LIDETA SUB CITY ADMINISTRATION EDUCATION OFFICE

GRADE 12 GEOGRAPHY MODEL EXAMINATIONS

2016E.C/ 2024G.C

NUMBER OF QUESTIONS: 115 TIMES ALLOWED: - 2: HOURS

GENERAL DIRECTIONS
THIS BOOKLET CONTAINS EXAMINATION GEOGRAPHY. IN THIS
EXAMINATION, THERE ARE A TOTAL OF 115 MULTIPLE CHOICE
QUESTIONS.
CAREFULLY SELECT THE BEST ANSWER AND BLACKEN ONLY THE
LETTER OF YOUR CHOICE ON THE SEPARATE ANSWER SHEET
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ANY FORM OF CHEATING OR AN ATTEMPT TO CHEAT IN THE
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DO NOT TURN THIS PAGE UNTIL YOU ARE TOLD TO DO SO.

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CHOOSE THE BEST ANSWER FROM THE SUGGESTED OPTIONS AND BLACKEN THE LETTER OF
YOUR CHOICE ON THE SEPARATE ANSWER SHEET PROVIDED
1. Which of the following is NOT a tool commonly used in geographic analysis?
A. GIS (Geographic Information Systems) C. Remote sensing
B. GPS (Global Positioning System) D. Stethoscope
2. Which branch of geography primarily deals with the study of Earth's physical features and
natural processes?
A. Human geography Economic C. geography
B. Physical geography D. Political geography
3. Based on the definition of geography which scholar stated Geography is a science that is
concerned with the Rational development and testing of theories that explain and predict the
spatial distribution and locations of (things and) phenomena on the surface of the earth.
A. Alexander von Humboldt C. Yeats, M
B. Erathosthenes D. Concise oxford dictionary
4. Which concept in geography refers to the spatial arrangement of physical and human
phenomena on Earth's surface?
A. Spatial distribution C. Spatial analysis
B. Spatial interaction D. Spatial integration
5. Which of the following is NOT a factor influencing the severity of earthquake damage?
A. Magnitude of the earthquake C. Distance from the epicenter
B. Depth of the earthquake's focus D. Time of day when the earthquake occurs
6. Which external force contributes to the formation of valleys?
A. Volcanic activity C. Erosion
B. Tectonic uplift D. Endogenic movement
7. Which internal force is primarily responsible for the formation of Fold Mountains?
A. Extension C. Shearing
B. Compression D. Tension
8. Which layer of the atmosphere contains the ozone layer?
A. Troposphere C. Mesosphere
B. Stratosphere D. Thermosphere
9. Which type of rainfall is caused by the lifting of moist air over mountains?
A. Convectional rainfall C. Orographic rainfall
B. Cyclonic rainfall D. Frontal rainfall
10. Which type of wind is caused by the unequal heating of the Earth's surface and typically occurs
during the day near coastal areas?
A. Trade winds C. Monsoon winds
B. Sea breeze D. Polar easterlies
11. What type of wind flows from the west to the east in the mid-latitudes of both hemispheres?
A. Trade winds C. Monsoon winds
B. Westerlies D. Polar easterlies
12. Which sub region of the tropical zone is characterized by dense rainforests, high temperatures,
and high precipitation throughout the year?
A. Tropical rainforest C. Tropical desert
B. Tropical savanna D. Tropical monsoon
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13. Which natural region is characterized by its cold temperatures, low-growing vegetation, and
permafrost?
A. Tundra C. Grassland
B. Desert D. Tropical rainforest
14. What is the name of the vast lowland region in Ethiopia known for its extreme heat, salt flats,
and active volcanic activity, including the Danakil Depression?
A. Ethiopian Highlands C. Danakil Depression
B. Great Rift Valley D. Ogaden Plateau
15. Which of the following is a characteristic of the temperate zone climate?
A. Hot and humid conditions year-round
B. Extreme cold temperatures and permafrost
C. Moderate temperatures with distinct seasons
D. Heavy rainfall and dense tropical rainforests
16. What type of vegetation is commonly found in regions with a Mediterranean climate?
A. Evergreen forests C. Grasslands and savannas
B. Tropical rainforests D. Chaparral shrublands and sclerophyll forests
17. Which of the following is considered an abiotic component of an ecosystem?
A. Plants C. Soil
B. Animals D. Decomposers
18. Which of the following is an example of a primary source of population data?
A. Research articles published in academic journals
B. Census data collected by government agencies
C. Surveys conducted by non-profit organizations
D. Population projections made by demographers
19. What type of economic activity involves the production and dissemination of knowledge,
information, and expertise, including research and development, education, and technology
services?
A. Primary sector C. Tertiary sector
B. Secondary sector D. Quaternary sector
20. What type of driving force is related to advancements in machinery, equipment, and
agricultural techniques that affect land use practices?
A. Economic factors C. Social factors
B. Political factors D. Technological factors
21. Which category of resources includes minerals and metals extracted from the Earth's crust,
such as iron ore, copper, and gold?
A. Non-renewable resources C. Fossil fuels
B. Renewable resources D. Geothermal resources
22. How do contour lines represent steep slopes on a topographic map?
A. They are spaced far apart C. They form concentric circles
B. They are closely spaced D. They are dashed lines
23. What do contour lines on a map represent?
A. Vegetation types C. Political boundaries
B. Elevation changes D. Population density

