Ex.

For the following periodic equation, find Fourier series

1 , 0 < 𝑡 < 𝜋
𝑓 (𝑡) =
−1 , 𝜋 < 𝑡 < 2𝜋

Solution
𝐿 2𝜋
𝑃= = = 𝜋 1
2 2
1 𝑝2
𝑎0 = ∫𝑃 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 -1 𝜋 2𝜋
𝑃 1

𝐿 = 2𝜋

𝜋 2𝜋
1
𝑎0 = [ ∫ 1 𝑑𝑡 + ∫ −1 𝑑𝑡 ]
𝜋 0 𝜋

1 1 1
𝑎0 = ( [𝑡] 𝜋0 − [𝑡] 2𝜋
𝜋 ) = [ ( 𝜋 − 0 ) − ( 2𝜋 − 𝜋 ) ] = ∗0
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
𝑎0 = 0

𝑝2
1 𝑛𝜋
𝑎𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑡) cos 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑃 𝑃1 𝑃
𝜋 2𝜋
1 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋
𝑎𝑛 = [ ∫ 1 ∗ cos 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + ∫ −1 ∗ cos 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 ]
𝜋 0 𝑃 𝜋 𝑃
𝜋 2𝜋
1 1 1
𝑎𝑛 = ( [ sin 𝑛𝑡] − [ sin 𝑛𝑡] )
𝜋 𝑛 0 𝑛 𝜋
 1
𝑎𝑛 = ( [ sin 𝑛𝜋 − sin 0 ] − [ sin 2𝑛𝜋 − sin 𝑛𝜋 ] )
𝑛𝜋

𝑎𝑛 = 0

𝑝2
1 𝑛𝜋
𝑏𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑡) sin 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑃 𝑃1 𝑃
𝜋 2𝜋
1 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋
𝑏𝑛 = [ ∫ 1 ∗ sin 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + ∫ −1 ∗ sin 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 ]
𝜋 0 𝑃 𝜋 𝑃
𝜋 2𝜋
1 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋
𝑏𝑛 = [ ∫ sin 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 − ∫ sin 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 ]
𝜋 0 𝑃 𝜋 𝑃
𝜋 2𝜋
1 1 1
𝑏𝑛 = ( [− cos 𝑛𝑡 ] − [ − cos 𝑛𝑡 ] )
𝜋 𝑛 0 𝑛 𝜋

1 1
𝑏𝑛 = ( [ −cos 𝑛𝜋 + cos 0 ] − [ −cos 2𝑛𝜋 − cos 𝑛𝜋 ] )
𝑛𝜋 1

1
𝑏𝑛 = ( [ − (−1)𝑛 + 1 ] − [ − 1 − (−1)𝑛 ] )
𝑛𝜋

1
𝑏𝑛 = ( − (−1)𝑛 + 1 + 1 − (−1)𝑛 )
𝑛𝜋

0 , 𝑛 = 0 , 2 , 4 , ….
1
𝑏𝑛 = ( 2 − 2 (−1)𝑛 )
𝑛𝜋

4
, 𝑛 = 1 , 3 , 5 , ….
𝑛𝜋

∞ ∞
𝑎0 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋
𝑓(𝑥) = + ∑ 𝑎𝑛 cos 𝑥 + ∑ 𝑏𝑛 sin 𝑥
2 𝑃 𝑃
𝑛=1 𝑛=1
∞
2 − 2 (−1)𝑛
𝑓(𝑡) = ∑ sin 𝑛𝜋𝑡 Ans.
𝑛𝜋
𝑛=1,3,5,…
Ex. For the following periodic equation, find Fourier series

1 , 0 < 𝑡 < 1
𝑓 (𝑡) =
−1 , 1 < 𝑡 < 2

Solution
𝐿 2
𝑃= = = 1 1
2 2
1 2 𝑝
𝑎0 = ∫𝑃 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 0 1 2
𝑃 1

