Chapter-03: Cell division

Important Question:

1. What is cell division

2. Explain how the prokaryotic organism divides?
3. What is karyokinesis?
4 .What is cytokinesis?

5. Define mitosis and meiosis cell division.

6. Where mitosis cell division occurs?
7. Write down the names of the cells in where mitosis cell division does not occur
8. Why mitosis is known as equational cell division explain.
9 .Describe the different stages of mitosis cell division

10. What is spindle fibre?

11. Write down the importance of mitosis cell division.
12. Where Meiosis cell division occur-Explain.
13. Why Meiosis cell division is happened-Explain.
14. Write down the importance of meiosis cell division.
15. What is haploid cell?
16. What is diploid cell?
17. What is heredity?
18. What is cell theory? Describe the cell theory.
19. What is cell cycle? Describe the cell cycle.
20. Describe the different stages of prophase-1 of meiosis cell division.
21. What is crossing over? Describe the crossing over process and explain the significance of
crossing over.

22. Differentiate between mitotic metaphase and meiotic metaphase I.

23. Differentiate between prophase of mitosis and prophase of meiosis.
24. Differentiate between Anaphase of mitosis and Anaphase- I of meiosis- I.
25. What is Cdk and MPF?
26. What is p53?

Q-01: What is cell division?

Ans:

Definition: The process by which one cell divides to form many cells is known as cell division. Cell
division provides the basis for one form of growth, for both sexual reproduction.

Q-02: What is amitosis cell division?

Ans:

Definition: The type of cell division which occurs in unicellular prokaryotic organisms like bacteria,
blue gree algae, yeast etc. is known as amitosis cell division.

Q-03: What is Karyokinesis?

Ans:

Definition: The nucleus of the dividing cell passes through a continuous complex process through
which the nucleus divide into separate or daughter nucleus is known as caryokinesis.

Q-04: What is cytokinesis?

Ans:

Definition: The constriction of the cytoplasm of a dividing cell into two separate cells is known as
cytokinesis.

Q-05: What is mitosis?

Ans:

Definition: Mitosis is defined as the regular process of cell division by which each of the two
daughter cell receive exactly the same number and same kind of chromosome that parent cell
contain.

Q-06: What is meiosis?

Ans:

Definition: The cell division where nucleus divides twice and the chromosome divide once and form
four daughter cells, each of which bears half number of chromosome than the mother cell is known
as meiosis cell division.

Q-07: What is chromatid?

Ans:
Definition: Either of two parallel filaments joined at the centromere which make up a chromosome
is called chromatid.chromatids are formed by DNA replication Q-08: Write down in which cells
mitosis cell division does not occur?

Ans:

Mitosis cell division does not occur in-

a) Animals nerve cell (neuron).

b) Matured red blood corpuscles (RBC).

c) Platelets of mammals and

d) Permanent tissue of plants.

Q-09: Mention where mitosis cell division takes place?

Ans:

Mitosis cell division takes place- In higher organisms-Zygote, embryo, all somatic cell and (Zygote
of lower organisms) Incase of plants mitosis occurs in the-

a) Meristematic tissue of the plant,

b) Apical meristems of roots and stems which increases the length of roots and stems,

c) Vascular cambium which produces increase of diameter of roots and stems, and

d) Cork cambium which produces new bark cells as the plant increases in diameter.

In case of animals-

a) Mitosis cell division takes place in cells of all animals.

b) In animals, growth takes place all over the animal’s body until it reaches full size. Cells in certain
areas, such as the skin, still retain the ability to grow and divide.

Q-10: Mention where meiosis cell division takes place?

Ans:

a) In higher plants meiosis occurs in diploid mother cells and lower plants it occurs in diploid
zygotes.

b) In angiosperms meiosis occur in stamen and carpel at reproductive mother cell in gymnosperm it
is held in the cells of micro and magasporangia.

c) Pteridophyta produce haploid spore through the process meiosis of cells in sorus or strabillus.

d) In algae, fungi and bryophytes meiosis occurs in diploid zygote.

e) In animals, gametes are formed by meiosis.

Q-11: Why meiosis occurs?

Or, Why meiosis is happened?

