam. The steam generated has the effect of diluting the oxygen supply immediately above the burning
fuel, thus helping to extinguish the fire.

• Surface Cooling: When the foam blanket is in place it absorbs heat from the top level of the fuel, reducing
vapor emissions and helping prevent re-ignition.

• Reflection of Radiant Heat: finished foam has the ability to absorb or reflect radiant heat. This property
helps extinguish a fire by preventing the re-ignition of the blanketed part of a fuel spill, by radiant heat
generated by that part which is still burning.

The latter three parts, although relatively minor individually (in comparison to smothering or vapor suppression)
act together to make a substantial contribution to the success of foam fire-fighting.

2.1. Chemical Foam


It is formed by mixing an alkali (usually sodium bicarbonate) with an acid (usually aluminum sulfate)
in water. Many chemical foam system are still in use aboard the ship and in shore installations.
However, they are being phased out in favor of the newest mechanical foam or as it is sometimes
called Air Foam.

2.2. Mechanical (Air) Foam


It is produced by mixing foam concentrate with water to produce a foam solution. The turbulent
mixing of air and the foam solution forms the bubbles. As the name air foam solution implies, the
bubbles are filled with air.

There are several types of mechanical foam. They are similar in nature, but each has its special fire-
fighting capabilities. They are produced from proteins, detergents (which are synthetic) and
surfactants.

Surfactants are large group of compound that includes detergents, wetting agent and liquids soaps.
Surfactants are said to produce an AQUEOUS FILM FORMING FOAM commonly referred to AFFF.

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Foam System aboard Ship:
• Low expansion foam system
• High expansion foam system

Fixed Low Expansion Foam Fire Fighting System for Machinery Spaces • Shall be able to discharge through
fixed nozzles the amount of foam necessary to cover in less than 5 minutes, a height of 150 mm of the largest
area were fuel oil may have been spread.

High Expansion Foam Systems in Machinery Spaces • Shall discharge through fixed nozzles the quantity of
foam necessary to fill the largest space protected with a speed not inferior to 1 meter of height/ minute • The
quantity of liquid available to generate foam shall be sufficient to produce a volume of foam equal to 5 times
the volume of the largest space protected • The foam expansion ratio shall not exceed 12:1

3. Powder (Dry Chemical and Metal Powder) extinguishes fire by cooling, smothering, shielding of
radiant heat and to the greatest extent, by breaking the combustion chain.

Types of fire-fighting chemical agents:


‐ Multi-purpose {ABC}
‐ Regular or standard {BC}
‐ Purple K {PK}

3.1. Multipurpose (ABC)


Multi-purpose dry chemical or Monoammonium phosphate, ABC Dry Chemical, ABE Powder, tri-
class, is a dry chemical extinguishing agent used on class A, class B, and class C fires. It uses a
specially fluidized and siliconized Monoammonium phosphate powder. ABC dry chemical is usually
a mix of Monoammonium phosphate and ammonium sulfate, the former being the active one.

3.2. Regular or Standard (BC)


Regular or standard {BC} dry chemical is a sodium bicarbonate based extinguishing agent that is
suitable for use on Class B and Class C fires. Not recommended for use on sensitive electronic
equipment.

3.3. Purple K (PK)


Purple-K dry chemical is one of the most effective dry chemical agents against Class B fires. It is
potassium bicarbonate based containing chemical additives, and is produced by an exclusive
chemical

Purple-K dry chemical is one of the most effective dry chemical agents against Class B fires. It is
potassium bicarbonate based containing chemical additives, and is produced by an exclusive
chemical process. The resultant agent is free-flowing, water repellant, non-abrasive and, when used
as a fire suppressing agent, will produce no toxic effects. Purple-K dry chemical is purple in color to
differentiate it from the other dry chemical agents.

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Purple-K dry chemical agent may be used to combat fires in flammable liquids, gases, and greases
(Class B) including such fires when involved with energized electrical equipment (Class C). Because
of its excellent fire-fighting effectiveness, Purple-K agent is widely used in the petroleum industry
and in other areas where the fire risk is high.