-1

𝐿=2

1 2
1
𝑎0 = [ ∫ 1 𝑑𝑡 + ∫ −1 𝑑𝑡 ]
1 0 1

𝑎0 = ( [ 𝑡 ] 10 − [ 𝑡 ] 21 ) = [ ( 1 − 0 ) − ( 2 − 1 ) ] = 0

𝑎0 = 0

𝑝2
1 𝑛𝜋
𝑎𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑡) cos 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑃 𝑃1 𝑃
1 2
1 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋
𝑎𝑛 = [ ∫ 1 ∗ cos 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + ∫ −1 ∗ cos 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 ]
1 0 1 1 1
1 2
1 1
𝑎𝑛 = ( [ sin 𝑛𝜋 𝑡] − [ sin 𝑛𝜋 𝑡] )
𝑛𝜋 0 𝑛𝜋 1
 1
𝑎𝑛 = ( [ sin 𝑛𝜋 − sin 0 ] − [ sin 2𝑛𝜋 − sin 𝑛𝜋 ] )
𝑛𝜋

𝑎𝑛 = 0

𝑝2
1 𝑛𝜋
𝑏𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑡) sin 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑃 𝑃1 𝑃
1 2
1 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋
𝑏𝑛 = [ ∫ 1 ∗ sin 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + ∫ −1 ∗ sin 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 ]
1 0 1 1 1
1 2
𝑏𝑛 = [ ∫ sin 𝑛 𝜋 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 − ∫ sin 𝑛 𝜋 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 ]
0 1
1 2
1 1
𝑏𝑛 = ( [ − cos 𝑛𝜋 𝑡 ] − [ − cos 𝑛𝜋 𝑡 ] )
𝑛𝜋 0 𝑛𝜋 1

1 1
𝑏𝑛 = ( [ − cos 𝑛𝜋 + cos 0 ] − [ − cos 2𝑛𝜋 − cos 𝑛𝜋 ] )
𝑛𝜋 1

1
𝑏𝑛 = ( [ − (−1)𝑛 + 1 ] − [ − 1 − (−1)𝑛 ] )
𝑛𝜋

1
𝑏𝑛 = ( − (−1)𝑛 + 1 + 1 − (−1)𝑛 )
𝑛𝜋

0 , 𝑛 = 0 , 2 , 4 , ….
1
𝑏𝑛 = ( 2 − 2 (−1)𝑛 )
𝑛𝜋

4
, 𝑛 = 1 , 3 , 5 , ….
𝑛𝜋

∞ ∞
𝑎0 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋
𝑓(𝑥) = + ∑ 𝑎𝑛 cos 𝑥 + ∑ 𝑏𝑛 sin 𝑥
2 𝑃 𝑃
𝑛=1 𝑛=1
∞
2 − 2 (−1)𝑛
𝑓(𝑡) = ∑ sin 𝑛𝜋𝑡 Ans.
𝑛𝜋
𝑛=1,3,5,…
Solution

𝐿 2𝜋
𝑃= = = 𝜋
2 2
𝑝2
1
𝑎0 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑃 𝑃1

𝜋 0
1
𝑎0 = [ ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 0 𝑑𝑥 ]
𝜋 0 −𝜋
𝜋
1 𝑥3 1 𝜋3
𝑎0 = [ ] = ( − 0 )
𝜋 3 0 𝜋 3

𝜋2
𝑎0 =
3

𝑝2
1 𝑛𝜋
𝑎𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑃 𝑃1 𝑃
𝜋 0
1 2
𝑛𝜋
𝑎𝑛 = [ ∫ 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 0 𝑑𝑥 ]
𝜋 0 𝑃 −𝜋
𝜋
1 𝑛𝜋
𝑎𝑛 = ∫ 𝑥 2 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 0 𝑃
1
𝑢=𝑥2 𝑣= sin 𝑛𝑥
𝑛

𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑣 = cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋
1 1 1
𝑎𝑛 = [𝑥2∙ sin 𝑛𝑥 − ∫ sin 𝑛𝑥 ∙ 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ]
𝜋 𝑛 0 𝑛
 1 𝑥2 2 𝜋
𝑎𝑛 = [ sin 𝑛𝑥 − ∫ 𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ]
𝜋 𝑛 𝑛 0
1
𝑢=𝑥 𝑣=− cos 𝑛𝑥
𝑛

𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑣 = sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑥2 2 1 1 𝜋
𝑎𝑛 = [ sin 𝑛𝑥 − ( 𝑥 ∙ − cos 𝑛𝑥 + ∫ cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ) ]
𝜋 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 0

𝜋
1 𝑥2 2𝑥 2
𝑎𝑛 = [ sin 𝑛𝑥 + 2 cos 𝑛𝑥 − 3 sin 𝑛𝑥) ]
𝜋 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 0