Ans:

Meiosis cell division occurs because-

In the plants and animals it takes place for the formation of male and female gametes. By this
division the chromosome becomes half of the mother cell. If the number of chromosomes does not
reduce, the number becomes double after union of two gametes. So to maintain constant
chromosome number in species to species or generation, this type of division takes place.

Q-12: Write down the importance of mitosis cell division.

Ans:

Importance of mitosis cell division:

In a living organism the significance of the mitosis cell division is enormous. The significance of
mitosis is mention bellow:

1. Physical Growth:
In a multiceullular organism a single celled zygote by the mitosis cell division developes into
an embryo. Utilizing the same process a continuous development transform to a full grown mature
individual from zygote.

2. Genetic stability:
The daughter cells produce from the mother cell exactly with same characteristics. So the mitotic
cells division does not cause any variation in general make up. Thus mitosis maintains the genetic
stability.

3. Reproduction:
In a unicellular eukaryotic organism reproduction takes place by this process. For example:
Chlamydomonas.

4. Development of reproductive organ:

By this type of cell division all the body cell bear the same number of chromosome.

6. Vegetative reproduction:

This cell division helps to reproduce vegetatively of an organism.

7. Healing of injury:

This process of cell division helps to heal up the injury.

8. Maintaining qualitative stability:

This process of cell division maintains qualitative stability in the living organisms.
9. Cell replacement:

The infinitive numbers of cells of an organism are being destroyed due to physical and physiological
process . The cell formed by the process of mitosis cell division.

10. Maintain the nucleus cytoplasm ration:

The organelle and organic compound located in the cytoplasm and nucleus regulates the
metabolic activity of a cell. As a result of mitosis cell division the quantitative, qualitative and
regulatory balance between nucleus and cytoplasm is maintained.

Q-13: Write down the importance of meiosis cell division.

Ans:

Importance of meiosis cell division:

The importance of meiosis cell division is written as bellows:

a) To keep chromosome number constant:

It is know that the chromosome number is constant in the species to species. It is being possible to
keep chromosome number constant due to this cell division. If there is no meiosis cell division, the
number of chromosome would be double after union of two gametes. This would have caused a
radical change in the living world.

b) To maintain the individual character of species:

The species characters are being maintain same by keeping the chromosome number constant in
respective species. Variation of characters: Except identical twin there is no species which is exactly
the same characters of sexually reproducing organism. Variations of characters are due to
interchange of parts of chromosomes by crossing over.

c) Origin of species:

As result of crossing over new species or variety is created which leads evolution.

d) Gamete formation and reproduction:

Male and female gametes are formed through this meiosis cell division in diploid organisms. By the
union of these female and male gametes sexual reproduction is done.

e) Evolution:

The interchange between the segments of two non-sister chromatids of a pair of homologous
chromosome during the process of meiosis brings variation in gene composition. This brings the
continuous variation in their successive generation.

Q-14: Differentiate between mitosis and meiosis cell division?

Ans:

The difference between mitosis and meiosis is written as bellows:

 Mitosis Meiosis
1. Generally occurs in somatic or body 1. Generally occurs in mother cell
cell

2. Nucleus divides ones 2. Nucleus divide twice

3. The number of chromosomes of the daughter 3. The number of chromosomes of daughter cell
cell are same as mother cell. are just half of the mother cell.

4. Two daughter cells are produced at the end of 4. Four daughter cells are produced at the end of
this cell division. this cell division.

5. Daughter cells are similar to parent cell. 5. Daughter cells have genetic differences from
the parent cell.

6. There is no crossing over between the 6. Crossing over takes place between the
chromatids. chromatids.

7. This process occurs both in diploid and haploid 7. It occurs in only diploid cell.
cells.

8. It is known as eruptional cell division. 8. It is reductional cell division.

9. Homologous chromosomes are not arranged in 9. Homologous chromosomes are arranged in

pairs in the equatorial plate. pairs in the equatorial plate.

10. Genetic variation does not occur between 10. Genetic variation occurs between daughter
daughter cells. cells.

11. In metaphase, the centromeres are lined up 11. In metaphase I, The centromeres of the
on the equatorial plate and the arms extended homologous chromosome life towards the two
into cytoplasm. opposite poles and their arms extend towards the
equator.