3.4. Powder (Dry Metal Powder)


This fire extinguisher agent/medium contains sodium chloride {salt}, copper and graphite which is
best for class D or combustible metals or metallic alloy elements such as: magnesium, titanium,
zirconium, lithium, zinc, sodium (spills and in depth), potassium, sodium-potassium alloys uranium,
and powdered aluminum. To be effective on any type of Class D fire, the extinguishing agent must
suppress the fire without reacting physically or chemically with the combustible materials.

Dry powder is a non-toxic material, consist of finely graded graphite (carbon) which is an excellent
conductor of heat; therefore, when applied to a metal fire, the temperature is reduced below the
metal’s

4. Carbon Dioxide Carbon dioxide extinguishing system have for a long time, been approved for ship
installation as well as for industrial occupancies ashore aboard ship, carbon dioxide have been approved for
cargo and tanks compartments, spaces containing internal combustion or gas turbine main propulsion
machinery and open spaces.

Carbon dioxide extinguishes fire mainly by smothering. It dilutes the air surroundings the fire until the
oxygen content is too low to support combustion. For this reason, it is effective on Class B fires, where the
main consideration is to keep the flammable vapors separated in the air.

Carbon dioxide is something used to protect areas containing valuable articles. Unlike water and some
other agents, carbon dioxide dissipates without leaving the residue. It does not conduct electricity and can
be used on live electrical equipment.

5. Wet Chemical Agent is a special salt based fire extinguishing liquid used in fire extinguishers for
fighting fires in deep fat fryers, frying appliances as well as air exhaust facilities in ship’s galley and is
applied finely distributed to the burning surface using spray .

Method of Extinguishing Fire with Foam, Powder or Any Chemical Agent


‐ In attacking fire with fire extinguisher, initially pull out the locking pin from the valve
‐ Carry the extinguisher in an upright position
‐ Approach the fire as close as safety permits.
‐ Grasp the nozzle and squeeze the release lever to start the extinguisher
‐ Control the discharge of the chemical agent by the nozzle shut-off valve for both cartridge-operated and
pressurized dry chemical extinguishers.
‐ Direct the discharge at the base of the flame and attack with a sweeping movement.

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ENTERING AND PASSING THROUGH
A FOAM INJECTED COMPARTMENT

Fireproof Lifeline

A Lifeline is a device used as a means of communication between the line tender and the wearer of CABA. It
has a minimum length of 50 feet and it is made of a woven steel wire rope (WSWR) with a snap hook at each
end. Attached to the upper part’ preferable to the back of a BA shoulder harness or belt. These lifelines provide
users with the means to escape back following an entry route or for rescuers to follow a path.

Procedures in Entering and Passingthrough, with Lifelinebut without Breathing Apparatus,


in a Compartment into which High-Expansion Foam has been injected:
1. Attach lifeline to waist
2. Enter using proper procedure
3. Conduct lifeline signal (use mnemonic O.A.T.H.)
4. Response according to lifeline signal
5. Exit using proper procedures

CARDINAL RULE: Never attach a lifeline to the waist of the BA wearer

To remember the signals for using a lifeline, recall the word “O – A – T – H”

1 Pull O – Okay
2 Pulls A – Advance
3 Pulls T – Take slack
4 Pulls H – Help

Usage of Fire Proof Lifeline

Lifelines are used for firefighters outfit/suit or as a general aid. These 30m lifelines are attached by means of a
snap-hook to either the harness of the breathing apparatus or belt of a firefighter. These lifelines provide users
with the means to escape back following an entry route or for rescuers to follow a path. Especially suited for
marine fire fighters.

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FIGHT FIRE IN SMOKE-FILLED ENCLOSED SPACES
WEARING SCBA

Guiding Principles of Fire Fighting in a Smoke-Filled Enclosed Spaces Wearing Self-


Contained Breathing Apparatus

Breathing apparatus

Breathing apparatus is a device that provides the user with breathing protection and enables a person to enter a
hostile environment with some degree of protection for the respiratory system.

Breathing apparatus must properly be maintained and crewmember must be trained in its use. Training should
include:
1. Instruction on the capabilities and limitations of each type of device carried on board.
2. Instruction on the selection of the proper type device, depending on the hazards.
3. Handling of the equipment, donning of the face piece and testing of the face piece to face seal.
4. Drills simulating the emergency use of the equipment.
5. Instruction and practice in stowing the equipment.