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24. Which era is characterized by the emergence of modern mammals, birds, and flowering plants,
as well as the rise of humans?
A. Paleozoic Era C. Cenozoic Era
B. Mesozoic Era D. Precambrian Era
25. Among the following which era known for the division of two big and masses called Laurasia
and Gondwanaland?
A. Precambrian C. Mesozoic
B. Paleozoic D. Cenozoic
26. What type of rock forms from the solidification of molten material, such as magma or lava?
A. Sedimentary rock C. Igneous rock
B. Metamorphic rock D. Volcanic rock
27. What type of rock forms from the alteration of pre-existing rocks due to heat, pressure, or
chemical processes?
A. Sedimentary rock C. Igneous rock
B. Metamorphic rock D. Sedimentary rock
28. According to ancient Greek classification, which climatic zones indicate a sandwich between
the degrees of 23½o – 66½ o N and 23½ o – 66½ o S?
A. The low-latitude tropical (torrid) zone C. A middle-latitude temperate zone
B. The high-latitude polar (frigid) zone D. Tropical (high latitude) zone
29. What is the primary driver of anthropogenic climate change, resulting from human activities
such as burning fossil fuels and deforestation?
A. Volcanic eruptions C. Greenhouse gas emissions
B. Solar radiation D. Ocean currents
30. Which months of Ethiopia are having hottest temperature character prevails?
A. June, July and August C. March, April and May
B. September, October and November D. December, January and February
31. The effects of the southwest equatorial westerly winds are experienced in the Ethiopian
highlands during Keremt season, from one of the following ocean?
A. Indian Ocean C. Atlantic Ocean
B. Southern Ocean D. Mediterranean sea
32. Among the following traditional climate zone of Ethiopia, which one is a type of Alpine climate?
A. Dega C. Kolla
B. Woina dega D. Wurch
33. Among the following one is False about the drought coping mechanisms?
A. Planting trees in degraded areas
B. Instituting water and soil conservation programs
C. Ensuring wise use of forest rangeland resources
D. Expansion of agricultural lands
34. What factor contributes to Africa's underutilization of its natural resources?
A. Political stability C. Infrastructure limitations
B. Lack of available resources D. Overpopulation
35. In the population pyramid shape of Africa, among the following one is True?
A. Rectangular C. Steady growth
B. Triangular D. Narrow base

