Hari Prasad Kaphle

Assistant Professor
PU
What is referencing?
 Referencing is a standardized way of
acknowledging the sources of information and
ideas that you have used in your assignments and
which allows the sources to be identified.
What is referencing?
 It is a method used to demonstrate to your readers
that you have conducted a thorough and
appropriate literature search, and carried out
appropriate reading.

 With all referencing styles, there are two parts to

referencing: citing, and the reference list.
Why reference?
 Referencing is important to avoid plagiarism, to
verify quotations and to enable readers to follow
up what you have written and more fully
understand the cited author’s work.

 If you do not acknowledge another writer's work or

ideas, you could be accused of plagiarism.
Why reference?
 Accurate referencing is commensurate with good
academic practice and enhances the presentation of
your work: it shows that your writing is based on
knowledge and informed by appropriate academic
reading.

 You will ensure that anyone reading your work can

trace the sources you have used in the development of
your work, and give you credit for your research efforts
and quality.
Steps in referencing
 Record the full bibliographic details and relevant page
numbers of the source from which information is
taken.
 Punctuation marks and spaces in the reference list and
citations are very important. Follow the punctuation
and spacing exactly.
 Insert the citation at the appropriate place in the text
of your document.
 Include a reference list that includes all in-text
citations at the end of your document.
Reference list and bibliography
 A reference list contains details only of those works
cited in the text of the document. (e.g.. book,
journal article, pamphlet, internet site, cassette
tape or film).

 A bibliography lists sources not cited in the text

but which are relevant to the subject and consulted
during preparation of report.
Reference list and bibliography
 A reference list should appear at the end of your
report with the entries listed numerically and in
the same order that they have been cited in the
text.

 A bibliography is a separate list from the reference

list and should be arranged alphabetically by
author in the Vancouver style.
What should we reference?
 Print and electronic books;
 Print and electronic journal articles;
 WebPages;
 Emails;
 DVDs, videos, films, CD-ROMs & audio tape recordings;
 Newspapers;
 Conference papers;
 Papers or data published in a repository;
 Pamphlets;
What should we reference?
 Government reports/White papers
 Radio/TV/internet broadcasts
 Personal communication;
 Interviews (if this is a personal interview, you must
always ask permission of the interviewee before using
such material); and,
 Theses and other unpublished work.
Referencing Software
 Endnote
 Reference Manager
What is plagiarism?
 Plagiarism is the intentional use of someone else’s
ideas, words or concepts in your assignment work/
thesis/dissertation report.

 The best way to avoid being accused of plagiarism

is to acknowledge the resources upon which you
have based your ideas.
What is plagiarism?
 Plagiarism most commonly exists in four ways.

 The first is when the work submitted or presented

was done by someone other than the one
submitting the work.

 Secondly, if the whole work, such as an essay, is

copied from some other source.
What is plagiarism?
 A third type of plagiarism is when parts of the
work are taken from another source and no
reference is made to the original author.

 Finally, if a student submits or presents work in

one course which has also been submitted in
another course and has not sought approval from
the course coordinator to do so, this is also
plagiarism.
What is citing?
 When, in your work, you have used an idea from a
book, journal article, etc. you must acknowledge
this in your text. This is referred to as 'citing'.
How to cite: citing references in
the body of your text
 Each piece of work which is cited in your text
should have a unique number, assigned in the
order of citation.

 If, in your text, you cite a piece of work more than

once, the same citation number should be used.

 Write the number as superscript.

Citing one piece of work
 Recent research1 indicates that the number of
duplicate papers being published is increasing.
Citing more than one piece of
work at the same time
 If you want to cite several pieces of work in the
same sentence, you will need to include the
citation number for each piece of work.

 A hyphen should be used to link numbers which

are inclusive, and a comma used where numbers
are not consecutive.

 Several studies 6-9,13,15 have examined the effect of

congestion charging in urban areas.
Citing a direct quotation
 If a direct quote from a book, article etc., is used you must:
 Use single quotation marks (double quotation marks are usually
used for quoting direct speech); and,
 State the page number.

 It has been emphasised2 (p 1) that carers of diabetes sufferers

'require perseverance and an understanding of humanity'.

 Duplication of charts, diagrams, pictures etc., should be

treated as direct quotes and cited as described above.
Citing the author's name
 You can use the author's name in your text, but
you must insert the citation number as well.

 As emphasized by Watkins2(p1) carers of diabetes

sufferers 'require perseverance and an
understanding of humanity'
Citing more than one author's
name in your text
 If there is more than one author use 'et al' after the
first author.

 Simons et al3 (p4) state that the principle of effective

stress is 'imperfectly known and understood by many
practicing engineers'.
Citing from works with no obvious
author
 If you need to cite a piece of work which does not have
an obvious author, you should use what is called a
'corporate' author.