Breathing apparatus includes a face piece, body harness and flexible tubes that supply air or oxygen, and a
cylinder.

Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA)


A self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) sometimes referred to as a compressed air breathing
apparatus (CABA), or simply breathing apparatus (BA), is a device worn by rescue workers, firefighters, and
others to provide breathable air in an Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health (IDLH) atmosphere.

Types of Breathing Apparatus


There are two types of self-contained breathing apparatus used in the fire service:

1. Open circuit SCBA uses compressed air; closed-circuit uses compressed or liquid oxygen. The exhaled air in
open circuit SCBA is vented to the outside atmosphere.
2. Closed circuit SCBA is also known as re-breather apparatus because the user's exhaled air stays within the
system for reuse.

The main difference between the two is that the former one is used for rescue operations that tend to be very
long. In this type of SCBA, the air is continuously re-processed or recycled so that the wearer of the SCBA gets a
continuous supply of air. In the second variety, the oxygen is compressed to fit into air cylinders. These
varieties of SCBA are used for shorter rescue operations.

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Testing and Donning of Breathing Apparatus
1. Position the SCBA with the valve end of the cylinder away from the user
2. Open cylinder valve
3. Check the unit and the remote pressure gauges, low pressure alarm
4. Spread the harness straps
5. Grasp top of left harness strap w/ left hand, support regulator
6. Swing unit onto left shoulder
7. Release regulator from right hand and slip right arm into right
8. Fasten chest strap and buckle the waist strap
9. Adjust the shoulder straps
10. Don face piece

Correct Way to Fit the Face Mask of a CABA and to Check that it is Airtight
1. Support the facemask by placing the neck strap around the neck
2. Take the facemask and spread the harness with both hands
3. Take a deep inhalation and hold breath
4. Slide the facemask and harness over the head and position the mask ensuring that the chin fits firmly into
the chin cup
5. Adjust the bottom and middle straps progressively and evenly in pairs to ensure that the head harness is
square on the back of the head
6. Finish off adjustment with the top strap (the facemask fit should be square, comfortable, secure but not
overly tight

Perform a facemask seal test by:


‐ Holding breath and turning off the air supply keeping a hand on the cylinder valve
‐ Observe the pressure gauge for approximately 8 seconds whilst moving the head up and down and side
to side. There should be no discernible change in gauge reading
‐ Breathe steadily to exhaust the residual air in the system noting the correct operation of the low
pressure warning whistle
‐ When the air is exhausted inhale so that the mask collapses onto the face
‐ Hold breath for approximately 8 seconds to ensure that the mask remains “sucked down” onto the face
‐ Turn on the air supply and breathe normally

Procedures of Breathing Techniques


1. Control
2. Skip breathing
3. Box breathing
4. The Reilly Emergency Breathing Technique (R-EBT)
5. Straw breathing

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Steps to Follow in Servicing and Checking of Breathing Apparatus
General Check:
• Carry out a visual inspection of the whole apparatus paying attention to:
1. All harnesses should be fully extended
2. The cylinder should be securely fitted to the back plate
3. Examine all components for signs of excessive wear or damage
4. Correct assembly of the apparatus (check all finger tight connections)
• Check that the low pressure warning whistle activates within the range of 60-50 bar by:
1. Cover the outlet port of the LDV with the ball of the hand
2. Press the center of the LDV to activate
3. Slowly vent the system by carefully lifting the ball of the hand allowing air to slowly escape
4. Observe the pressure gauge noting the reading when the whistle begins to operate.
• Perform a facemask seal test
• Check the operation of the supplementary air supply by pressing the center of the LDV

After-use Servicing
(When you have worn a set you will be responsible for cleaning it and making it ready for re-use)
‐ Replace the cylinder as described above
‐ Remove the facemask and wash thoroughly in the correctly mixed safety wash solution
‐ Rinse the mask thoroughly in clean lukewarm water
‐ Dry the facemask using the towel roll supplied
‐ Re-assemble the apparatus and carry out a general check as described above
‐ Complete the log book as required

