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Introduction To Research

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17 views8 pages

Introduction To Research

Uploaded by

tekle
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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SRI SAI COLLEGE

DEPARMENT OF MANAGEMENT AND BUSINESS


ADMINISTERATION

Instructor: Prof.Samuel Tadesse


Course: BUSINESS RESEARCH METHODS
Course begins: Tuesday September 28, 2022
CHAPTER ONE- BUSINESS RESEARCH METHODS
TOPICS DISCUSSED
DEFINITION OF RESEARCH
APPLIED AND BASIC RESEARCH
WHY MANAGERS SHOULD KNOW ABOUT RESEARCH
MANAGERS AND THE CONSULTANT–RESEARCHER
• The Manager–Researcher Relationship
• Internal versus External Researchers and Consultants
KNOWLEDGE ABOUT RESEARCH AND MANAGERIAL EFFECTIVENESS
ETHICS AND BUSINESS RESEARCH

CAHPTER TWO- SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION


TOPICS DISCUSSED
THE HALLMARKS OF SCIENCE
• Purposiveness
• Rigor
• Testability
• Replicability
• Precision and Confidence
• Objectivity
• Generalizability
• Parsimony
LIMITATIONS TO SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN MANAGEMENT
THE BUILDING BLOCKS OF SCIENCE AND THE HYPOTHETICO-DEDUCTIVE
METHOD OF RESEARCH
THE SEVEN STEPS OF THE HYPOTHETICO-DEDUCTIVE METHOD
• Observation
• Preliminary Information Gathering
• Theory Formulation
• Hypothesizing

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• Further Scientific Data Collection
• Data Analysis
• Deduction
OTHER TYPES OF RESEARCH
• Case Studies
• Action Research

CHAPTER THREE- THE RESEARCH PROCESS


Steps 1 to 3: The Broad Problem Area
Preliminary Data Gathering
Problem Definition
TOPICS DISCUSSED
THE BROAD PROBLEM AREA
PRELIMINARY DATA COLLECTION
SOME INFORMATION VITAL FOR RESEARCH
• Background Information on the Organization: Contextual Factors
• Structural Factors, Job Factors, Management Philosophy
• Perceptions, Attitudes, and Behavioral Responses
LITERATURE SURVEY
• Reasons for Literature Survey
• Conducting the Literature Survey
• Identifying the Relevant Sources
• Extracting the Relevant Information
WRITING UP THE LITERATURE SURVEY OR THE LITERATURE REVIEW
PROBLEM DEFINITION
MANAGERIAL IMPLICATIONS
ETHICAL ISSUES

CHAPTER FOUR- THE RESEARCH PROCESS


Steps 4 and 5: Theoretical Framework
Hypothesis Development
TOPICS DISCUSSED
THE NEED FOR A THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
VARIABLES
• Dependent Variable
• Independent Variable
• Moderating Variable
• Intervening Variable
THE THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK AND ITS FIVE BASIC FEATURES

2
HYPOTHESIS DEVELOPMENT
• Definition
• If–Then Statements
• Directional and Nondirectional Hypotheses
• Null and Alternate Hypotheses
MANAGERIAL IMPLICATIONS

CHAPTER FIVE- THE RESEARCH PROCESS


Step 6: Elements of Research Design
TOPICS DISCUSSED
THE RESEARCH DESIGN
PURPOSE OF THE STUDY: EXPLORATORY, DESCRIPTIVE, HYPOTHESIS
TESTING, CASE STUDY ANALYSIS
TYPE OF INVESTIGATION: CAUSAL VERSUS CORRELATIONAL
EXTENT OF RESEARCHER INTERFERENCE WITH THE STUDY
STUDY SETTING: CONTRIVED VERSUS NONCONTRIVED
UNIT OF ANALYSIS: INDIVIDUALS, DYADS, GROUPS, ORGANIZATIONS,
CULTURES
TIME HORIZON OF STUDY: CROSS-SECTIONAL VERSUS LONGITUDINAL
MANAGERIAL IMPLICATIONS

CAHPTER SIX- EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS


TOPICS DISCUSSED
LAB AND FIELD EXPERIMENTS
CONTROL
MANIPULATION
CONTROLLING THE CONTAMINATING VARIABLES
• Matching
• Randomization
INTERNAL VALIDITY OF LAB EXPERIMENTS
EXTERNAL VALIDITY
FIELD EXPERIMENTS
TRADE-OFF BETWEEN INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL VALIDITY
FACTORS AFFECTING INTERNAL VALIDITY
• History Effects
• Maturation Effects
• Testing Effects
• Instrumentation Effects
• Selection Effects
• Statistical Regression Effects
• Mortality Effects
INTERNAL VALIDITY IN CASE STUDIES

3
FACTORS AFFECTING EXTERNAL VALIDITY
TYPES OF EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS AND INTERNAL VALIDITY
• Quasi-Experimental Designs
• True Experimental Designs
• Ex Post Facto Designs
SIMULATION
ETHICAL ISUES IN EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
MANAGERIAL IMPLICATIONS