 The Department of Health5 recently estimated the

number of dementia sufferers in the UK at 570000.
or
 The number of dementia sufferers in the UK has been
recently estimated at 5700005.
Tips on good quotation practice
 Quotations longer than two lines should be inserted as
a separate, indented paragraph.

 Smith4 (p11) summarizes the importance of mathematics

to society and the knowledge economy, stating that:
'Mathematics provides a powerful universal language
and intellectual toolkit for abstraction, generalization
and synthesis. It is the language of science and
technology. It enables us to probe the natural universe
and to develop new technologies that have helped us
control and master our environment, and change
societal expectations and standards of living.'
Tips on good quotation practice
 you want to insert a long quotation (over two lines)
but do not to want include all of the text, you can
remove the unnecessary text and replace with ' . . . ' .

 As summarized by Smith4 (p 11): 'Mathematics provides

a powerful universal language and intellectual toolkit
for abstraction, generalization and synthesis . . . It
enables us to probe the natural universe and to
develop new technologies that have helped us control
and master our environment, and change societal
expectations and standards of living.'
How to write a reference list?
 The list should be in numerical order with each
number matching and referring to the one in the text;

 The list should be at the end of your work; and,

 Books, paper or electronic journal articles, etc., are

written in a particular format that must be followed
Books: print
Author(s) – Family name and initials, Multiple authors
separated by a comma. Title of book. Edition of book
if later than 1st ed. Place of Publication: Publisher
Name; Year of Publication.

 Simons NE, Menzies B, Matthews M. A Short Course

in Soil and Rock Slope Engineering. London: Thomas
Telford Publishing; 2001.
Books: electronic
 Simons NE, Menzies B, Matthews M. A Short Course in
Soil and Rock Slope Engineering. London: Thomas
Telford Publishing; 2001[cited 2008 Jun 18]. Available
from: bwww.myilibrary.com?ID=93941
Journal Articles
 Author(s) – Family name and initials. Title of article.
Title of journal – abbreviated Publication year, month,
day (month & day only if available);
volume(issue):pages.

 Skalsky K, Yahav D, Bishara J, Pitlik S, Leibovici L, Paul

M. Treatment of human brucellosis: systematic review
and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.
BMJ. 2008 Mar 29;336(7646):701-4.

Electronic article
 Lemanek K. Adherence issues in the medical
management of asthma. J Pediatr Psychol [Internet].
1990; 15(4):437-58[cited 2010 Apr 22]. Available from:
http://jpepsy.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/15/4/437
Conference papers
 Author(s) of paper – Family name and initials. Title of
paper. In: Editor(s) Family name and initials, editor(s).
Title of conference; Date of conference; Place of
conference. Place of publication: Publisher’s name; Year of
publication. p. Page numbers.

 Bengtsson S, Solheim BG. Enforcement of data protection,

privacy and security in medical informatics. In: Lun KC.
Degoulet P. Piemme TE, Reinhoff O, editors. MEDINFO 92.
Proceedings of the 7th World Congress on Medical
Informatics; 1992 Sep 6-10; Geneva, Switzerland.
Amsterdam: North Holland; 1992. P. 1561-5
Reports and other Government
publications
 Author(s). Title of report. Place of publication:
Publisher; Date of publication – year month if
applicable. Total number of pages if applicable
e.g.. 24 p. Report No.: (if applicable).

 Page E, Harney JM. Health hazard evaluation report.

Cincinnati (OH): National Institute for Occupational
Safety and Health (US); 2001 Feb. 24 p. Report
No.:HETA2000-0139-2824
Thesis
 Printed Thesis: Author. Thesis title [type of
thesis]. Place of publication: Publisher; Year.

 Kay JG. Intracellular cytokine trafficking and

phagocytosis in macrophages [PhD thesis]. St Lucia,
Qld: University of Queensland; 2007.
Online Thesis
 Pahl KM. Preventing anxiety and promoting social and
emotional strength in early childhood: an
investigation of aetiological risk factors [PhD thesis].
St Lucia, Qld: University of Queensland; 2009 [cited
2010 Mar 24]. Available from: University of
Queensland Library E-Reserve
Tables, Figures, Images, Appendices
 Journal example: Enter your normal journal
reference followed by: space Table/Figure/Appendix
Number of table/figure/appendix from original source,
Title of table/figure/image/appendix from original
source; p. Page number of table/figure/appendix from
original source.

 Smith J, Lipsitch M, Almond JW. Vaccine production,

distribution, access, and uptake. Lancet
2011;378(9789):428-438. Table 1, Examples of vaccine
classes and associated industrial challenges; p. 429.
Tables, Figures, Images, Appendices
 Book example: Enter your normal book reference
followed by: space Table/Figure/Appendix Number of
table/figure/appendix from original source, Title of
table/figure/image/appendix from original source; p.
Page number of table/figure/appendix from original
source.

 Hong S. Wireless: From Marconi’s black-box to the

Audion. London, England. MIT Press; 2001. Figure 1.5,
Marconi’s grounded antenna; p. 21.
Thank You!