Dismantling and Reassembly of CABA

Disassembling the Face-piece:


1. Remove the two screws from the lens clamps. The nuts may fall out of the lower clamp.
2. Carefully pry the clamps apart and remove from the lens.
3. Remove lens from the face-piece seal.
4. Remove inner oral/nasal cup.
5. Lift up slightly and pull away from the exhalation assembly
6. Rotate the exhalation valve assembly clockwise until the slots align with the grove in the lens
7. Push the exhalation valve assembly outward.
8. Remove the CDV (Compact Demand Valve) adapter using the two pin spanner tool by placing the spanner
tool on the retaining nut and turning counter clockwise.
9. Remove nut and CDV adapter, and gently remove the CDV seal from the lens

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Changing the Cylinder:
The cylinder must be replaced with a full one when the contents gauge registers a pressure of below 80% of full
pressure (i.e. 160 Bar). When a cylinder has been removed it must be recharge immediately or to request at the
earliest opportunity for re-service ashore.
1. Ensure that the cylinder valve is closed
2. Vent any pressure in the system by pressing the center of the LDV (Lung Demand Valve)
3. Loosen the cam-lock on the cylinder retaining strap
4. Remove the anti-vibration strap from the cylinder connector
5. Unscrew the cylinder connector and lift the cylinder clear of the apparatus
6. Fully extend the cylinder retaining strap
7. Visually examine the condition of the cylinder connector ‘O’ ring
8. Slide the fully charged cylinder into the cylinder retaining strap
9. Swing the cylinder and back plate into the vertical position so that the weight of the cylinder is supported
10. Align the cylinder connector to the cylinder valve and tighten using finger and thumb effort only
11. Lay the apparatus flat and adjust the cylinder retaining strap so that when the cam-lock is applied the
cylinder is secure against the back plate (do not over tighten)
12. Fit the anti-vibration strap
13. Carry out a full general check

Assembly Instructions:
Open the cylinder cradle by squeezing the two sides of the cradle lever and open the cylinder strap. Line up the
cylinder valve with reducer valve hand wheel and turn hand wheel counterclockwise until hand tight. Hook
cylinder strap over cylinder and pull down the operating lever onto the tension spring to be clipped to place.

To attach demand valve assembly to facemask- line up assembly with the red by pass valve knob upwards with
the center line of facemask and turn assembly clockwise through 90 degrees until it clicks into place.

Dead Volume and its Effect on air Consumption in the CABA


In physiology, dead space is the volume of air which is inhaled that does not take part in the gas exchange,
either because it (1) remains in the conducting airways, or (2) reaches alveoli that are not perfused or poorly
perfused. In other words, not all the air in each breath is available for the exchange of oxygen and carbon
dioxide. Mammals breathe in and out of their lungs, wasting that part of the inspiration which remains in the
conducting airways where no gas exchange can occur. Benefits do accrue to a seemingly wasteful design for
ventilation that includes dead space.
1. Carbon dioxide is retained, making a bicarbonate-buffered blood and interstitium possible.
2. Inspired air is brought to body temperature, increasing the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen, improving
O2 uptake.
3. Particulate matter is trapped on the mucus that lines the conducting airways, allowing its removal
by mucociliary transport.
4. Inspired air is humidified, improving the quality of airway mucus.

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Breathing Apparatus Having a Smoke Helmet, Air Pump, Air Line and Fittings

Smoke Helmet and Smoke Mask


The smoke helmet arrangement uses a helmet which covers the head and is connected to an air hose. A hand
operated pump or bellows supplies the air. A system of signals between user and supplier must be arranged to
ensure safe, correct operation.
1. Every smoke helmet or smoke mask provided in compliance with the regulations shall be provided with a
hose for the supply of air from the outside atmosphere.
2. An air pump or bellows shall be provided which shall be suitable for pumping air through the hose
3. Such hose shall be of the non-collapsing type and shall be sufficient in length to enable the air pump or
bellows to be on the open deck in clear air well clear of any hatch or doorway while the wearer of the helmet
or mask is in any part of the accommodation, service, cargo or machinery spaces.
4. Efficient couplings shall be provided if two or more lengths of hose are to be joined in order to reach the
aforesaid spaces.
5. The air inlet to the pump or bellows shall be so protected as to ensure that the supply of air cannot be
obstructed.