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36. Which sector experienced notable economic growth in countries like Angola, congo, and
Equatorial Guinea?
A. Agriculture C. Mining and extraction
B. Manufacturing D. Service sector
37. Which economic sector has traditionally dominated Africa's economy since prehistoric times?
A. Service sector C. Subsistence agriculture
B. Industrial manufacturing D. Technological innovation
38. According to Marxism, what role does population growth play in capitalist societies?
A. It fosters equality among social classes
B. It leads to decreased competition for resources
C. It provides a larger labor poor for capitalist exploitation
D. It encourages a more equitable distribution of wealth
39. What does social capital refer to in the context of social development indicators?
A. Financial asset owned by individuals in a society
B. Formal and informal social norms that structure behavior
C. Educational attainment of the population
D. Health care access for all citizens
40. From the following are one is true in terms of the national governments subsidize family
planning services?
A. To increase tax revenue C. To reduce poverty occurrence
B. To promote women empowerment D. To control population growth
41. What distinguishes the clinical intervention model in addressing environmental health issues?
A. Focuses on preventive measures before disease occurrence
B. Primarily uses community-based approaches
C. Treat diseases that have already affected the population
D. Involves long term environmental policy changes
42. Which type of corruption includes small bribes or favors at lower level of bureaucracy expedite
processes?
A. Corporate corruption C. Petty corruption
B. Judicial corruption D. Systematic corruption
43. What type of corruption involves public officials misusing power for personal or political gain
leading to nepotism and clientelism?
A. Policy corruption C. Organized crime corruption
B. Bureaucratic corruption D. Political corruption
44. How is environmental health defined according to the healthy people 2010 initiatives?
A. Relationship between economic development and health outcomes
B. Influence of social factors on individual health situation
C. Connection between human health, disease and the environment
D. Human health determined solely by genetic factors
45. What key areas are addressed by chapter 6 of the UN Agenda 21 related to environmental
health priorities?
A. Expansion of economic growth opportunities
B. Securement of political stability in regions
C. Control of communicable diseases and protections of vulnerable groups
D. Promotions of cultural heritage preservation for sustainable development

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46. What is a key measure to combat corruption through enhancing transparency in government
operations?
A. Increasing bureaucratic red tape
B. Strengthening transparency in decision making
C. Limiting public oversight
D. Restricting access to information
47. In the Gini-coefficient measures, what does coefficient of 0 and 1 represents?
A. Measures inflation and unemployment
B. Measure income or wealth inequalities
C. Measure population growth rate levels
D. Measure educational attainment levels
48. Which of the following are considered structural reasons for poverty?
A. Lack of personal responsibility
B. Gender discrimination in institutions
C. High wages leading to increased poverty
D. Extensive investment in education and health care
49. What is the primary belief of environmental determinism?
A. Human behavior is solely determined by genetics
B. The physical environment influence human behavior
C. Human behavior is shaped by cultural factors
D. Human behavior is random and unpredictable
50. What historical pandemic known for its devastating impact and absence of effective treatment
at the time, is described as having resulted in 50 million deaths worldwide, and first observed
in Europe, USA and parts of Asia before spreading globally?
A. The great plague of Athens C. Spanish Flue
B. Covid-19 D. The black death
51. Which countries were most affected by the Ebola outbreak that began in December, 2013?
A. Nigeria, Ghana, and Senegal C. South Africa, Zimbabwe, and
Zambia
B. Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda D. Guinea, Liberia, Sierra Leon
52. What geological evidence did Alfred Wegener utilize to support his continental drift theory?
A. Coastal erosion patterns
B. Similarity in coastline shapes between Africa and South America
C. Volcanic activity
D. Oceanic trench formations
53. How has the plate tectonics theory impacted the field of geology?
A. It has led to a re-examination of almost every aspect of geology
B. It has caused a decline in geological research
C. It has confirmed the fixism theory
D. It has had no significant impact on geology
54. What geological feature is formed when two oceanic plates converge at a convergent plate
boundary?
A. Rift valleys C. Transform faults
B. Volcanic islands D. Mountain ranges