1 𝜋2 2𝜋 2 2
𝑎𝑛 = [( sin 𝑛𝜋 + 2 cos 𝑛𝜋 − 3 sin 𝑛𝜋 ) − ( 0 + 0 − 3 sin 𝑛𝜋 )]
𝜋 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛

2 2
𝑎𝑛 = cos 𝑛𝜋 𝑂𝑟 𝑎𝑛 = (−1𝑛 )
𝑛2 𝑛 2

𝑛 𝑎𝑛
2
1 𝑎1 = cos 𝜋 = −2
1
2 2 1
2 𝑎2 = cos 2 𝜋 = =
4 4 2
2 2
3 𝑎3 = cos 3 𝜋 = −
9 9
2 2 1
4 𝑎4 = cos 4 𝜋 = =
16 16 8

𝑝2
1 𝑛𝜋
𝑏𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑃 𝑃1 𝑃
𝜋 0
1 𝑛𝜋
𝑏𝑛 = [ ∫ 𝑥 2 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 0 𝑑𝑥 ]
𝜋 0 𝑃 −𝜋
 𝜋
1
𝑏𝑛 = ∫ 𝑥 2 sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 0
𝐷 𝐼
𝑥2 + sin 𝑛𝑥
1
2𝑥 _ − cos 𝑛𝑥
𝑛
1
2 + − sin 𝑛𝑥
𝑛2
1
0 sin 𝑛𝑥
𝑛3
𝜋
1 −𝑥 2 2𝑥 2
𝑏𝑛 = [ cos 𝑛𝑥 + sin 𝑛𝑥 + cos 𝑛𝑥) ]
𝜋 𝑛 𝑛2 𝑛3 0

1 −𝜋2 2𝜋 2 2
𝑏𝑛 = [( cos 𝑛𝜋 + 2 sin 𝑛𝜋 + 3 cos 𝑛𝜋 ) − ( 0 + 0 + 3 cos 0 )]
𝜋 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛

−𝜋 2 2 −𝜋 2 2
𝑏𝑛 = cos 𝑛𝜋 + cos 𝑛𝜋 − 𝑂𝑟 𝑏𝑛 = ( −1𝑛 ) + ( −1𝑛 ) −
𝑛 𝑛3 𝜋 𝑛3 𝜋 𝑛 𝑛3 𝜋 𝑛3 𝜋

𝑛 𝑏𝑛
−𝜋 2 2 2 2 4
1 𝑏1 = cos 𝜋 + cos 𝜋 − = 𝜋− − = 𝜋−
1 𝑛3 13 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
−𝜋 2 2 −𝜋 2 2 𝜋
2 𝑏2 = cos 2𝜋 + cos 2𝜋 − = + − = −
2 8𝜋 8𝜋 2 8𝜋 8𝜋 2

∞ ∞
𝑎0 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋
𝑓(𝑥) = + ∑ 𝑎𝑛 cos 𝑥 + ∑ 𝑏𝑛 sin 𝑥
2 𝑃 𝑃
𝑛=1 𝑛=1

∞ ∞
𝜋2 2 𝑛𝜋 −𝜋 2 2 𝑛𝜋
𝑓(𝑥) = + ∑ 2 cos 𝑛𝜋 ∗ cos 𝑥 + ∑( cos 𝑛𝜋 + 3 cos 𝑛𝜋 − 3 ) ∗ sin 𝑥
6 𝑛 𝑃 𝑛 𝑛 𝜋 𝑛 𝜋 𝑃
𝑛=1 𝑛=1

∞ ∞
𝜋2 2 −𝜋 2 2
𝑓(𝑥) = + ∑ 2 cos 𝑛𝜋 ∗ cos 𝑛𝑥 + ∑( cos 𝑛𝜋 + 3 cos 𝑛𝜋 − 3 ) ∗ sin 𝑛𝑥
6 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝜋 𝑛 𝜋
𝑛=1 𝑛=1

𝜋2 1 4 𝜋
Or 𝑓(𝑥) = + ( −2 cos 𝑥 + 2 cos 2𝑥 + ⋯ ) + [ ( 𝜋 − ) sin 𝑥 + (− ) sin 2𝑛 + ⋯ ] 𝐴𝑛𝑠.
6 𝜋 2