How to Search for Persons (Using Dummies) in a Smoke-Filled Space while Wearing CABA
‐ two persons in a team enter a mock-up compartment
‐ carry out a search operation
‐ upon finding a casualty (dummy) prepare for carriage
‐ bring out the casualty (dummy) to a safer place
‐ apply medical first aid

Taking Part in Team Exercises Communicating with other Team Members while Wearing
CABA in a Smoke-Filled Space
‐ enter a in a smoke-filled space while wearing a CABA
‐ while inside communicate thru fireproof lifeline, fire hose or metal stick to the outside team members
‐ use or transmit message by referring to the word “O – A – T – H”
‐ received message/instructions from outside team member
‐ carry out or comply with the instruction as per signal aid

Steps on How to Use Portable Extinguishers in a Smoke Filled Space


1. Classify fire and choose appropriate fire extinguisher
2. Attack and extinguish using PASS method as:
‐ Pull the pin
‐ Aim the nozzle or hose
‐ Squeeze the handle and
‐ Sweep from side to side at the base of fire
3. Back out facing the fire

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Fighting fire in smoke-filled enclosed space wearing SCBA
1. Muster and prepare to attack
2. Proceed towards fire door chamber
3. Check fire door
4. Open fire door in proper procedures
5. Enter inside chamber in safe manner
6. Extinguish fire inside chamber
7. Execute forward and backward movement

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EXTINGUISHING FIRE WITH WATER FOG OR ANY OTHER
SUITABLE FIRE-FIGHTING AGENT IN AN
ACCOMMODATION ROOM OR SIMULATED ENGINE-ROOM
WITH FIRE AND HEAVY SMOKE

Physical and Chemical Properties of Water Fog and its Fire Extinguishing Effects:
• cooling effect
• oxygen squeeze out
• hitting effect
• inhibition extinguishing effect

Cooling Effect of Water Fog:


During the combustion process the majority of the liberated heat energy is passed from the combustion zone
with heat conduction, heat radiation and heat convection.

Oxygen Squeeze out Effect of Water Fog:


Small water particles in fire quickly become steam. This procedure happens in the flame zone on high
temperatures. On lower temperatures, for example on evacuation routes, steam does not form. It is a great
advantage during the use of water fog, because presence of oxygen is essential for a safe escape of personnel
without SCBA. Water drops coming from traditional sprinklers evaporate much slower.

Hitting Effect of Water Fog:


Universal fire hose directors or fire extinguisher lances of mobile water fog fire extinguishers working with
combustion engines are suitable to create concentrated water fog jets.

Possible Fire Extinguishing Applications of Water Fog


Basically, water fog can be used in case of fires of all flammable materials, where water is allowed, but with
special attention during wintertime to the danger of freezing. It was confirmed by experiments that even fires of
charged electric devices can be extinguished with the use of water fog with appropriate high pressure.

Water fog is an extremely useful extinguishing agent that can be used in a wide range of applications, except
some special cases, where it is forbidden to use water. Its effectiveness comes from its fire extinguishing
capability and from more different aspects.

The key to fire extinguishing effectiveness of water fog lies within the appropriate kinetic energy of its
extremely small particles. “Water fog” is the name of the aerosol, if it contains particles with a diameter of 1,000
mm or bigger less than 1% of the water, measured in 1 meter distance from the spray nozzle. Sizes of water
particles should be checked with a laser measurement instrument at least in 24 different points in the aerosol.

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1. Fire extinguishing effect means formation of circumstances that could restrain or inhibit combustion or its
formation. A series of experiments prove that different fire extinguishing effects appear at the same time
using water fog. When using water fog for fire extinguishing, water particles in a combustion zone should
be as small as possible, this way maximizing the surface of the extinguishing agent, so the cooling effect is
greater and the necessary amount of water is much less compared to traditional fire extinguishing methods
using water flush. It is possible to generate water fog in several pressure ranges using different spray
nozzles, but there will be differences in the sizes of water particles in the aerosols. And particle size affects
the active cooling surface.