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55. Which type of force originates within the Earth's atmosphere?
A. Exogenic C. Tectonic
B. Endogenic D. Sedimentary
56. What geological process involves the gradual breakdown of rocks into smaller fragments?
A. Erosion C. Weathering
B. Volcanism D. Sedimentation
57. What type of fold occurs when one limb is pushed over the other due to great pressure?
A. Asymmetrical fold C. Over thrust fold
B. Over fold D. Symmetrical fold
58. Which seismic waves travel within the body of the crust?
A. Surface waves C. P waves
B. S waves D. Love waves
59. What is the primary agent of chemical weathering?
A. Wind C. Rain
B. Running water D. Glaciers
60. Which landform is formed when a river flows over a hard rock, leaving the soft rock eroded
beneath?
A. Meander C. Gorge
B. Ox-bow lake D. Waterfall
61. What is the term for the down slope movement of rock, regolith, and soil under the influence of
gravity?
A. Erosion C. Mass wasting
B. Weathering D. Sedimentation
62. Which seismic scale measures the effects of earthquakes on a logarithmic scale?
A. Mercalli scale C. Seismograph scale
B. Richter scale D. Magnitude scale
63. Which sector does the CRGE strategy aim to develop by promoting energy efficiency and the
usage of alternative fuels, including stricter fuel efficiency standards and construction of an
electric rail network powered by renewable energy?
A. Agriculture C. Industrial
B. Forestry D. Transportation
64. What was the significance of the United Nations Conference on Environment and
Development (UNCED) held in Stockholm in 1972?
A. It introduced the notion of "sustainable development".
B. It established the World Summit on Sustainable Development.
C. It focused solely on economic development.
D. It emphasized social and environmental sustainability over economic growth.
65. Which dimension of sustainable development focuses on achieving fairness in distribution and
opportunity among all persons?
A. Economic dimension C. Social dimension
B. Environmental dimension D. Governance dimension

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66. Which of the following statements about Africa's geographical location is true?
A. Africa extends approximately 8000 kilometers east-west and 10,000 kilometers north-south.
B. The Equator crosses Africa at its extreme northern point.
C. Africa is the only continent not crossed by the Tropic of Capricorn.
D. Africa lies to the west of the Indian Ocean.
67. What is the significance of shape in geography?
A. Shape has no impact on socio-economic integration.
B. Shape influences the flow of goods and services within a region.
C. Shape only affects cultural exchange.
D. Shape is unrelated to the external appearance of a place.
68. Which term describes a place with a shape close to that of a circle?
A. Elongated C. compact
B. Fragmented D. Perforated
69. Which region of Africa is characterized by desert climate?
A. Central Africa C. Western Africa
B. Southern Africa D. Northern Africa
70. Which of the following best defines economic growth?
A. A qualitative measure of societal progress
B. An increase in the total production and wealth of an economy
C. A decrease in the standard of living within a society
D. A measure of technological advancement only
71. Which indicator is used to measure the total value of goods and services produced in a country
over a period of time?
A. Gross National Product (GNP) C. Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
B. Per capita income D. Standard of living
72. One of the following could not be the cause of conflict over natural resources:
A. Information C. Religion
B. Interest D. development
73. One of the following is not among the main drivers of conflict over natural resources?
A. Resource scarcity C. Trans boundary resource
B. Poor governance D. Addressing resource problem
74. Which one of the following is not a type of scarcity that occurs when different groups in a
society face unequal resource access?
A. Supply-induced scarcity C. Demand-induced scarcity
B. Structural scarcity D. Giving right for poor
75. Which one of the following is an indicator of good governance of natural resources?
A. Discriminatory policies C. Laws that marginalize specific groups.
B. Unequal distribution of benefits D. Public participation and transparency
76. According to Malthusian theory, what is the relationship between population growth and
resources?
A. Population growth is exponential, while resource availability is linear
B. Population growth and resource availability increase proportionally
C. Population growth is inversely proportional to resource availability
D. Population growth has no impact on resource availability