CHAPTER SEVEN - MEASUREMENT OF VARIABLES: OPERATIONAL


DEFINITION AND SCALES
TOPICS DISCUSSED
MEASUREMENT OF VARIABLES
OPERATIONAL DEFINITION
• Dimensions and Elements of Concepts
• What an Operational Definition Is Not
THE FOUR TYPES OF SCALES
• Nominal
• Ordinal
• Interval
• Ratio
INTERNATIONAL DIMENSIONS OF OPERATIONAL DEFINITION
AND SCALING

CHAPTER EIGHT- MEASUREMENT: SCALING, RELIABILITY, VALIDITY


TOPICS DISCUSSED
SCALING TECHNIQUES FREQUENTLY USED
• Rating Scales
• Dichotomous Scale
• Category Scale
• Likert Scale
• Semantic Differential Scale
• Numerical Scales
• ItemizedRating Scale
• Fixed or Constant Sum Rating Scale
• Stapel Scale
• Graphic Rating Scale
• Consensus Scale
• Ranking Scales
• Paired Comparisons
• Forced Choice

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• Comparative Scale
GOODNESS OF MEASURES
• Stability
• Test–Retest Reliability
• Parallel-Form Reliability
• Internal Consistency
• Split-Half Reliability
• Interitem Consistency Reliability
• Validity
• Content Validity
• Face Validity
• Criterion-Related Validity
• Concurrent Validity
• Predictive Validity
• Construct Validity
CHAPTER NINE -DATA COLLECTION METHODS
TOPICS DISCUSSED
SOURCES OF DATA
• Focus Groups
• Panels
• Unobtrusive Sources
DATA COLLECTION METHODS
• Interviewing
• Unstructured and Structured interviews
• Tips for Interviewing
• Face-to-Face and Telephone Interviews
• Computer-Assisted Interviews
• Questionnaires and Questionnaire Design
• Personally Administered Questionnaires and Mail Questionnaires
• Principles of Wording
• Principles of Measurement
• General Appearance of the Questionnaire
• Electronic Questionnaire Design and Surveys
• Observational Studies
• Participant and Nonparticipant Observation
• Structured and Unstructured Observation
• Projective Tests
MULTIMETHODS AND MULTISOURCES OF DATA COLLECTION
SETTING WHEREFROM DATA ARE COLLECTED
INTERNATIONAL DIMENSIONS OF SURVEYS
MANAGERIAL ADVANTAGE
ETHICS IN DATA COLLECTION

5
CHAPTER TEN- SAMPLING
TOPICS DISCUSSED
POPULATION, ELEMENT, POPULATION FRAME, SAMPLE, SUBJECT,
SAMPLING
REASONS FOR SAMPLING
REPRESENTATIVENESS OF THE SAMPLE
PROBABILITY SAMPLING
• Simple Random Sampling
• Systematic Sampling
• Stratified Random Sampling: Proportionate and Disproportionate
• Cluster Sampling: Single-Stage and Multistage Clusters
• Area Sampling
• Double Sampling
NONPROBABILITY SAMPLING
• Convenience Sampling
• Judgment Sampling
• Quota Sampling
SAMPLING IN CROSS-CULTURAL RESEARCH
ISSUES OF PRECISION AND CONFIDENCE IN DETERMINING SAMPLE SIZE
PRECISION AND CONFIDENCE: TRADE-OFFS
SAMPLE DATA AND HYPOTHESIS TESTING
SAMPLE SIZE
EFFICIENCY IN SAMPLING
SAMPLING IN QUALITATIVE STUDIES
MANAGERIAL RELEVANCE

CHAPTER ELEVEN -DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATIONS


TOPICS DISCUSSED
GETTING DATA READY FOR ANALYSIS
• Editing Data
• Handling Blank Responses
• Coding
• Categorizing
• Entering Data
DATA ANALYSIS
• Basic Objectives in Data Analysis
• Feel for the Data
• Testing Goodness of Data
• Hypothesis Testing
DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

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• Use of Several Data-Analytic Techniques
• Descriptive Statistics
• Inferential Statistics
SOME SOFTWARE PACKAGES USEFUL FOR DATA ANALYSIS
USE OF EXPERT SYSTEMS IN SELECTING THE APPROPRIATE
STATISTICAL TESTS
CHAPTER TWELVE- THE RESEARCH REPORT
TOPICS DISCUSSED
THE RESEARCH PROPOSAL
THE WRITTEN REPORT
• Purpose
• Different Types of Reports
• Audience
• Characteristics of a Good Report
CONTENTS OF THE RESEARCH REPORT
• Title of the Report
• Table of Contents
• Copy of Authorization Letter
• Executive Summary or Synopsis
• The Introductory Section
• Method Section
• Results Section
• Discussion Section
• Recommendations and Implementation
• Summary
• Acknowledgments
• References
• Appendix
ORAL PRESENTATION
• Content
• Visual Aids
• Presentation
• Handling Questions

CHAPTER THIRTEEN- MANAGERIAL DECISION MAKING AND RESEARCH


TOPICS DISCUSSED
• Role of Research and Common Sense in Managerial Decision Making
• Decision-Making Process in Applying Different Types of Research Results
• Description of a Qualitative Case Study and another Case That Should Have
Been Studied, but Was Not

7
Mode of Delivery
 Lecture
 Group Discussion
 Case Study
 Demonstration
 Debate
 Discussion

Evaluation: 20% Project (Group Work)


Assignment: 10%
Mid Exam: 20%
Final Exam: 50%

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