2. Sizes, numbers of water drops and an active cooling surface related to 1 liter of water

Method of Extinguishing Fire with Water Fog or Any Other Suitable Firefighting Agent
1. Enter the area in a crouch position using a low-velocity fog w/ vari-nozzle
2. Adjust the nozzle to form a screen of water droplets which provides a heat shield
3. Shuffle and advance with extra care due to visibility is obscured with water fog
4. Use water fog to drive the smoke and heat
5. In passageway with only one opening, direct short burst of solid stream or fog toward the overhead to
knock down the flames
6. Keep distance at about 5m in extinguishing fire from electrical equipment
7. Use indirect attack to the seat of fire

Formation and Use of Water Fog


Formation of water fog and use of water fog fire extinguishers provide new solutions in fire protection with the
combination of positive properties of traditional gaseous and sprinkler extinguishers. The successfulness of
fire extinguishing with water fog aerosols based on their water drop size reduction, increased kinetic energy
and distribution of drops, and besides the cooling effect on the burning surface, the sudden break in the chain
reaction of burning. So this environmental friendly and very effective way evaporation of water drops results in
reduced oxygen concentration in the vicinity of the fire. What is more, in parallel with these, both homogenous
and heterogeneous inhibition take place, resulting in of fire extinguishing is harmless for humans and causes
no water damage faces a great future in fire protection.

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EXTINGUISHING OIL FIRE WITH FOG APPLICATOR AND
SPRAY NOZZLES, DRY CHEMICAL POWDER
OR FOAM APPLICATORS

Applicators Used To Extinguish Oil Fires:


1. water fog applicator
2. dry chemical powder applicator
3. foam applicator

Water Fog Applicator


This nozzle has been designed for hidden fires in efficient extinguishing media available.

Dry Chemical Applicator


Dry chemicals remain one of the most extinguishing media available.

Fixed Foam Syatem on Deck


• The foam supply rate shall not be less than the larger of the following values:
• 0.6 L/min per m2 of the area of cargo tanks, calculated as the product of the maximum breadth by the
length of the cargo area
• 6 L/min per m2 of the maximum horizontal section of an individual tank • 3 L/min per m2 of the area
protected by the largest monitor, entirely forward of it, but not less than 1250 L/min
• The distance from the foam monitor to the farthest point of the area protected shall not be superior to 75%
of the monitor range
• Forward of the stern castle or of the superstructure, 2 foam monitors shall be installed, one at each side,
facing the cargo area.

Self-inducing portable foam applicator pipe with a capacity of 225 L/min, light alloy with suction hose and Storz
connector lug distance 66 mm / 2", powder coated (orange), according to SOLAS
‐ long throw
‐ Self-inducing models
‐ Suitable for all foams
‐ Range 18-22 meters at 7 bar

Required as per SOLAS II-2/10.5.1.2.1 and 10.5.2.2.1. Intended to lay down a blanket of foam in case of an oil
fire in machinery spaces. Machinery spaces containing oil-fired boiler or oil fuel units and or internal
combustion engine shall carry at least one portable foam applicator unit complying with the FSS Code
equivalent in each boiler room. If the engine-room and boiler room are not entirely separate, or if fuel can drain
from the boiler room into the engine-room, the combined engine and boiler room shall be considered as one
compartment.

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Article number 4.05.0175
Approval SOLAS
Dimensions (HxWxD) 740 x 50 x 50 mm
Weight 2.20 kg

Method of Extinguishing Oil Fire with Fog Applicator and Spray Nozzles, Dry Chemical
Powder or Foam Applicators
1. Apply the foam gently with minimal disturbances to the fuel surfaces
2. The other way is to deflect the stream off the vertical surface near the fire
3. Allow the foam to run down onto the fuel and spread over it
4. Another technique is to discharge the foam at the ground in front of the fire allowing the foam to roll over
the front edge of the fuel fire
5. Moved the stream at about the surface rather than to steady at one application point
6. Wait for the foam to move across the fuel surface
7. Once control has been established, shut down the nozzle and see if the foam will seal up, completing
extinguishment

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