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77. How does Neo-Malthusian theory differ from Malthusian theory regarding population control?
A. Neo-Malthusian theory advocates for the use of birth control methods
B. Neo-Malthusian theory promotes unlimited population growth
C. Malthusian theory supports government intervention to control population growth
D. Neo-Malthusian theory ignores the issue of population growth
78. What is a key difference between Karl Marx's theory and Ester Boserup's theory?
A. Marx focuses on population growth, while Boserup focuses on class struggle.
B. Marx emphasizes technological innovation, while Boserup focuses on agricultural practices.
C. Marx advocates for laissez-faire capitalism, while Boserup advocates for socialism.
D. Marx's theory is primarily economic, while Boserup's theory is primarily agricultural
79. In what aspect do Ester Boserup's theory and Julian Simon's theory differ?
A. Boserup focuses on socialism, while Simon focuses on population growth.
B. Boserup advocates for population control, while Simon emphasizes technological progress.
C. Boserup highlights population growth on farming, while Simon argues for the benefits of
population growth.
D. Boserup critiques capitalism, while Simon advocates for laissez-faire economics
80. What is Julian Simon's theory primarily known for advocating?
A. Population control measures
B. Technological pessimism
C. The benefits of population growth
D. Environmental conservation efforts
81. Which one of the following environmental concerns may not be solved using indigenous
knowledge?
A. Soil conservation C. Ecosystem management
B. Water management D. Green house management
82. Which environmental movement is concerned less about the problems and a limitation to
overcome environmental problems rather focuses on “tools, models, and ideas” that already
exist for overcoming them?
A. Popular environmentalism C. Bright green environmentalism
B. Light dark environmentalism D. Free market environmentalism
83. Ocean “dead zone” refers to?
A. All oceanic body having high concentration of salt
B. The ocean part polluted by dead plants and animals
C. The ocean part were oxygen is severely depleted
D. A water body contain large amount of oxygen
84. According to UN those countries are considered relative poor were per capita income is less
than:
A. 2$ C. 1$
B. 3$ D. 5$
85. Globalization involves one of the following ideas. EXCEPT?
A. An accelerating pace of global interaction and enmeshment of the local and the global
B. A growing magnitude of interconnectedness in almost every sphere of social existence
C. Stretching of social, political, and economic activities across political frontiers
D. Having one language dominance in terms of cultural diffusion
86. Which method of population control is highlighted has the most popular in the world?
A. Child tax C. Family planning
B. One child policies D. contraception
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 87. According to corruption perception index which country has the highest score?
A. USA C. Europe
B. Japan D. North Korea
88. How might Africa’s vast mineral and natural resources contribute to conflicts and wars within
the continent?
A. By creating competition among foreign investors
B. By fostering economic growth and stability
C. By leading to unequal distribution of wealth and power struggles
D. By promoting sustainable development and peace
89. What is the predominant pattern of Africa's international trade?
A. Export of manufactured goods and import of raw materials
B. Balanced trade with developed nations
C. Export of raw materials and import of manufactured goods
D. Limited participation in international trade
90. How many major types of drainage systems are there in Africa based on flow direction?
A. Two C. Four
B. Three D. Five
91. Which type of rainfall is dominant in the Equatorial climate region?
A. Orographic C. Convectional
B. Cyclonic D. Frontal
92. Which one of the following is correct about Biomes on the earth surface?
A. The earth’s surface is divided in to two kinds of biomes
B. Deserts are among the dominant biomes of the earth
C. At present in Ethiopia there are one kinds of agro climate
D. The tropical rainforest biomes is also known as Taiga
93. What is bribery?
A. A form of insider trading C. Any fraudulent activity
B. A legal but unethical activity D. Giving money to someone in exchange for a
favor
94. What are the main causes of growing inequality between regions and nations?
A. Economic policies C. Globalization
B. Debt accumulation D. Technological Advancement
DIRECTION: From question 100-103 attempted by observing the population data of region X
Total population 26,550,000
Reproductive women population 6,500,000
Child population 55%
Old population 3%
Live birth 545000
Total death 675000
Female population 13,800,000
Rate of natural increase 45/1000
Death of mothers 100000
95. Which one of the following is False about the age dependency ratio of the region X?
A. The region represents low age dependency ratio
B. The region represents high age dependency ratio
C. There is 138 economically inactive population out of hundred active population
D. The data compare with the developing countries like sub Saharan Africa
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 96. What is the infant mortality rate of the region x, when the infant death is 1/10 th of the live birth
population?
A. 65/1000 C. 100/1000
B. 250/1000 D. 1000/1000
97. Which one of the following is true about the sex ratio of the region X?
A. The male population of the region is greater than that of female population
B. There is no difference between male and female population
C. The sex ratio of the region is 92.4 out of hundred female population
D. The sex ratio of the region is 92.4 out of hundred male population
98. What is the general fertility rate of the region X?
A. 145/1000 C. 40/1000
B. 244/1000 D. 650/1000
Direction: From question 99-103 attempted based on the table of climatic data
Station Climate Months
data J F M A M J J A S O N D
A Temp (o o) -16 0 -5 0 8 13 6 0 -6 -9 -12 -15
Rainfall 19 13 `9 9 24 38 13 37 29 0 0 0
(mm)
B Temp (o o) 22 23 23 25 27 22 20 21 23 22 19 13
Rainfall 147 173 12 17 277 50 303 99 151 229 179 150
(mm) 4 6 9
C Temp (o o) 0 24 29 33 0 43 44 0 41 0 0 0
Rainfall 222 200 92 26 26 13 89 65 19 28 20 226
(mm)
D Temp (o o) 29 30 31 30 32 32 37 35 30 21 22 26
Rainfall 0 5 0 10 3 1 2 0 0 7 6 8
(mm)