Q-15: What is chromosome?

Ans:

Definition: The long thread, forming netlike structure found in the nucleus, which bears the heredity
characters is known as chromosome.

Q-16: What is spindle fibre?

Ans:
Definition: The fibers of spindle apparatus which are spreading from one pole to other pole and
made of protein is known as spindle fiber.

Q-17: Describe the different stages of mitosis cell division.

Ans:

Different stages of mitosis cell division:

Mitosis cell division is divided into two main stages. These are-

a. karyokinesis and
b. Cytokinesis.

a. Karyokinesis is divided into five different stages. These are- \

1. Prophase,

2. Prometaphase,

3. Metaphase,

4. Anaphase and

5. Telophase.

These are describe as bellows in details:

1. Prophase:

Features:

a) This is the longest stage of mitosis cell division and the first stage of mitosis.
b) During early prophase, the chromatin network becomes visible as it condenses into separate
threads or chromosomes.

c) At this stage, each chromosome appears as a very fine, long single thread, the chromonema and
is it described as the monad.

d) The nucleus envelope and nuclear are prominently visible. As the prophase progresses,
chromosomes become shorter and thicker (due to the condensing of their coils).

e) In each chromosome, the chromonema splits lengthwise into identical threads or chromatids.
These are coiled round one another.

g) At this stage, each chromosome is start to thick and consists of two identical sister chromatids
joined together by a body called a centromere (kinetochore).

2. Prometaphase:

Features:

a) This phase is very short:

b) Prometaphase is the second phase of mitosis,

c) During the prometaphase, the nuclear membrane started to be disappeared .

d)Spindle apparatus is formed .In plant cell microtubules helps to form spindle fibers.

f) The spindle fibers with which centromere of chromosome is attached are called chromosomal
fibers or traction fibers.

g) Nucleolus also started to disappear.

3. Metaphase:
Features: Book

4. Anaphase:
Features:

a) The centromere of each chromosome divides longitudinally into two.

b) As a result, each chromosome is now completely divided into two indentical halves (sister
chromatids) called daughter chromosomes.

c) The centromere of each daughter chromosome remains connected to the pole on its
respective side by chromosomal fibers.

d) During late anaphase, the two groups chromosomes are pulled away from each other and
start moving towards the opposite poles. Most probably, this movement is caused by the
shorting of the chromosomal fibers.

e) On the position of centromere in the chromosome, chromosome look V,L ,J or I shaped, and
then these chromosomes are called metacentric, acrocentric and telocentric respectively.

5. Telophase:

Features:

a) It is the last stage of mitosis and a reversal of prophase.

b) The two sets of daughter chromosomes reach the opposite poles.

c) The chromosome again become long and thin.

d) A new nucleolus is regenerated..

e) A daughter nucleus is organized at each pole in the parent cell. Each daughter nucleus has
the same number of chromosomes as that of the mother cell.

f) The spindle fibers are also dissolved and disappeared gradually.

g) The two daughters are also nuclei are indentical in structure and characters.
They are also exact copies of the original parent nucleus.

b. Cytokinesis:
 The constriction of the cytoplasm of a dividing cell into two separate cells is known as
cytokinesis. The process of cytokinesis is described as bellows-

a. At the end of telophase, cytokinesis starts.

b. In plant cells the equatorial region of the spindle apparatus gradually becomes wide and
touches the cell wall and the fibres disappear.

c. At the equatorial region fragmoplast of the endoplasmic reticulum are deposited and the
combine together to form a membrane called plasmalema.

d. By deposition of other components on the plasmalema, cell plate is formed.

e. Cell wall is developed by the deposition of hemicelluloses, cellulose, lignine, pectin and
other components on the cell plate.

f. By the development of the cell wall the mother cell divides into two daughter cells

18.Write down the typpes of chromosome on the basis of location of centromere.

There are 4 types of chromosomes are seen during Anaphase on tge basis of location of centromere.
These are-

i) V shaped or metacentric

i) L shaped or sub metacentric iii)

j shaped or acrocentric iv) i

shaped or telocentric.