99. Which one of the following station is having tropical rainforest type?
A. Station B C. Station D
B. Station C D. Station A
100. What type of natural vegetation is represented by station A?
A. Tundra forest C. Coniferous forest
B. Tropical rain forest D. Mediterranean region
101. Which type of station related with the Ethiopian climate types?
A. Station C C. Station D
B. Station B D. Station A
102. Which station has a desert type of vegetation?
A. Station D C. Station C
B. Station A D. Station B
103. Which station is having highest total annual rainfall?
A. Station B C. Station D
B. Station C D. Station A

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Direction: from question 104-110 are attempted based on observing the map below

Water
M

104. What is the areal scale of the map?

A. 0.5cm to 1km C. 0.5cm2 to 1km2
B. 1cm2 to 0.25km2 D. 1cm2 to 0.5km2
105. What type of drainage pattern does the map shows?
A. Dendritic drainage pattern C. Centripetal drainage pattern
B. Trellis drainage pattern D. radial drainage pattern
106. What is the astronomical location of point X?
A. 8o58’30”N and 38o44’30”E C. 9o00’00”E and 38o45’30”N
o o
B. 38 45’30”N and 9 00’00”E D. 38o44’30”E and 8o58’30”N
107. What is the letter M indicate on the map?
A. Ranch area C. Industrial area
B. Swamp area D. Depression

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 108. What is the contour interval of the given map?
A. 300m C. 50m
B. 150m D. 75m
109. Which one of the following vicinal location is correct about the direction of lake?
A. It is found south of the point X
B. It is found in the east of point M
C. It is found North of point K
D. It is found East of the point B
110. What is the exact elevation point x?
A. 2000 C. 1550
B. 1750 D. 2250
Direction: from question 111-115 ONLY attempted by visually impaired students
111. What are the major rivers that constitute the Atlantic Ocean drainage system?
A. Nile, Zambezi, Limpopo C. Nile, Congo, Zambezi
B. Congo, Niger, Volta D. Malawi, Orange, Gambia
112. Which river basins are the major basins in the Indian Ocean drainage system?
A. Nile, Congo, Volta C. Niger, Senegal, Orange
B. Zambezi, Wabishebelle, Juba D. Gambia, Limpopo, Okovango
113. Which indicator reflects the health status of a countries’ population?
A. Life expectancy at birth C. Child mortality rate
B. Percentage of population with sanitation D. maternal mortality rate
114. What are the two broad categories into which natural resources are classified based on
their regeneration capacity?
A. Finite and infinite resources C. Renewable and non-renewable
resources
B. Biotic and abiotic resources D. Flow and fixed resources
115. The traditional belief system that helps the Konso people to control their environment as
their communal property is, ________
A. Gumuz C. Paleta
B. Maccaa D. Yamba

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